Prognostic significance of a novel index score based on the inflammation-based prognostic scores of patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aimed to clarify the prognostic value of various inflammation-based prognostic scores (IBPSs) in patients who underwent radical surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) and to develop a novel prognostic index using IBPSs and other predictive factors. METHODS: Data of 1157 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC were reviewed. The predictive value of various IBPSs in determining the CRC prognosis was compared. A novel index score based on the IBPSs and other parameters that were associated with survival in patients with CRC was established, and its usefulness was evaluated. RESULTS: The patients were randomly divided into the training (n = 694) and validation (n = 463) sets. Male sex (P = 0.0001), age ≥ 75 years (P < 0.0001), a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level of > 5 (P = 0.0009), a C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) of ≥ 0.04 (P = 0.0033), and a prognostic nutritional index (PNI) of < 43.1 (P = 0.0004) were poor independent prognostic factors of overall survival. The novel index score was calculated based on the scores of these five prognostic factors. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the CRC patients with higher novel index scores in the training and validation datasets had poorer overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: CAR and PNI were superior to other IBPSs for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients. The novel index score established based on sex, age, CEA level, CAR, and PNI can predict the prognosis of CRC with more precise and clearer stratification than the individual parameters alone.

Laparoscopic delayed and interval appendectomy in the workstyle reform era.

PURPOSE: Excessive working hours have been reported to contribute to burnout among surgeons. In Japan, work-style reform is a problem that needs immediate attention. Acute appendectomy, which often occurs at nighttime, is one of the most common emergency surgeries. The feasibility of delayed and interval appendectomy remains to be investigated. METHODS: Two hundred forty-five consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy in our hospital were enrolled. They were divided into three groups: emergency appendectomy (immediate surgery, soon after the diagnosis [EA group], n = 153), delayed appendectomy (surgery during daytime the following day [DA group], n = 38) and interval appendectomy (antibiotics treatment followed by selective surgery three to four months later [IA group], n = 54). The clinical background and surgical outcomes were compared. Next, the residents' excess working time per month was calculated. RESULTS: The surgical outcomes (operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications) were similar between the EA and DA groups. However, no DA was performed during nighttime hours whereas 15.7% of EA was performed during nighttime hours (p = 0.0007). The surgical outcomes of the IA group were also comparable. The residents' excess working time declined following the introduction of DA and workstyle reform. CONCLUSION: Delayed and interval laparoscopic appendectomy are feasible, and can be performed to promote workstyle reform without impairing patient safety.

Impact of a 7.5-Fr Pancreatic Stent for Preventing Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic duct stents are widely used to reduce the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD); however, small stents may cause adverse effects, such as occlusion. Recently, we have tried placing a 7.5-Fr pancreatic duct stent to achieve more effective exocrine output from the pancreas; however, the association between pancreatic duct stent size and POPF remains unknown. METHODS: Sixty-five patients with soft pancreatic texture who underwent PD were retrospectively analyzed. After dividing the pancreas, a pancreatic duct stent (stent size 4.0 in 29 patients, 5.0 in 18, and 7.5 Fr in 18) was placed in the main pancreatic duct. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 65 patients with soft pancreatic texture (38.5%) developed POPF. POPF became less frequent as the pancreatic duct stent size increased (p = 0.003). The factors associated with POPF development were a 7.5-Fr pancreatic duct stent (p = 0.005), 5.0-Fr pancreatic duct stent (p = 0.031), and male sex (p = 0.008). Pancreatic duct stent size and pancreatic duct diameter did not differ between the POPF and non-POPF groups. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a soft pancreas, the placement of a 7.5-Fr pancreatic duct stent may reduce the incidence of POPF.

