An evolutionary concept analysis: stigma among women living with hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Stigma is a complex social phenomenon that leads to marginalization and influences the course of illness. In the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV), stigma is a well-documented barrier to accessing care, treatment, and cure. In recent years, HCV rates among women have increased, resulting in an urgent need to address stigma and its harmful effects. The purpose of this concept analysis was to investigate stigma in the context of women living with HCV using Rodgers' evolutionary method. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO, and Nursing and Allied Health were used to identify articles describing HCV stigma among women. Articles from peer-reviewed journals and geographic locations, published between 2002-2023, were included in the analysis. As specified in Rodgers' evolutionary method, articles were analyzed with a focus on the concept's context, surrogate and related terms, antecedents, attributes, examples, and consequences. RESULTS: Following screening, 33 articles were selected for inclusion in the analysis. Discrimination and marginalization were identified as surrogate and related terms to stigma; and antecedents of stigma were identified as limited knowledge, fear of diagnosis, and disclosure. Prevalent attributes of stigma in the literature were described as feelings of decreased self-worth, negative stereotyping, and fear of transmission. Importantly, HCV stigma among women is unique in comparison to other forms of infectious disease-related stigma, primarily due its impact on women's identity as mothers and caregivers. Stigmatization of women living with HCV resulted in negative consequences to personal relationships and healthcare access due to decreased health-seeking behaviours. Although access to HCV treatment has changed considerably over time, a temporal analysis could not be completed due to the limited number of articles. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma in the context of women living with HCV has its own unique antecedents, attributes, and consequences. This enhanced understanding of stigma among women living with HCV has the potential to inform improved and more effective approaches to care, which will be required to reach HCV elimination. Furthermore, this analysis identifies stigma layering and stigma in the direct-acting antiviral  treatment era as areas for more in-depth future inquiry.

Evaluation of Prenatal Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence Using Universal Screening, and Linkage to Care in a Real-World Setting in Ontario.

OBJECTIVES: International infectious disease/obstetrical societies have recently recommended universal hepatitis C virus (HCV) prenatal screening and these same recommendations are forthcoming in Canada. At present, there is no formal analysis of universal HCV screening or linkage to care of pregnant people in Ontario. The objectives of our study were to determine the seroprevalence of HCV using 2 different methods to evaluate universal screening, as well as identify opportunities that may improve linkage to care. METHODS: To assess seroprevalence in a large urban area, we aimed to test 12 000 de-identified samples submitted for prenatal HIV testing in the catchment area of Toronto Public Health for HCV antibodies. Then, to assess the seroprevalence as well as the operational impact and follow-up in a real-world setting, we completed a Quality Improvement Project (QIP) for 1 year at a large tertiary care obstetrical centre in London, Ontario. RESULTS: From 2019 to 2021, 11 999 de-identified samples were screened from Toronto with a seroprevalence of 0.40 (95% CI 0.29-0.53). In London, 5771 people were screened in 2021 with a seroprevalence of 0.55% (95% CI 0.38-0.78). Taken together, those aged 26-35 years had the highest positivity; in the QIP, 9% had no documented risk factor, and 59% of individuals were not linked to the next step in HCV care. CONCLUSIONS: HCV prenatal seroprevalence in Ontario is comparable to hepatitis B virus, and ∼15-30-fold higher than HIV. Diagnosis in pregnancy is critical to facilitate referrals for treatment between pregnancies and could increase screening among children born to positive women.

Breastfeeding Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in North America: A Multisite Study.

BACKGROUND: In North American countries, national guidelines have strongly recommended formula over breastmilk for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of concern for HIV transmission. However, data from resource-limited settings suggest the risk is <1% among virally suppressed people. Information regarding breastfeeding experience in high-resource settings is lacking. METHODS: A retrospective multisite study was performed for individuals with HIV who breastfed during 2014-2022 in the United States (8 sites) and Canada (3 sites). Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Among the 72 cases reported, most had been diagnosed with HIV and were on antiretroviral therapy prior to the index pregnancy and had undetectable viral loads at delivery. Most commonly reported reasons for choosing to breastfeed were health benefits, community expectations, and parent-child bonding. Median duration of breastfeeding was 24 weeks (range, 1 day to 72 weeks). Regimens for infant prophylaxis and protocols for testing of infants and birthing parents varied widely among institutions. No neonatal transmissions occurred among the 94% of infants for whom results were available ≥6 weeks after weaning. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the largest cohort to date of people with HIV who breastfed in North America. Findings demonstrate high variability among institutions in policies, infant prophylaxis, and infant and parental testing practices. The study describes challenges in weighing the potential risks of transmission with personal and community factors. Finally, this study highlights the relatively small numbers of patients with HIV who chose to breastfeed at any 1 location, and the need for further multisite studies to identify best care practices.

