Ganoderic acid A protects neural cells against NO stress injury in vitro via stimulating ß adrenergic receptors.

Excessive nitric oxide (NO) causes extensive damage to the nervous system, and the adrenergic system is disordered in many neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the role of the adrenergic system in protection of the nervous system against sodium nitroprusside (SNP) injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ganoderic acid A (GA A) against SNP injury in neural cells and the role of adrenergic receptors in GA A neuroprotection. We found that SNP (0.125-2 mM) dose-dependently decreased the viability of both SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells and markedly increased NO contents. Pretreatment with GA A (10 µM) significantly attenuated SNP-induced cytotoxicity and NO increase in SH-SY5Y cells, but not in PC12 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with GA A caused significantly higher adrenaline content in SH-SY5Y cells than in PC12 cells. In order to elucidate the mechanism of GA A-protecting SH-SY5Y cells, we added adrenaline, phentolamine, metoprolol, or ICI 118551 1 h before GA A was added to the culture medium. We found that addition of adrenaline (10 µM) significantly improved GA A protection in PC12 cells. The addition of ß1-adrenergic receptor antagonist metoprolol (10 µM) or ß2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118551 (0.1 µM) blocked the protective effect of GA A, whereas the addition of α-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (0.1 µM) did not affect GA A protection in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that ß-adrenergic receptors play an important role in the protection of GA A in SH-SY5Y cells against SNP injuries, and excessive adrenaline system activation caused great damage to the nervous system.

Metabolic reprogramming in colon cancer reversed by DHTS through regulating PTEN/AKT/HIF1α mediated signal pathway.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic reprogramming and hypoxia contribute to the resistance of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in kinds of cancers. In this study, we investigated the effect of dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) on reversing dysregulated metabolism of glucose and fatty acid in colon cancer and elucidated its mechanism of action. METHODS: Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial fuel oxidation were assessed by Mito stress test, glycolysis stress test, and mito fuel flex test, respectively. Anti-cancer activity of DHTS in vivo was evaluated in Colon cancer xenograft. Hexokinase activity and free fatty acid (FFA) content were assessed using respective Commercial kits. Gene expression patterns were determined by performing DNA microarray analysis and real-time PCR. Protein expression was assessed using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: DHTS showed similar cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells under hypoxia and normoxia. DHTS decreased the efficiency of glucose and FA as mitochondrial fuels in HCT116 cells, which efficiently reversed by VO-OHpic trihydrate. DHTS reduced hexokinase activity and free fatty acid (FFA) content in tumor tissue of xenograft model of colon cancer. Gene expression patterns in metabolic pathways were dramatically differential between model and treatment group. Increases in PTEN and a substantial decrease in the expression of SIRT3, HIF1α, p-AKT, HKII, p-MTOR, RHEB, and p-ACC were detected. CONCLUSIONS: DHTS reversed metabolic reprogramming in colon cancer through PTEN/AKT/HIF1α-mediated signal pathway. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study is the first to report the reverse of metabolic reprogramming by DHTS in colon cancer. Meantime, SIRT3/PTEN/AKT/HIF1α mediated signal pathway plays a critical role during this process.

Actinomycin D synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of CDDP on KB cells by activating P53 via decreasing P53-MDM2 complex.

The aim of this study is to investigate the synergism of low dose of actinomycin D (LDActD) to the cytotoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP) on KB cells. The role of P53 reactivation by LDActD in the synergism and its mechanism were further studied. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was determined by AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 staining. Expression of proteins was detected by Western blotting (WB) and/or immunofluorescence (IF). Molecular docking of actinomycin D (ACTD) to Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and Mouse double minute 2 homolog X (MDMX). MDMX was analyzed by Discovery Studio. The content of P53-MDM2 complex was detected by ELISA assay. The cytotoxicity of CDDP was increased by the combination of LDActD in kinds of cancer cells. Molecular docking showed strong interaction between ACTD and MDM2/MDMX. Meanwhile, LDActD significantly decreased P53-MDM2 complex. Significant increase of the apoptotic activity by the combination therapy in KB cells is P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) dependent. In addition to the decrease in MMP, LDActD increased P53 regulated protein and decreased BCL-XL in KB cells. LDActD efficiently enhanced the cytotoxicity of CDDP in cancer cells and induced P53-PUMA-dependent and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in KB cells. The reactivation of P53 was probably achieved by disturbing the interaction of P53 and MDM2/MDMX.