Clinical Significance of SIP1 and E-cadherin in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), when epithelial cells convert to mesenchymal cells, influences cancer invasion and metastasis. Smad interacting protein 1 (SIP1) is an EMT trigger, which is inversely correlated with E-cadherin in some carcinomas. To elucidate the role of SIP1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the status of EMT and the clinicopathological features were evaluated. METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of 111 human ESCC tissue specimens for SIP1 and E-cadherin were performed, and the relationships between the expression and clinicopathological features were evaluated. RESULTS: IHC analyses of esophageal tumors showed the expression of SIP1 and E-cadherin to be significantly inversely correlated. Significant correlations between the SIP1 expression and clinicopathological variables such as differentiation, depth of invasion, vascular invasion, and pathological stage were also seen. Conversely, tumors with a weak expression of E-cadherin tended to exhibit greater histological differentiation. Logistic regression analyses revealed a positive SIP1 expression, lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion to be factors predicting lymph node (LN) metastasis. Univariate survival analyses revealed a positive SIP1 expression predicted a poorer overall survival than a negative expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SIP1 is correlated with LN metastasis and may therefore be an independent marker for metastasis in patients with ESCC.

Fatal pulmonary embolism after surgery for small intestinal necrosis caused by idiopathic portal vein thrombosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) both result from partial or complete occlusion of a blood vessel by a blood clot. The prognosis of PVT is generally good; however, PVT with VTE, including pulmonary embolism (PE), has a high mortality rate. We report here a case of PE after surgery for small intestinal necrosis caused by idiopathic PVT. CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old female attended our hospital with a chief complaint of upper abdominal discomfort, and was diagnosed with necrosis of the small intestine as a result of unexplained PVT. She underwent partial resection of the small intestine. On the second postoperative day, she suffered from respiratory distress and went into cardiopulmonary arrest. The patient recovered following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but PE was detected. Extracorporeal veno-arterial cardiopulmonary resuscitation and anticoagulation therapy were initiated immediately and the thrombus was aspirated as much as possible. Two days later, extracorporeal veno-arterial cardiopulmonary resuscitation was withdrawn and anticoagulation therapy was continued. The patient subsequently recovered with no neurological damage and was discharged on day 26 after the above procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic PVT is often associated with VTE, and a prompt diagnosis and intervention may result in a good prognosis.

Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Emergency Surgery for Colorectal Perforation: A Retrospective Study.

Background: This study aimed to clarify the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal perforation by comparing the clinical outcomes between laparoscopic and open emergency surgery for colorectal perforation. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 116 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal perforation. The patients were categorized into two groups: the open group included patients who underwent laparotomy, and the laparoscopic group included those who underwent laparoscopic surgery. Clinical and operative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Results: The open and laparoscopic groups included 67 and 49 patients, respectively. More than half of the patients in both groups developed perforation in the sigmoid colon (open, 58.2%; laparoscopic, 61.2%). The most common cause of perforation was diverticulum, followed by colorectal cancer. The mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (70.0 mL versus 160.3 mL; P = .0290). The incidence of surgical site infection was lower in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (2.0% versus 13.4%; P = .0430). There were no significant differences in either the short- or long-term outcomes between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the choice of surgical approach (open versus laparoscopic) did not affect overall survival in patients with colorectal perforation. Conclusion: The laparoscopic approach for colorectal perforation in an emergency setting can be safely performed and provides certain advantages over an open approach in suitable patients.

Primary esophageal malignant melanoma without recurrence after surgery and adjuvant therapy with nivolumab.

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare disease with a severely poor prognosis. Here, we report a patient with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus surviving without recurrence after surgery and adjuvant therapy with nivolumab. The patient was a 60-year-old female with dysphagia. Esophagogastroscopy showed an elevated dark brown tumor in the lower thoracic esophagus. A histological examination of the biopsy revealed human melanoma black 45 and melan-A positivity. The patient was diagnosed with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus and was treated with radical esophagectomy. As postoperative treatment, the patient was given nivolumab (240 mg/body) every 2 weeks. Although bilateral pneumothorax occurred after 2 courses, she recovered after chest drainage. Nivolumab treatment is still ongoing over 1 year after the surgery, and the patient has survived without recurrence. We conclude that nivolumab is an optimal option as a postoperative adjuvant treatment for PMME.

