CEACAM2 negatively regulates hemi (ITAM-bearing) GPVI and CLEC-2 pathways and thrombus growth in vitro and in vivo.

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-2 (CEACAM2) is a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed on blood, epithelial, and vascular cells. CEACAM2 possesses adhesive and signaling properties mediated by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. In this study, we demonstrate that CEACAM2 is expressed on the surface and in intracellular pools of platelets. Functional studies of platelets from Ceacam2(-/-)-deficient mice (Cc2(-/-)) revealed that CEACAM2 serves to negatively regulate collagen glycoprotein VI (platelet) (GPVI)-FcRγ-chain and the C-type lectinlike receptor 2 (CLEC-2) signaling. Cc2(-/-) platelets displayed enhanced GPVI and CLEC-2-selective ligands, collagen-related peptide (CRP), collagen, and rhodocytin (Rhod)-mediated platelet aggregation. They also exhibited increased adhesion on type I collagen, and hyperresponsive CRP and CLEC-2-induced α and dense granule release compared with wild-type platelets. Furthermore, using intravital microscopy to ferric chloride (FeCl3)-injured mesenteric arterioles and laser-induced injury of cremaster muscle arterioles, we herein show that thrombi formed in Cc2(-/-) mice were larger and more stable than wild-type controls in vivo. Thus, CEACAM2 is a novel platelet immunoreceptor that acts as a negative regulator of platelet GPVI-collagen interactions and of ITAM receptor CLEC-2 pathways.

CEACAM1 regulates integrin αIIbß3-mediated functions in platelets.

Previous studies have implicated that the Ig-ITIM superfamily member, CEACAM1 may regulate integrin function. While CEACAM1 has been demonstrated to play a role as an inhibitory co-receptor of ITAM-associated GPVI/FcR γ-chain signaling pathways in platelets, its physiologic role in integrin αIIbß3-mediated platelet function is unclear. In this study, we investigate the functional importance of Ceacam1 in murine platelets. We show that CEACAM1 is constitutively associated with integrin αIIbß3 in resting human and mouse platelets as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation studies. Using Ceacam1-deficient mice, we show that they have prolonged tail bleeding times and volume of blood lost that is corrected by reconstitution with platelet Ceacam1. Ceacam1(-/-) platelets have moderate integrin αIIbß3 mediated functional defects with impaired kinetics of platelet spreading on fibrinogen and failure to retract fibrin clots in vitro. This functional integrin αIIbß3 defect could not be attributed to altered integrin αIIbß3 expression. Ceacam1(-/-) platelets displayed normal "inside-out" signaling properties as demonstrated by normal agonist-induced binding of soluble (fluorescein isothiocyanate) FITC-fibrinogen, JON/A antibody binding, and increases in cytosolic free calcium levels. This study provides direct evidence that Ceacam1 is essential for normal integrin αIIbß3-mediated platelet function and that disruption of mouse Ceacam1 induced moderate integrin αIIbß3-mediated functional defects.

Absence of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, PECAM-1/CD31, in vivo increases resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice.

PECAM-1/CD31 is known to regulate inflammatory responses and exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. This study was designed to determine the functional role of PECAM-1 in susceptibility to murine primary in vivo infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and in in vitro inflammatory responses of peritoneal macrophages. Lectin profiling showed that cellular PECAM-1 and recombinant human PECAM-1-Ig chimera contain high levels of mannose sugars and N-acetylglucosamine. Consistent with this carbohydrate pattern, both recombinant human and murine PECAM-1-Ig chimeras were shown to bind S. Typhimurium in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Using oral and fecal-oral transmission models of S. Typhimurium SL1344 infection, PECAM-1(-/-) mice were found to be more resistant to S. Typhimurium infection than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. While fecal shedding of S. Typhimurium was comparable in wild-type and PECAM-1(-/-) mice, the PECAM-1-deficient mice had lower bacterial loads in systemic organs such as liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes than WT mice, suggesting that extraintestinal dissemination was reduced in the absence of PECAM-1. This reduced bacterial load correlated with reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) levels in sera of PECAM-1(-/-) mice. Following in vitro stimulation of macrophages with either whole S. Typhimurium, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4] ligand), or poly(I·C) (TLR3 ligand), production of TNF and IL-6 by PECAM-1(-/-) macrophages was reduced. Together, these results suggest that PECAM-1 may have multiple functions in resistance to infection with S. Typhimurium, including binding to host cells, extraintestinal spread to deeper tissues, and regulation of inflammatory cytokine production by infected macrophages.

CEACAM1 negatively regulates platelet-collagen interactions and thrombus growth in vitro and in vivo.

Carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) is a surface glycoprotein expressed on various blood cells, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. CEACAM1 possesses adhesive and signaling properties mediated by its intrinsic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that recruit SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase. In this study, we demonstrate that CEACAM1 is expressed on the surface and in intracellular pools of platelets. In addition, CEACAM1 serves to negatively regulate signaling of platelets by collagen through the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor (FcR)-gamma-chain. ceacam1(-/-) platelets displayed enhanced type I collagen and GPVI-selective ligand, collagen-related peptide (CRP), CRP-mediated platelet aggregation, enhanced platelet adhesion on type I collagen, and elevated CRP-mediated alpha and dense granule secretion. Platelets derived from ceacam1(-/-) mice form larger thrombi when perfused over a collagen matrix under arterial flow compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, using intravital microscopy to ferric chloride-injured mesenteric arterioles, we show that thrombi formed in vivo in ceacam1(-/-) mice were larger and were more stable than those in wild-type mice. GPVI depletion using monoclonal antibody JAQ1 treatment of ceacam1(-/-) mice showed a reversal in the more stable thrombus growth phenotype. ceacam1(-/-) mice were more susceptible to type I collagen-induced pulmonary thromboembolism than wild-type mice. Thus, CEACAM1 acts as a negative regulator of platelet-collagen interactions and of thrombus growth involving the collagen GPVI receptor in vitro and in vivo.

Palmitoylation at Cys595 is essential for PECAM-1 localisation into membrane microdomains and for efficient PECAM-1-mediated cytoprotection.

The Ig-ITIM superfamily member, PECAM-1 acts as a negative regulator of ITAM-signalling pathways in platelets involving GPVI/FcR gamma chain and Fc?RIIa. This negative feedback loop involves regulation of collagen and GPVI-dependent aggregation events, platelet-thrombus-growth on immobilised collagen under flow and Fc?RIIa-mediated platelet responses. In this study, we show that PECAM-1 is selectively palmitoylated involving a thioester linkage with an unpaired cysteine residue at amino acid position 595 in its cytoplasmic domain. As palmitoylation is known to target proteins to membrane microdomains, we investigated the microdomain localisation for PECAM-1 in platelets and nucleated cells. In unstimulated platelets, approximately 20% of PECAM-1 is localised to Triton-insoluble microdomain fractions and it does not increase with platelet activation by collagen, collagen-related peptide, thrombin- or human-aggregated IgG. PECAM-1 is in close physical proximity with GPVI in platelet microdomains. Removal of platelet cytoskeleton prior to sucrose-density-gradient separation showed that PECAM-1 was associated with both the Triton-soluble and membrane skeleton in microdomain-associated fractions. Disruption of microdomains by membrane-cholesterol depletion resulted in loss of PECAM-1 localisation to membrane microdomains. Mutational analysis of juxtamembrane cysteine residue to alanine (C595A) of human PECAM-1 resulted in loss of palmitoylation and a sixfold decrease in association with membrane microdomains. Functionally, the palmitoylated cysteine 595 residue is required, in part, for efficient PECAM-1-mediated cytoprotection. These results show that cysteine 595 is required for constitutive association of PECAM-1 with membrane microdomains and PECAM-1-mediated cytoprotection, where it may act as a crucial regulator of signaling and apoptosis events.

Primary platelet adhesion receptors.

Thrombotic diseases such as heart attack and stroke remain a major health concern in the Western world despite existing anti-thrombotic drugs. Current studies are revealing structure-function relationships of primary platelet adhesion receptors mediating adhesion, activation and aggregation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying platelet thrombus formation. Platelet adhesion is relevant not only to thrombotic disease, but there is increasing evidence of a specific role for platelets in vascular processes such as inflammation and atherogenesis. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis for platelet thrombus formation, in particular the receptors, glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX-V and GPVI, that initiate platelet adhesion and activation at high shear stress.