[Effect of umbilical moxibustion on intestinal flora in patients with subthreshold depression].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of umbilical moxibustion for subthreshold depression (SD) and its effect on intestinal flora, and to explore its mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-six SD patients were recruited as the SD group (1 case dropped out, 2 cases excluded), and 36 healthy subjects were recruited as the healthy control group (1 case excluded). The SD group was treated with umbilical moxibustion, once a week, a total of 8 times were required. The healthy control group did not receive any intervention. Hamilton depression scale 17-item (HAMD-17) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D) scores were observed in the SD group before and after treatment, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Fecal samples were collected in the SD group before and after treatment and in the healthy control group when enrolled, the intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. RESULTS: The HAMD-17 and CES-D scores after treatment in the SD group were reduced compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), and the total effective rate was 90.9% (30/33). Compared with the healthy control group, Sobs index, Shannon index and Ace index were reduced in the SD group before treatment (P<0.05), Simpson index was increased (P<0.05), the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was increased (P<0.01), the relative abundance of Eubacterium_hallii_group, Ruminococcus, Christensenellaceae_R-7_ group, Paraprevotella was decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared before treatment, the relative abundance of Escherichia- Shigella after treatment in the SD group was decreased (P<0.01), the relative abundance of Ruminococcus, Christensenaceae_R-7_group, Paraprevotella was increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Paraprevotella were negatively correlated with the CES-D score (P<0.01, P<0.05). Escherichia-Shigella was positively correlated with the HAMD-17 score (P<0.05). Christensenellaceae_R-7_group was negatively correlated with the HAMD-17 score (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients with subthreshold depression have dysbiosis of intestinal flora, and umbilical moxibustion may exert therapeutic effect by regulating the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora, increasing beneficial bacteria, and reducing harmful bacteria.

A novel transcriptomic signature associated with lymphovascular invasion predicts clinical outcomes, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic response in lung adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Since TNM staging has limitations for predicting post-operative outcomes and relapse, more effective prediction tools need to be researched and developed. Lymphovascular invasion, LVI, as a histopathological feature, has been widely shown to have a correlation with poor prognosis and early recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, LVI assessment is limited by subjective bias, and therefore its efficacy in practical clinical application needs further clarification. The aim of this study was to formulate a new signature based on LVI-related genes to predict prognosis and recurrence in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Clinicopathological information, gene sequencing data and whole slide images (WSIs) of LUAD patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. LVI statue were evaluated by professional pathologists, and then the differentially expressed genes (LVI DEGs) associated with LVI were screened. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Step Cox regression models were used to construct LVI-associated risk scores (LVRS), including PAQR4, ARGHEF6, CKS1B, CFTR and SEC14L4. The validity of the LVRS score was evaluated on multiple external datasets and our JSSZL cohort dataset. Using LVRS scores and clinical information, nomogram were constructed for use by clinicians. In addition, we further explored the relationship between LVRS score and clinicopathological features, immune infiltration, tumor mutational load, and immunotherapy response, and confirmed the expression of key genes in LVRS score in lung adenocarcinoma tissues using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. RESULTS: Based on the LVRS, patients could be classified into high-LVRS and low-LVRS groups. It was found that OS and PFS were significantly worse in the high-LVRS group than in the low-LVRS group (p < 0.001). By ROC curve analysis, it could be found that the nomogram combining LVRS and clinical information could accurately predict the prognosis of LUAD patients with the area under the curve of 1,3,5-year survival rate could reach 0.754, 0.741 and 0.735. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis showed that LVRS was an independent prognostic factor. At the same time, there were significant differences in the mutation profiles and immune microenvironment between the high-LVRS and low-LVRS groups, with the high-LVRS group having a significantly higher mutation rate than the low-LVRS group and exhibiting immunological "cold" features. By the experimental results, higher expression levels of PAQR4 and CKS1B were found in LUAD tissues, while lower expression levels of ARGHEF6, CFTR and SEC14L4 were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The LVRS established in this study serves as a valid tool to predict the prognosis and recurrence status of lung adenocarcinoma patients and has a predictive effect on the response to postoperative treatment. The establishment of LVRS may offer some theoretical support to clinical treatment strategies for patients with lung adenocarcinoma following surgical intervention.

Erratum: Author correction to 'Protective effects of VMY-2-95 on corticosterone-induced injuries in mice and cellular models' [Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 11(2021) 1903-1913].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.002.].

Erratum: Author correction to 'Protective effects of VMY-2-95 on corticosterone-induced injuries in mice and cellular models' [Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 11 (2021) 1903-1913].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.002.].

Protective effects of VMY-2-95 on corticosterone-induced injuries in mice and cellular models.

Nicotinic α4ß2 receptor antagonists have drawn increasing attention in the development of new antidepressants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of VMY-2-95, the new selective antagonist of α4ß2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on corticosterone (CORT) injured mice and cellular models. Fluoxetine was applied as a positive control, and the effects of VMY-2-95 were investigated with three different doses or concentrations (1, 3, 10 mg/kg in mice, and 0.003, 0.03, 0.1 µmol/L in cells). As a result, VMY-2-95 showed significant antidepressant-like effects in the CORT injured mice by improving neuromorphic function, promoting hippocampal nerve proliferation, and regulating the contents of monoamine transmitters. Meanwhile, VMY-2-95 exhibited protective effects on cell viability, cell oxidant, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism on corticosterone-impaired SH-SY5Y cells. Also, the PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway was up-regulated by VMY-2-95 both in vitro and in vivo, and pathway blockers were also combined with VMY-2-95 to verify the effects furtherly. Therefore, we preliminarily proved that VMY-2-95 had protective effects in depressed mice and SH-SY5Y cells against injuries induced by corticosterone. This work indicated that the application of VMY-2-95 is a potential pharmacological solution for depression. This study also supported the development of α4ß2 nAChR antagonists towards neuropsychiatric dysfunctions.

Effects of acupuncture for relieving preoperative anxiety in adolescents: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative anxiety is a frequent burden affecting adolescent patients before various surgical procedures. Acupuncture has shown promise for addressing symptoms of preoperative anxiety in adolescents. This study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for preoperative anxiety in adolescents. METHODS: We will search the relevant randomized controlled trials by the following databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, VIP, China Biomedical Literature Database, and TCM Literature Analysis and Retrieval Database. The process of selecting studies, extracting data and evaluating methodological quality will be conducted by 2 researchers independently. We will use Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Statistical analyses will be performed using R (version3.6.3). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No patient's privacy are involved in this study, ethical approval will not be required. Our research results are intended to be published through conference reports and peer-reviewed journals. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY2021110096.

Solid solutions of flexible host-guest supramolecules for tuning molecular motion and phase transitions.

By utilizing a supramolecular complex rather than an individual molecule as a deformable and elastic substitutional component, we put forward a solid-solution strategy and demonstrate an example of how two related yet non-isostructural crystalline host-guest compounds can form molecular solid solutions. Interestingly, such a strategy can effectively and continuously modulate the molecular motion and phase transition in them, as revealed by the variable-temperature/frequency dielectric responses.

Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction on the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a worldwide disease that is harmful to human health and brings a heavy economic burden to healthcare system. Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction (XXMD) has been widely used to treat stroke and other neurological diseases for more than 1000 years in China. However, the synergistic mechanism of the constituents in XXMD for the potential treatment of AD is still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the potential targets and uncover the material basis of XXMD for the potential treatment of AD. A network pharmacology-based method, which combined data collection, drug-likeness filtering and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/T) properties filtering, target prediction and network analysis, was used to decipher the effect and potential targets of XXMD for the treatment of AD. Then, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory assay was used to screen the potential active constituents in XXMD for the treatment of AD, and the molecular docking was furtherly used to identify the binding ability of active constituents with AD-related target of AChE. Finally, three in vitro cell models were applied to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of potential lead compounds in XXMD. Through the China Natural Products Database, Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) Database, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-Database @Taiwan and literature, a total of 1481 compounds in XXMD were finally collected. After ADME/T properties filtering, 908 compounds were used for the further study. Based on the prediction data, the constituents in XXMD formula could interact with 41 AD-related targets. Among them, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), estrogen receptor α (ERα) and AChE were the major targets. The constituents in XXMD were found to have the potential to treat AD through multiple AD-related targets. 62 constituents in it were found to interact with more than or equal to 10 AD-related targets. The prediction results were further validated by in vitro biology experiment, resulting in several potential anti-AD multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), including two AChE inhibitors with the IC50 values ranging from 4.83 to 10.22 µM. Moreover, fanchinoline was furtherly found to prevent SH-SY5Y cells from the cytotoxicities induced by sodium nitroprusside, sodium dithionate and potassium chloride. In conclusion, XXMD was found to have the potential to treat AD by targeting multiple AD-related targets and canonical pathways. Fangchinoline and dauricine might be the potential lead compounds in XXMD for the treatment of AD.

The natural product bergenin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-kappaB activition.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bergenin, an active constituent of the plants of the genus Bergenia, was reported to have anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of chronic bronchitis and chronic gastritis clinically. However, its therapeutic effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its potential mechanisms of actions were still unknown. AIM OF THIS STUDY: To evaluate the effect of bergenin on murine model of acute lung injury induced by LPS and also to explore its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Half an hour and 12h after an intranasal inhalation of LPS, male BALB/c mice were treated with bergenin (50,100 and 200mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEX, 5mg/kg) by gavage. Twenty-four hours after LPS exposure, the lung wet/dry ratio, histological changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissues, inflammatory cells (in BALF) and cytokines (in BALF and serum) were detected. Meanwhile, the protein expression of MyD88 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in lung tissue were analyzed using immunoblot analysis. Moreover, the nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in Raw264.7 cells were also analyzed. The viability of Raw264.7 cells was determined by MTT assay. RESULTS: Results showed that bergenin significantly decreased pulmonary edema, improved histological changes and reduced MPO activity in lung tissues. Moreover, bergenin obviously decreased inflammatory cells, IL-1ß and IL-6 production in BALF, as well as IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 production in serum of LPS-induced ALI mice. Furthermore, bergenin markedly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, as well as the expression of MyD88 but not the expression of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues. Additionally, bergenin also significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 stimulated by LPS in Raw264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that bergenin had a therapeutic effect on LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting NF-κB activition.

Therapeutic effect of methyl salicylate 2-O-ß-d-lactoside on LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting TAK1/NF-kappaB phosphorylation and NLRP3 expression.

Acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by pulmonary edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, is a common syndrome of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Methyl salicylate 2-O-ß-d-lactoside (MSL), a natural derivative of salicylate extracted from Gaultheria yunnanensis (Franch.) Rehder, was reported to have potent anti-inflammatory effects on the progression of collagen or adjuvant-induced arthritis in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of MSL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that MSL significantly ameliorated pulmonary edema and histological severities, and inhibited IL-6 and IL-1ß production in LPS-induced ALI mice. MSL also reduced MPO activity in lung tissues and the number of inflammatory cells in BALF. Moreover, we found that MSL significantly inhibited LPS-induced TAK1 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, as well as the expression of NLRP3 protein in lung tissues. Furthermore, MSL significantly inhibited LPS-induced TAK1 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in Raw264.7 cells. In addition, MSL significantly inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in cells treated with LPS in vitro. Taken together, our results suggested that MSL exhibited a therapeutic effect on LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting TAK1/NF-κB phosphorylation and NLRP3 expression.