Patterns and time of recurrence after complete resection of esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE: The results and outcomes of surgical resection for esophageal carcinoma have improved remarkably in recent years; however, recurrence still frequently develops, even after complete resection. The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of recurrence in this patient population. METHODS: Among 208 patients, who underwent R0 resection for esophageal carcinoma, recurrence developed in 61. Clinical data were available for 56 of these patients, who were the subjects of this study. We evaluated the time, patterns, and treatment of recurrence in these patients. RESULTS: Recurrence developed within 1 and 2 years after esophagectomy in 71 and 84% of the patients, respectively, and was classified as loco-regional (54%), hematogenous (36%), or mixed type (10%). The prognosis of patients with loco-regional recurrence tended to be better than that of those with distant metastasis, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.088). Patients with recurrence treated by chemotherapy alone or multimodal therapy, such as radiation or surgery combined with systemic chemotherapy, survived significantly longer than those with untreatable recurrence (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: These findings reinforce the importance of careful follow-up for both loco-regional and hematogenous recurrence after esophagectomy, particularly during the first 2 years.

Laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach.

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) should be surgically resected, even those smaller than 5 cm in size, which is the threshold of clinical malignancy for submucosal tumors (SMTs) in the gastrointestinal tract. This study reviewed the use of laparoscopic surgery for gastric partial resection of GISTs or SMTs that were suspected to be GISTs. METHODS: Eighteen patients underwent laparoscopic partial resection of the stomach for GISTs or SMTs. The tumor location was confirmed by intraluminal endoscopy. One-half of the circumference around the tumor was dissected, and the tumor was turned toward the abdominal cavity. The nonresected part of the tumor and the edge of the incision line was lifted up using forceps, and the incision line was closed using laparoscopic stapling devices. RESULTS: Two cases were diagnosed as GIST by endoscopic biopsy. Six patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB) examinations, which diagnosed five GISTs. There were 18 tumors smaller than 5 cm, including 10 GISTs, 4 leiomyomas, 3 schwannomas, and one heterotopic pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNAB is recommended for definite preoperative diagnosis of histopathologically unknown SMTs to determine the indications for surgery. The laparoscopic approach with the assistance of endoscopy is useful for improving the curability, with minimal invasiveness for the partial resection of GISTs.

New index combining multiple inflammation-based prognostic scores for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.

Background and Aim: Several inflammation-based scores have prognostic value for patients diagnosed with various cancers. However, using only a single inflammation-based prognostic score may be unreliable, as the cut-off values and relative usefulness among various inflammation-based prognostic scores vary. We established a new combined index of four inflammation-based prognostic scores, namely the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, prognostic index, and prognostic nutritional index, and assessed its usefulness to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods and Results: We reviewed the data of 635 patients who underwent surgical resection for gastric cancer. We calculated the combined index as the total value of each of the four included inflammation-based prognostic scores and analyzed the relationship between the combined index and postoperative prognosis of gastric cancer. The new combined index was represented as a value between 0 and 6 in each patient. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients whose combined index was 0 had good long-term outcomes, while the prognosis of patients whose combined index ranged from 4 to 6 was poor. Conclusion: This new combined index was strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer. It is inferred that it can predict patient prognosis after surgical resection for gastric cancer with a stronger correlation and clearer stratification than a single inflammation-based prognostic score.

An Adult Case of Multiple Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestrations in the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities.

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration is generally located in the left thoracic cavity and is often identified prenatally or in infants. We identified a rare case of multiple extralobar pulmonary sequestrations in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, incidentally detected in a 60-year-old woman by cancer screening. The patient underwent surgery by thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approaches simultaneously, and extralobar sequestration was histologically confirmed in each lesion. Preoperative diagnosis was difficult because of unusual multiple localization and an undetectable aberrant artery on imaging examinations.

A case of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in esophagus after multiple cancer treatments of surgery and chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) in the esophagus is extremely rare. Therefore, there are few reports of UPS in the esophagus (UPSE). We present a case of UPSE after multiple cancer treatments. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old man with a history of cancer treatment, including distal gastrectomy, transverse colectomy, and chemoradiotherapy, was diagnosed with an elevated lesion such as a submucosal tumor in the lower esophagus by regular endoscopy. A boring biopsy was performed, and the specimen showed features of sarcoma. The patient underwent a partial esophagectomy without lymph node dissection. Histopathological findings confirmed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Adjuvant therapy was not administered, and the patient survived without recurrence 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, complete resection is the only treatment option for UPSE. An optimal treatment strategy using chemotherapy or radiotherapy should be established.