Outcomes and management of pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcal infections: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is one of the most lethal bacterial pathogens of humans, with increased risk of progression to septic shock and multiorgan failure in the pregnant population. The objective of this study is to systematically review the outcomes and management strategies for pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infections in an effort to provide further guidance for prevention and treatment of a rare but lethal infection worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comprehensive search using puerperium and streptococcus pyogenes terms was completed across several registered databases. A total of 902 articles investigating pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infection were identified, with 40 studies fulfilling inclusion criteria of original research articles in humans published from 1990 onwards reporting four or more unique cases of group A streptococcus in pregnancy or postpartum. This study was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020198983. RESULTS: A total of 1160 patients with pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infection were identified. Most infections occurred postpartum (91.9%), with 4.7% reported antepartum and 0.6% intrapartum. Bacteremia was present in 49.0% of patients and endometritis in 45.9%. Puerperal sepsis was described in 28.2% of cases and progressed to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in one-third of such cases. Overall, the case fatality ratio was 2.0%, with one-third of the deaths from antenatal cases including 3/22 (13.6%) cases of septic abortion and 10/46 (21.7%) antenatal cases of group A streptococcus infection. CONCLUSIONS: Group A streptococcus infection remains an important contributor to pregnancy and puerperal morbidity and mortality. Early recognition, diagnosis and aggressive management are important for favorable outcomes given the serious risk of sepsis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.

Low human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among women engaged in HIV care in Ontario, Canada.

Women living with HIV are at higher risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related dysplasia and cancers and thus are prioritized for HPV vaccination. We measured HPV vaccine uptake among women engaged in HIV care in Ontario, Canada, and identified socio-demographic, behavioural, and clinical characteristics associated with HPV vaccination. During annual interviews from 2017 to 2020, women participating in a multi-site, clinical HIV cohort responded to a cross-sectional survey on HPV vaccine knowledge and receipt. We used logistic regression to derive age-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with self-reported vaccine initiation (≥1 dose) or series completion (3 doses). Among 591 women (median age = 48 years; interquartile range = 40-56 years), 13.2% (95%CI = 10.5-15.9%) had received ≥1 dose. Of those vaccinated, 64.6% had received 3 doses. Vaccine initiation (≥1 dose) was significantly higher among women aged 20-29 years at 31.0% but fell to 13.9% in those aged 30-49 years and < 10% in those aged ≥50 years. After age adjustment, vaccine initiation was significantly associated with being employed (vs. unemployed but seeking work), income $40,000-$59,999 (vs. <$20,000), being married/common-law (vs. single), living with children, immigrating to Canada >5 years ago (vs. immigrating ≤5 years ago), never smoking (vs. currently smoking), and being in HIV care longer (per 10 years). Similar factors were identified for series completion (3 doses). HPV vaccine uptake remains low among women living with HIV in our cohort despite regular engagement in care. Recommendations for improving uptake include education of healthcare providers, targeted community outreach, and public funding of HPV vaccination.

LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The perinatal period may uniquely impact the mental health and wellbeing of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2S+) childbearing individuals. OBJECTIVES: To characterise and synthesise the experiences of LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals regarding perinatal mental health, including symptomatology, access to care and care-seeking. SEARCH STRATEGY: We conducted and reported a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines of eight databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE-OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science: Core Collection, Sociological Abstracts, Social Work Abstract, and PsycINFO) from inception to 1 March 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Original, peer-reviewed research related to LGBTQ2S+ mental health was eligible for inclusion if the study was specific to the perinatal period (defined as pregnancy planning, conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and first year postpartum; includes miscarriages, fertility treatments and surrogacy). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Findings were synthesised qualitatively via meta-aggregation using the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (JBI SUMARI), and the ConQual approach. MAIN RESULTS: Our systematic search included 26 eligible studies encompassing 1199 LGBTQ2S+ childbearing participants. Using the JBI SUMARI approach, we reported 65 results, which we synthesised as six key findings. The studies described unique considerations for LGBTQ2S+ individuals' perinatal mental health, including heteronormativity, cisnormativity, isolation, exclusion from traditional pregnancy care, stigma, and distressing situations from the gendered nature of pregnancy. Many participants described a lack of knowledge from healthcare providers related to care for LGBTQ2S+ individuals. In addition, LGBTQ2S+ individuals described barriers to accessing mental healthcare and gaps in health systems. Strategies to improve care include provider education, avoidance of gendered language, documentation of correct pronouns, trauma-informed practices, cultural humility training and tailored care for LGBTQ2S+ people. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy, postpartum, and the perinatal period uniquely impacts the mental health and wellbeing of LGBTQ2S+individuals, largely due to systems-level inequities and exclusion from perinatal care. Healthcare providers should implement the identified strategies to improve perinatal care and address inequities.

Perinatal outcomes in women living with HIV-1 and receiving antiretroviral therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women living with HIV are at an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. It remains controversial whether this risk persists with antiretroviral therapy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether pregnant women living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy antenatally, are at an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared with HIV-negative controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EBM Reviews, PubMed (non-MEDLINE records), EBSCO CINAHL Complete, Clarivate Web of Science, African Index Medicus, LILACS and Google Scholar for all observational studies comparing pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy with HIV-negative controls from 1 January 1994 to 10 August 2021 with no language or geographic restrictions. Perinatal outcomes included preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight, small-for-gestational age and preeclampsia. Using a random-effects model we pooled raw data to generate odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. Sub-analyses for high and low resource countries and time of antiretroviral therapy initiation were performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42020182722. RESULTS: Of the 7900 citations identified, 27 were eligible for analysis (12 636 pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and 7 812 115 HIV-negative controls). ORs (95% CI) of PTB (1.88 [1.63-2.17]), small-for-gestational age (1.60 [1.18-2.17]) and low birthweight (2.15 [1.58-2.92]) were significantly higher in pregnant women living with HIV than in HIV-negative women, while the risk of preeclampsia (0.86 [0.57-1.30]) was comparable. The risk of PTB and low birthweight was higher in both high resource and low resource countries, while the risk of small-for-gestational age was higher only in the former. Preconceptional antiretroviral therapy was associated with a higher risk of PTB compared with antenatal initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy have an increased risk of PTB, low birthweight and small-for-gestational age in high resource countries, as well as PTB and low birthweight in low income countries compared with HIV-negative controls.

Screening for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections in the Third Trimester.

A retrospective study was conducted at our institution of all patients who delivered between May 2016 and April 2017. A change of practice had been instituted, which involved obstetricians testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis universally in the first and third trimesters. Medical records were reviewed for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis results and for risk factors traditionally associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A substantial proportion of patients (10.7%) had not undergone screening during pregnancy. We also identified third-trimester cases of infection in asymptomatic patients who had no traditional risk factors STI acquisition, which raised the question of optimal timing for STI screening during pregnancy.

Preeclampsia-Like Syndrome in a Pregnant Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND: Hypertension, proteinuria, and hepatic dysfunction have been described as manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are generally accepted as poor prognostic factors. However, these same findings can also occur in pregnant women with preeclampsia, thus creating a diagnostic challenge. CASE: We report a case of COVID-19 infection in an otherwise healthy pregnant patient with secondary hypertension, proteinuria, and significant hepatic dysfunction. Maternal placental growth factor (PlGF) testing was used to rule out preeclampsia. The patient received supportive care and improved significantly. She went on to have a spontaneous vaginal term delivery of a healthy male baby. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 infection in pregnancy may present as preeclampsia-like syndrome. PlGF testing can be used to differentiate preeclampsia from COVID-19 and facilitate appropriate management.

Patient Satisfaction with Informed Consent for Cesarean and Operative Vaginal Delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient satisfaction with the informed consent process for elective cesarean delivery (CD), emergency CD, and operative vaginal delivery (OVD). METHODS: A cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted among patients on the postpartum floor of our institution. Patients were approached after delivery to complete a previously pilot-tested questionnaire, based on validated literature. One hundred eighty-four surveys were included in the analysis. Levels of patient satisfaction were compared across modes of delivery using χ2 tests of independence. Secondary objectives included evaluating the relationship between satisfaction scores and the patient's recall of the consent process and emotional state during the consent process. RESULTS: A significant association was found between patient satisfaction with the consent process and mode of delivery (P < 0.001). Those in the elective and emergency CD groups were significantly more likely to express high rates of satisfaction compared with those in the OVD group (odds ratio [OR] 9.03; 95% CI 2.80-29.10 and OR 3.97; 95% CI 1.34-11.76, respectively). High levels of satisfaction were significantly more common among those who had greater recall of the consent process (OR 25.2; 95% CI 7.34-87.04) and those who reported low levels of distress during the process (OR 15.1; 95% CI 4.70-48.66). CONCLUSION: Informed consent during OVD is associated with lower rates of patient satisfaction compared with CD. Efforts are needed to improve the consent process for OVD to increase patient satisfaction and promote patient-centred care.

Directive clinique no 430 : Diagnostic et prise en charge de la rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme.

OBJECTIF: Fournir des directives claires et concises pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme (RPMAT). POPULATION CIBLE: Toute patiente manifestant une rupture prématurée des membranes avant 37 semaines d'aménorrhée. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: La présente directive clinique vise à fournir les premières recommandations générales canadiennes sur la prise en charge de la rupture des membranes avant terme. Elle repose sur un examen complet et à jour des données probantes sur le diagnostic de la rupture et sur la prise en charge, le bon moment et les modes d'accouchement. DONNéES PROBANTES: Des recherches ont été effectuées dans PubMed-Medline et Cochrane en 2021 en utilisant les termes suivants : preterm premature rupture of membranes, PPROM, chorioamnionitis, Nitrazine test, ferning, commercial tests, PAMG-1, IGFBP-1 test, ultrasonography, PPROM/antenatal corticosteroids, PPROM/Magnesium sulphate, PPROM/antibiotic treatment, PPROM/tocolysis, PPROM/preterm labour, PPROM/neonatal outcomes, PPROM/mortality, PPROM/outpatient/inpatient, PPROM/cerclage, previable PPROM. Les articles retenus sont des essais cliniques randomisés, des méta-analyses, des revues systématiques, des directives cliniques et des études observationnelles. D'autres publications pertinentes ont été sélectionnées à partir des notices bibliographiques de ces articles. Seuls les articles en anglais ont été examinés. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Voir l'annexe A (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé prénatale ou périnatale. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

Guideline No. 430: Diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To provide clear and concise guidelines for the diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) TARGET POPULATION: All patients with PPROM <37 weeks gestation BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: This guideline aims to provide the first Canadian general guideline on the management of preterm membrane rupture. It includes a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the evidence on the diagnosis, management, timing and method of delivery. EVIDENCE: The following search terms were entered into PubMed/Medline and Cochrane in 2021: preterm premature rupture of membranes, PPROM, chorioamnionitis, Nitrazine test, ferning, commercial tests, placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) test, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) test, ultrasonography, PPROM/antenatal corticosteroids, PPROM/Magnesium sulphate, PPROM/ antibiotic treatment, PPROM/tocolysis, PPROM/preterm labour, PPROM/Neonatal outcomes, PPROM/mortality, PPROM/outpatient/inpatient, PPROM/cerclage, previable PPROM. Articles included were randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, guidelines, and observational studies. Additional publications were identified from the bibliographies of these articles. Only English-language articles were reviewed. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All prenatal and perinatal health care providers. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy With Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes.

Importance: There are limited high-quality, population-level data about the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy using contemporaneous comparator cohorts. Objectives: To describe maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and to assess variables associated with severe disease in the pregnant population. Design, Setting, and Participants: CANCOVID-Preg is an observational surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2-affected pregnancies in Canada. This analysis presents exploratory, population-level data from 6 Canadian provinces for the period of March 1, 2020, to October 31, 2021. A total of 6012 pregnant persons with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test result at any time in pregnancy (primarily due to symptomatic presentation) were included and compared with 2 contemporaneous groups including age-matched female individuals with SARS-CoV-2 and unaffected pregnant persons from the pandemic time period. Exposure: SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Incident infections in pregnancy were reported to CANCOVID-Preg by participating provinces/territories. Main Outcomes and Measures: Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as risk factors for severe disease (ie, disease requiring hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit/critical care unit, and/or oxygen therapy). Results: Among 6012 pregnant individuals with SARS-CoV-2 in Canada (median age, 31 [IQR, 28-35] years), the greatest proportion of cases were diagnosed at 28 to 37 weeks' gestation (35.7%). Non-White individuals were disproportionately represented. Being pregnant was associated with a significantly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization compared with SARS-CoV-2 cases among all women aged 20 to 49 years in the general population of Canada (7.75% vs 2.93%; relative risk, 2.65 [95% CI, 2.41-2.88]) as well as an increased risk of intensive care unit/critical care unit admission (2.01% vs 0.37%; relative risk, 5.46 [95% CI, 4.50-6.53]). Increasing age, preexisting hypertension, and greater gestational age at diagnosis were significantly associated with worse maternal outcomes. The risk of preterm birth was significantly elevated among SARS-CoV-2-affected pregnancies (11.05% vs 6.76%; relative risk, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.52-1.76]), even in cases of milder disease not requiring hospitalization, compared with unaffected pregnancies during the same time period. Conclusions and Relevance: In this exploratory surveillance study conducted in Canada from March 2020 to October 2021, SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of adverse maternal outcomes and preterm birth.

An exploration of the fertility desires and intentions of men living with HIV in Ontario, Canada.

Planning families is an important issue within the HIV community. The primary objective of this study was to explore the fertility desires and intentions of men living with HIV (MLWH). A cross-sectional survey containing 77 questions in 10 domains was developed, validated and administered to MLWH. The sample was stratified by sexual orientation, ethnicity, and city of residence. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine sociodemographic correlates of intention to have children. 276 men were recruited, of whom 118 (43%) identified as heterosexual and 158 (57%) as gay, bisexual, two-spirit or queer (GBTQ). 133 (45%) men wished and 120 (44%) actually intended to become a parent. Significantly more heterosexual men desired fatherhood (63% vs 37%, p < .0001) and intended to have children in the future (57% vs. 34%, p < .0001). Among all men, significant predictors of intention to have children were age ≤40, heterosexual orientation, African/Caribbean/Black ethnicity, living in Toronto, higher household income, and being partnered with an HIV-negative individual. When stratified by sexual orientation, younger age remained a significant correlate for both groups. A significant proportion of heterosexual and GBTQ MLWH desire and intend to become a parent. Health care providers and policy makers must support these individuals in their reproductive parenting needs.

Urinary symptoms and quality of life in women living with HIV: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To determine prevalence and quality of life impact of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women living with HIV (WLWH). METHODS: Cross-sectional urinary questionnaires were included in a multicenter national prospective study of the HPV vaccine in WLWH. Demographic and clinical information was abstracted from the parent study. The Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6) and Urinary Impact Questionnaire (UIQ-7) were administered. Wilcoxon rank sum, two-sample chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used as appropriate to compare women with UDI-6 score ≥ 25 to those with lower UDI-6 scores on demographic and HIV-related factors. Significant categorical variables were followed up with logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven women completed urinary questionnaires (85.5% of cohort). Median age was 44.1 (37.2-50.6). Mean CD4 count was 621 (410-785), and 132 women (74.6%) were virologically suppressed. Median UDI-6 score was 4.2 (0-25). Fifty-one women (28.8%) had a UIQ-7 score > 0. Among those with a UDI-6 score of at least 25, median UIQ-7 was 9.5 (0-47.6). UDI-6 ≥ 25 was significantly associated with increasing age, higher BMI, Canada as country of origin, peri-/postmenopausal status (OR 3.37, 95% CI = 1.71 to 6.75) and being parous (OR 2.92, 95% CI = 1.27 to 7.59) (all p < 0.05). HIV-related factors were not associated with UDI-6 ≥ 25. CONCLUSIONS: LUTS were common, but we did not demonstrate a negative impact on quality of life in this sample of WLWH. Large comparative studies are needed to determine whether HIV is a risk factor for bothersome LUTS in women.

Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation in Pregnancy from a Pre-Existing Postoperative Adhesion: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intestinal perforation is rare in pregnancy. