Microcomb-driven silicon photonic systems.

Microcombs have sparked a surge of applications over the past decade, ranging from optical communications to metrology1-4. Despite their diverse deployment, most microcomb-based systems rely on a large amount of bulky elements and equipment to fulfil their desired functions, which is complicated, expensive and power consuming. By contrast, foundry-based silicon photonics (SiPh) has had remarkable success in providing versatile functionality in a scalable and low-cost manner5-7, but its available chip-based light sources lack the capacity for parallelization, which limits the scope of SiPh applications. Here we combine these two technologies by using a power-efficient and operationally simple aluminium-gallium-arsenide-on-insulator microcomb source to drive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor SiPh engines. We present two important chip-scale photonic systems for optical data transmission and microwave photonics, respectively. A microcomb-based integrated photonic data link is demonstrated, based on a pulse-amplitude four-level modulation scheme with a two-terabit-per-second aggregate rate, and a highly reconfigurable microwave photonic filter with a high level of integration is constructed using a time-stretch approach. Such synergy of a microcomb and SiPh integrated components is an essential step towards the next generation of fully integrated photonic systems.

Compact angle-resolved metasurface spectrometer.

Light scattered or radiated from a material carries valuable information on the said material. Such information can be uncovered by measuring the light field at different angles and frequencies. However, this technique typically requires a large optical apparatus, hampering the widespread use of angle-resolved spectroscopy beyond the lab. Here we demonstrate compact angle-resolved spectral imaging by combining a tunable metasurface-based spectrometer array and a metalens. With this approach, even with a miniaturized spectrometer footprint of only 4 × 4 µm2, we demonstrate a wavelength accuracy of 0.17 nm, spectral resolution of 0.4 nm and a linear dynamic range of 149 dB. Moreover, our spectrometer has a detection limit of 1.2 fJ, and can be patterned to an array for spectral imaging. Placing such a spectrometer array directly at the back focal plane of a metalens, we achieve an angular resolution of 4.88 × 10-3 rad. Our angle-resolved spectrometers empowered by metalenses can be employed towards enhancing advanced optical imaging and spectral analysis applications.

Performance evaluation of the Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel for detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B antigens using mid-turbinate nasal swabs.

The Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel (Abbott) is an in vitro diagnostic rapid test designed for the qualitative detection of nucleocapsid proteins SARS-CoV-2 and nucleoprotein influenza A and B antigens in nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) swab specimens from symptomatic individuals meeting COVID-19 and influenza clinical and/or epidemiological criteria. This study, the largest global one to date using fresh samples, aimed to assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel in freshly collected NMT swab specimens from individuals suspected of respiratory viral infection consistent with COVID-19 and/or influenza within the first 5 days of symptom onset compared with results obtained with the cobas SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B qualitative assay (cobas 6800/8800 systems), which were tested using nasopharyngeal swab samples. A total of 512 evaluable subjects were enrolled in the COVID-19 cohort across 18 sites, and 1,148 evaluable subjects were enrolled in the influenza cohort across 22 sites in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the USA. The Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel demonstrated a sensitivity of 80.4% and a specificity of 99.7% for COVID-19. For influenza A, the sensitivity and specificity rates were 80.6% and 99.3%, respectively. Likewise, for influenza B, the sensitivity and specificity rates were 80.8% and 99.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel emerges as a suitable rapid test for detecting COVID-19 and influenza in symptomatic subjects across diverse global populations, exhibiting high sensitivity. The assay achieved a sensitivity of 94.4% in samples with Ct ≤24 for COVID-19 and 92.6% in samples with Ct ≤30 for influenza A and B. IMPORTANCE: The Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Panel is a suitable rapid test for detecting COVID-19 and influenza in symptomatic subjects across diverse global populations, exhibiting high sensitivity. The assay achieved a sensitivity of 94.0% in samples with Ct ≤24 for COVID-19 and 92.6% in samples with Ct ≤30 for influenza A and B.

113Gbps rainbow visible light laser communication system based on 10λ laser WDM emitting module in fiber-free space-fiber link.

With the advent of the sixth-generation mobile communication standard (6 G), the visible light communication (VLC) technology based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology can effectively solve the problem of shortage of spectrum resources and insufficient channel capacity. This paper introduces one of our technical achievements, namely the construction of a near-real-time visible light laser communication (VLLC) system based on WDM, which includes a self-designed 10-λ fully-packaged visible light laser emission module, 1 m multimode fiber - 0.175 m free space - 1 m multimode fiber optical transmission link, and receiver array. In the transmitter system, we adopt adaptive discrete multitone (DMT) modulation technique combined with Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modulation scheme to obtain maximum spectral efficiency (SE). In the receiving system, we utilize the sparse-structured reservoir computing post-equalization algorithm to achieve superior equalization performance on the basis of the traditional post-equalization algorithm. The experimental results indicate that this quasi-real-time communication system has achieved a signal transmission rate of 113.175Gbps. To the best of our knowledge, this work has set a record in the field of high-speed visible light laser communication. Therefore, the laser communication system constructed by this work, with its flexibility in deployment and high-speed performance, demonstrates the significant potential application of visible light laser communication in data center interconnection and high-speed indoor access networks.

Ultrahigh-Q Lead Halide Perovskite Microlasers.

Lead halide perovskites have been promising platforms for micro- and nanolasers. However, the fragile nature of perovskites poses an extreme challenge to engineering a cavity boundary and achieving high-quality (Q) modes, severely hindering their practical applications. Here, we combine an etchless bound state in the continuum (BIC) and a chemically synthesized single-crystalline CsPbBr3 microplate to demonstrate on-chip integrated perovskite microlasers with ultrahigh Q factors. By pattering polymer microdisks on CsPbBr3 microplates, we show that record high-Q BIC modes can be formed by destructive interference between different in-plane radiation from whispering gallery modes. Consequently, a record high Q-factor of 1.04 × 105 was achieved in our experiment. The high repeatability and high controllability of such ultrahigh Q BIC microlasers have also been experimentally confirmed. This research provides a new paradigm for perovskite nanophotonics.

420 Gbit/s optical signal reception enabled by an inductive gain peaking Ge-Si photodetector with 80†GHz bandwidth.

Based on the commercial silicon photonics (SiPh) process platform, a flat 3 dB bandwidth of 80 GHz germanium-silicon (Ge-Si) photodetector (PD) is experimentally demonstrated at a photocurrent of 0.8 mA. This outstanding bandwidth performance is achieved by using the gain peaking technique. It permits an 95% improvement in bandwidth without sacrificing responsivity and undesired effects. The peaked Ge-Si PD shows the external responsivity of 0.5 A/W and internal responsivity of 1.0 A/W at a wavelength of 1550 nm under -4 V bias voltage. The high-speed large signal reception capability of the peaked PD is comprehensively explored. Under the same transmitter state, the transmitter dispersion eye closure quaternary (TDECQ) penalties of the 60 and 90 Gbaud four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) eye diagrams are about 2.33 and 2.76 dB, 1.68 and 2.45 dB for the un-peaked and peaked Ge-Si PD, respectively. When the reception speed increase to 100 and 120 Gbaud PAM-4, the TDECQ penalties are approximatively 2.53 and 3.99 dB. However, for the un-peaked PD, its TDECQ penalties cannot be calculated by oscilloscope. We also measure the bit error rate (BER) performances of the un-peaked and peaked Ge-Si PDs under different speed and optical power. For the peaked PD, the eye diagrams quality of 156 Gbit/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), 145 Gbaud PAM-4, and 140 Gbaud eight-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-8) are as good as the 70 GHz Finisar PD. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first-time a peaked Ge-Si PD operating at 420 Gbit/s per lane in an intensity modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) system. It might be also a potential solution to support the 800 G coherent optical receivers.

Two-stage equalization for ultra-fast RSOP and inter symbol interference compensation based on a simplified Kalman filter.

We propose a two-stage equalization based on a simplified Kalman filter, which is used to solve the rapid rotation of the state of polarization (RSOP) that is caused by lightning strikes on optical cables and the extra inter symbol interference (ISI) introduced in the system. By analyzing the special expression of matrix coefficient in the Kalman filter under polarization demultiplexing, the simplified idea of a Kalman filter is provided, and its updating process is transformed into a kind of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) structure algorithm. At the same time, the second stage finite impulse response filter is used to solve the ISI that is difficult to be solved by a Kalman filter. The performance of the proposed algorithm was tested in a coherent system of 28Gbaud PDM-QPSK/16QAM. The results confirm that on the basis of lower complexity than a Kalman filter, the proposed algorithm reduces its complexity by more than 30% compared to traditional MIMO equalization algorithm under the premise of linear operation, and which also can handle RSOP of 20 Mrad/s. When the system suffers from the extra ISI due to the limited device bandwidth, the optical signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm is about 4 dB lower than the Kalman filter at the same bit error rate.

Experimental demonstration of a 160 Gbit/s 3D-integrated silicon photonics receiver with 1.2-pJ/bit power consumption.

By using the flip-chip bonding technology, a high performances 3D-integrated silicon photonics receiver is demonstrated. The receiver consists of a high-speed germanium-silicon (Ge-Si) photodetector (PD) and a commercial linear transimpedance amplifiers (TIA). The overall 3 dB bandwidth of the receiver is around 38 GHz with appropriate gain. Based on this 3D-integrated receiver, the 56, 64, 90, 100 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and 112, 128 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude (PAM-4) modulation clear openings of eye diagrams are experimentally obtained. The sensitivities of -10, -5.2 dBm and -6.6, -2.7 dBm were obtained for 112 Gbit/s NRZ and 160 Gbit/s PAM-4 at hard-decision forward err correction (HD-FEC,3.8 × 10-3) and KP4 forward err correction (KP4-FEC,2 × 10-4) threshold, respectively. Additionally, the lowest power consumption of this receiver is about 1.2 pJ/bit, which implies its huge potential for short-reach data center applications.

214.7 Tbit/s S, C, and L-band transmission over 50†km SSMF based on silicon photonic integrated transceivers.

We experimentally demonstrate a 214.7 Tbit/s generalized mutual information (GMI) estimated throughput by ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). With 50-GHz grid, 396 transmission channels are used to deliver 49 GBaud probabilistically constellation-shaped (PCS) 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and PCS-64QAM signals. Silicon photonic integrated transceiver is employed to complete electro-optic and optic-electro conversion of the modulated signals. S, C, and L-band rare-earth-doped amplifiers enable the 19.8 THz bandwidth WDM transmission without the assistance of distributed Raman amplification. The measured data rate shows great potential for Silicon photonic devices deployed in ultra-wideband WDM transmission.

Ultracompact Orbital Angular Momentum Sorter on a CMOS Chip.

On-chip integrated orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorting is of great importance in tackling the severe challenge of exponential growth in data traffic. Despite the continuous success, current demultiplexing techniques either scarify efficiency dramatically or lose the compactness of a system. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultracompact OAM sorter using TiO2 metasurfaces integrated onto a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. By utilizing the propagation phases, we transfer the unitary transformation theory in bulky systems into two TiO2 metasurfaces, responsible for the functions of log-polar transformation and fan-out beam copying and focusing as well as the functions of phase correction and Fourier transform. The flatform metasurface doublet enables one to integrate the OAM sorter onto a camera chip. Consequently, OAM beams with topological charges of m = -3 to 3 were separated by a CMOS camera with an average crosstalk of -6.43 dB. This approach shall shed light on next-generation OAM modes processing.

Multifold Integration of Printed and Holographic Meta-Image Displays Enabled by Dual-Degeneracy.

By virtue of the unprecedented ability of manipulating the optical parameters, metasurfaces open up a new avenue for realizing ultra-compact image displays, e.g., nanoprinting on the surface and holographic displaying in the far-field. The multifold integration of these two functions into a single metasurface can undoubtedly expand the functionality and increase the information capacity. In this study, a minimalist tri-channel metasurface is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with multifold integration of printed and holographic displaying, which can generate two N-bit grayscale images and a four-step holographic image simultaneously. Benefiting from exploiting the degeneracy of energy allocation and the degeneracy of nanostructure orientations, the functionalities of nanoprinting and holography are combined without the need of a large amount of nanostructures with varied dimensions, which would facilitate both the metasurface design and fabrication. The proposed scheme provides a new idea in enhancing the functionality and capacity of metasurfaces without complicating their design, which has promising prospects for applications in ultra-compact image displays, high-density optical storage, optical anti-counterfeiting and many other related fields.

46.4 Gbps visible light communication system utilizing a compact tricolor laser transmitter.

Visible light communication (VLC), combining wireless communication with white lighting, has many advantages. It is free of electromagnetic interference, is rich in spectrum resources, and has a gigabit-per-second (Gbps) data rate. Laser diodes (LDs) are emerging as promising light sources for high-speed VLC communication due to their high modulation bandwidth. In this paper, we demonstrate a red/green/blue (R/G/B) LDs based VLC system with a recorded data rate of 46.41 Gbps, employing discrete multitone (DMT) and adaptive bit-loading technology to achieve high spectral efficiency (SE). The emission characteristics and transmission performance of R/G/B-LDs are discussed. The optimal data rates of R/G/B-LDs channels are 17.168/14.652/14.590 Gbps, respectively. The bit-error-ratio (BER) of each channel satisfies the 7% forward-error-correction (FEC) threshold (3.8×10-3) and greatly approaches the channel Shannon limit.

3.76-Gbps yellow-light visible light communication system over 1.2 m free space transmission utilizing a Si-substrate LED and a cascaded pre-equalizer network.

Recently, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising communication method in 6G. To achieve 6G high-speed transmission, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based VLC systems are a highly promising candidate. However, the "yellow and green gap" greatly limits the yellow light efficiency of InGaN-based LEDs and also restricts the transmission rate of yellow LEDs. In addition, pre-equalization and post-equalization also have an important impact on high-speed communication. In this paper, we propose to employ a vertical InGaN-based Si-substrate yellow LED with bit-power loading discrete multitone (DMT) modulation and a novel cascaded pre-equalizer network to achieve a high-speed yellow-light VLC system. The proposed cascaded pre-equalizer network is based on a digital Zobel network and a partial nonlinear pre-equalizer (DZNPN). The microscopic time-domain transient response of the high-speed and large-amplitude signal is also investigated to show a severe impairment. Utilizing the DZNPN cascaded pre-equalizer network based on the third-order Volterra series, a record-breaking data rate of 3.764Gbps over 1.2 m free space and 3.808Gbps over 0.7 m are experimentally demonstrated under the hard decision-forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3. The rate can be improved from 2.818Gbps to 3.764Gbps with 650Mbaud compared to the un-preprocessed signal. This is the highest data rate ever reported for yellow-light VLC systems based on a single LED to the best of our knowledge.

Prognostic value of early and late spontaneous conversion into a shockable rhythm for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of conversion into a shockable rhythm in patients who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with an initially nonshockable rhythm is controversial, perhaps due to the timing of rhythm conversion not being considered previously. We aimed to compare the different prognoses of patients with OHCA and early and late conversion of their rhythm into a shockable rhythm. METHODS: This was a single-centre retrospective cohort study. We enrolled patients with OHCA who were sent to a medical centre in central Taiwan from 2016 to 2020. Patients <18 years old, those with cardiac arrest due to trauma or a circumstantial cause, and those for whom resuscitation was not attempted were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups in accordance with presentation with an initially shockable rhythm. Those with an initially nonshockable rhythm were divided into three subgroups: early-conversion, late-conversion, and nonconversion groups. The primary outcome was the neurological functional status upon discharge from hospital. RESULTS: A total of 1645 patients with OHCA were included: initially shockable rhythm group, 339; early conversion group, 68; late-conversion group, 166; and nonconversion group, 1072. After adjustment, multivariate logistic regression revealed that a favourable neurological outcome was more common in the early conversion group than the nonconversion group (odds ratio [OR] 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-5.3; p = 0.035), whereas the late-conversion group did not significantly differ from the nonconversion group (OR 0.5; 95% CI, 0.1-1.5; p = 0.211). The proportions of sustained return of spontaneous circulation and survival to discharge were also higher in the early conversion group than the late-conversion group (OR 2.9 95% CI 1.6-5.5, p = 0.001 and OR 4.5, 1.8-11.0, p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In patients who experience OHCA and have an initially nonshockable rhythm, early conversion into a shockable rhythm resulted in a better prognosis, whereas late conversion was not significantly different from nonconversion.

Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a critical complication of acute myocardial infarction, especially ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study identified the risk factors for SCA in patients with STEMI before receiving catheterization. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with STEMI and cardiac arrest who presented to a tertiary care center in Taiwan between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. Only patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) confirmed by coronary angiography were included in this study. We collected the patients' demographic and clinical data, such as age, sex, medical history, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and coronary angiographic findings. The primary outcome of this study was SCA in patients with STEMI. Continuous and nominal variables were compared using the two-sample Student's t-test and chi-squared test, respectively. The results of logistic regression were subjected to multivariate analysis with adjustment for possible confounders. RESULTS: A total of 920 patients with STEMI and coronary angiography-documented CAD and 108 patients with SCA who presented between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019, were included. The bivariate logistic regression analysis of patients' demographic data revealed that patients with STEMI and SCA were slightly younger, were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, and had a lower eGFR than did the patients without SCA. The coronary angiographic findings indicated a higher prevalence of left main CAD and three-vessel disease in patients with SCA than in patients without SCA. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that left main CAD (odds ratio [OR]: 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84 to 7.72), a lower eGFR (OR: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96 to 0.98), and younger age (OR: 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96 to 0.99) were the risk factors for SCA in patients with STEMI. CONCLUSIONS: Left main CAD, lower eGFR, and younger age are the risk factors for cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Necroptosis: A Pathogenic Negotiator in Human Diseases.

Over the past few decades, mechanisms of programmed cell death have attracted the scientific community because they are involved in diverse human diseases. Initially, apoptosis was considered as a crucial mechanistic pathway for programmed cell death; recently, an alternative regulated mode of cell death was identified, mimicking the features of both apoptosis and necrosis. Several lines of evidence have revealed that dysregulation of necroptosis leads to pathological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, lung, renal, hepatic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. Regulated forms of necrosis are executed by death receptor ligands through the activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1/3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), resulting in the formation of a necrosome complex. Many papers based on genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that RIPKs and MLKL are the key regulatory effectors during the progression of multiple pathological diseases. This review focused on illuminating the mechanisms underlying necroptosis, the functions of necroptosis-associated proteins, and their influences on disease progression. We also discuss numerous natural and chemical compounds and novel targeted therapies that elicit beneficial roles of necroptotic cell death in malignant cells to bypass apoptosis and drug resistance and to provide suggestions for further research in this field.

Efficient Near-Infrared Luminescence in Lanthanide-Doped Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Cs2 ZrCl6 Phosphors via Te4+ Sensitization.

All-inorganic lead-free perovskite-derivative metal halides have shown great promise in optoelectronics, however, it remains challenging to realize efficient near-infrared (NIR) luminescence in these materials. Herein, we report a novel strategy based on Te4+ /Ln3+ (Ln=Er, Nd, and Yb) co-doping to achieve efficient NIR luminescence in vacancy-ordered double perovskite Cs2 ZrCl6 phosphors, which are excitable by a low-cost near-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (LED) chip. Through sensitization by the spin-orbital allowed 1 S0 →3 P1 transition of Te4+ , intense and multi-wavelength NIR luminescence originating from the 4f→4f transitions of Er3+ , Nd3+ , and Yb3+ was acquired, with a quantum yield of 6.1 % for the Er3+ emission. These findings provide a general approach to achieve efficient NIR emission in lead-free metal halides through ns2 -metal and lanthanide ion co-doping, thereby opening up a new avenue for exploring NIR-emitting perovskite derivatives towards versatile applications such as NIR-LEDs and bioimaging.

Human antigen R regulates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in renal tubular cells through PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions.

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI). Mitophagy selectively degrades damaged mitochondria and thereby regulates cellular homeostasis. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate RNA processing at multiple levels and thereby control cellular function. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of human antigen R (HuR) in hypoxia-induced mitophagy process in the renal tubular cells. Mitophagy marker expressions (PARKIN, p-PARKIN, PINK1, BNIP3L, BNIP3, LC3) were determined by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to analyze mitophagosome, mitolysosome, co-localization of p-PARKIN/TOMM20 and BNIP3L/TOMM20. HuR-mediated regulation of PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions was determined by RNA-immunoprecipitation analysis and RNA stability experiments. Hypoxia induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increased ROS, decline in membrane potential and activated mitophagy through up-regulated PARKIN, PINK1, BNIP3 and BNIP3L expressions. HuR knockdown studies revealed that HuR regulates hypoxia-induced mitophagosome and mitolysosome formation. HuR was significantly bound to PARKIN and BNIP3L mRNA under hypoxia and thereby up-regulated their expressions through mRNA stability. Altogether, our data highlight the importance of HuR in mitophagy regulation through up-regulating PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions in renal tubular cells.

Exosomal tumor necrosis factor-α from hepatocellular cancer cells (Huh-7) promote osteoclast differentiation.

Bone is the common extra-hepatic site for cancer metastasis. Hepatic cancer is associated with a higher incidence of pathological fracture. However, this important regulatory mechanism remains unexplored. Thus, exosome-mediated cell-cell communication between hepatocellular cancer and bone might be key to osteolytic bone destruction. Huh-7 exosomes were characterized for size and exosome marker expressions (CD63, Alix). Exosome mediated osteoclast differentiation in the RAW 264.7 cells was monitored from day 1 to 6 and multinucleated osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity were analyzed. The osteoclastogenic factor expressions in the exosomes and osteoclast differentiation markers such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), and cathepsin K (CTSK) were analyzed using western blot. Exosomes released by liver cancer cells (Huh-7) promoted osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells. Analysis of osteoclastogenic factors in the exosomes showed that exosomes were specifically enriched with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Huh-7 exosomes promoted osteoclast differentiation by significantly increasing the number of TRAP-positive multi nucleated osteoclasts and resorption pits. Importantly, exosomes upregulated osteoclast markers TRAF6, NF-κB, and CTSK expressions. Further, neutralizing exosomal TNF-α reverted exosome-mediated osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells. Collectively, our findings show that cellular communication of exosomal TNF-α from hepatocellular cancer cells (Huh-7) regulates osteoclast differentiation through NF-κB/CTSK/TRAP expressions. Thus, exosomal TNF-α might act as an important therapeutic target to prevent hepatocellular cancer mediated pathological bone disease.

Programmable 1.47 Tb/s (92 Gb/s x 16) optical wireless broadcasting system empowered by a single spatial light modulator and a modified RSS algorithm.

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a programmable multi-access-point optical wireless broadcasting system with ±15° field-of-view by employing a single spatial light modulator (SLM) and a modified rotated-splitting-SLM algorithm. The 16 access points are generated and arbitrarily distributed by the proposed continuous tunable broadcasting algorithm. The optical beams for each point carry 92-Gb/s PAM-4 optical signal and transmitted over 1 km standard single mode fiber and 1.2 m indoor free space distance, offering a total wireless capacity beyond 1.47 Tb/s. The measured results show that the proposed multi-access-points transmission system with ultra-high transmission capacity and reconfigurability can be used for future indoor wireless mobile networks.