Prediction of hospital mortality after colorectal perforation surgery from inflammation-based prognostic scores.

Background: Inflammation-based prognostic scores have prognostic value in cancer or cardiovascular disease patients. This study evaluated the prognostic value of inflammation-based prognostic scores in colorectal perforation patients. Methods: Data of 97 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal perforation were reviewed. We calculated various inflammation-based prognostic scores and analyzed the relationship between inflammation-based prognostic score and hospital mortality due to colorectal perforation. Results: Multivariate analyses of hospital mortality revealed neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (P = .0021), C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (P = .0224), and prognostic nutritional index (P = .0078) as independent predictive factors. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients who met all of the following parameters avoided hospital death: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio < 30, prognostic nutritional index ≥ 27.2, age < 75 years, and perforation of the left colon. Conclusion: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, and prognostic nutritional index were superior to other inflammation-based prognostic scores in predicting mortality of colorectal perforation. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, prognostic nutritional index, patient's age, and sidedness of the perforation site may be useful parameters to identify subgroups in which a favorable prognosis can be expected.

Loss of p53 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the correlation with survival: analyses of gene mutations, protein expression, and loss of heterozygosity in Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND: A high frequency of p53 protein expression or gene mutation has been reported in the early stages of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and thus loss of p53 function is thought to be very important in esophageal carcinogenesis. However, there is controversy surrounding the correlation between p53 dysfunction and ESCC tumor progression. The complexity arises from the different modalities, such as mutation analysis, immunohistochemistry, and the detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the p53 genomic locus. METHODS: In this study, we comprehensively analyzed p53 gene mutation, p53 protein expression, and LOH at 17p13 in 94 surgically resected Japanese cases of ESCC. RESULTS: The frequency of p53 gene mutation was 60.6%. The rate of positive p53 protein expression was 56.4%. The frequency of LOH at 17p13 was 67.5%. There was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of a gene mutation and LOH, whereas, there was no significant correlation between gene mutation and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the importance of loss of p53 function in esophageal carcinogenesis, none of the examined parameters, either singly or combined, correlated with overall survival. Taken together, p53 function is a primary target for esophageal carcinogenesis but there is no apparent correlation with the malignant phenotype in ESCC.

Surgical removal of a denture with sharp clasps impacted in the cervicothoracic esophagus: report of three cases.

We report three cases of successful surgical removal of a denture with sharp clasps impacted in the cervical esophagus. Patient 1 was a 57-year-old woman institutionalized for over 30 years for schizophrenia, patient 2 was a 62-year-old man hospitalized for brain paralysis, and patient 3 was a 64-year-old man suffering cerebral hemorrhage sequelae. All three patients swallowed a denture accidentally. Chest X-rays showed the denture with sharp clasps in the cervicothoracic region of the esophagus, and endoscopy revealed that it was lodged in the esophageal mucosa. The denture was subsequently removed by cervical esophagotomy. All three patients had a good clinical postoperative course without any complications. Thus, we recommend surgery via a cervical approach to remove a denture with sharp clasps impacted in the cervicothoracic esophagus, with intraoperative endoscopic examination for esophageal injury.

Simultaneous total gastrectomy and endovascular repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of a case.

We herein present the case of a 66-year-old man with both gastric cancer and an infrarenal abdominal aneurysm. The patient's medical history included bladder cancer, chronic renal failure, and ischemic heart disease. We performed a simultaneous endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and total gastrectomy. Following the procedure, the patient remained in the intensive care unit for 3 days. Oral feeding was resumed on postoperative day 7, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 13 with no complications. Despite the patient's medical problems and higher operative risk, he tolerated simultaneous EVAR and total gastrectomy, and had a good outcome after undergoing these simultaneous procedures.

High expression of BUBR1 is one of the factors for inducing DNA aneuploidy and progression in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancers show high frequency of DNA aneuploidy, a phenotype of chromosomal instability. It is suggested that the abnormal spindle assembly checkpoint is involved in DNA aneuploidy, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We studied the mechanism by assessing the expression of BUBR1 in gastric cancer. The DNA ploidy patterns of 116 gastric cancer samples obtained from the Department of Surgery and Science at Kyushu University Hospital were analyzed. Of those, DNA aneuploidy was seen in 70 (60.3%) cases of gastric cancer. The expression of BUBR1 was studied by immunohistochemistry in 181 gastric cancer samples and by real-time RT-PCR in several gastric cancer cell lines. Ninety-one (50.3%) cases had high expression of BUBR1 and those cases correlated significantly with DNA aneuploidy (P < 0.05). Also high expression of BUBR1 cases had significant correlation with deep invasion, lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, and poor prognosis. In gastric cancer cell lines, high expression of BUBR1 had a significant relationship with DNA aneuploidy (P < 0.05). Then, gastric cancer cell lines MKN-28 and SNU-1 were transfected with full-length BUBR1 to observe the significance of the change in BUBR1 expression. Enforced expression of BUBR1 resulted in changes to the ploidy pattern and high Ki-67 expression. Collectively, our clinical and in vitro data indicate that high expression of BUBR1 may be one of causative factors for the induction of DNA aneuploidy and progression of gastric cancer.

Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: epidemiology, clinical findings, and prevention.

Both cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are well-established risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the relationship of dose to cancer risk has already been described. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of these two factors has been reported. Our case-control study revealed the odds ratio of ESCC to be 50.1 for those who were both heavy smokers and heavy drinkers in comparison to people who neither drank nor smoked. In patients with ESCC, head and neck cancers as well as dysplastic lesions are frequently observed. Heavy smoking and heavy drinking are closely related to such multicentric carcinogenesis events in the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the esophagus and head andneck region. Polymorphisms in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) are reported to be a key event in deciding individual susceptibility to UADT cancer. Patients with inactive ALDH2, in whom facial flushing is usually observed after the drinking of alcohol, are at high risk for ESCC as well as multiple UADT cancers. For the early detection of the disease, effective follow up using endoscopy with Lugol staining or narrow band imaging endoscopy is strongly recommended for high-risk populations, such as smokers, heavy drinkers, people with experience of flushing after the drinking of alcohol, and patients with UADT cancer.

Impact of Osteopenia on Oncologic Outcomes After Curative Resection for Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We evaluated the relationship between low bone mineral density (BMD), also called osteopenia, and prognosis in patients who underwent resection for pancreatic cancer (PC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 91 consecutive patients who underwent curative resections for PC between May 2009 and January 2019. Their BMDs were measured at the Th11 vertebra using computed tomography. Patients were then divided by age-adjusted standard BMD values into the osteopenia group (n=34) and the non-osteopenia group (n=57). Their overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared (log-rank test). RESULTS: The two groups did not differ in age, BMI, tumor marker, operation time, blood loss, postoperative complications or stage. The osteopenia group had significantly worse 3-year rates for OS (46% vs. 30%, p=0.04) and RFS (41% vs. 26%, p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, osteopenia was an independent prognostic factor for RFS (HR=2.16, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Osteopenia is an adverse prognostic factor for patients with resected PC.

Chemosensitivity and survival in gastric cancer patients with microsatellite instability.

INTRODUCTION: Conflicting data exist regarding the relevance of high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) for predicting the prognosis and benefits of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. This study investigated the usefulness of MSI as either a prognostic indicator or predictor of distinct clinical attributes regarding the use of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU and its analogues in gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data and tumor specimens were collected from 240 gastric cancer patients from 1993 to 2002. Five microsatellite loci were analyzed using a high-intensity microsatellite analysis reported previously. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare the clinical data and survival as well as any associations between MSI and 5-FU treatment status of patients with MSI or microsatellite stability (MSS) gastric cancers. A 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) -2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted in 168 cases to investigate chemosensitivity to 5-FU. RESULTS: This analysis identified 22 MSI-H (9.4%), 25 MSI-L (10.7%), and 193 MSS (79.9%) tumors. Gastric cancer with MSI-H tended to have increased likelihood to show higher age, antral location of the tumor, and lymph vessel involvement (P < 0.05). Univariate analyses failed to show any difference between the MSI-H and MSS/MSI-L groups with respect to overall survival. Furthermore, survival after the administration of 5-FU did not correlate with MSI status, and MSI was not associated with 5-FU sensitivity by MTT assay. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that MSI status has no clear influence on overall survival or response to 5-FU in gastric cancer.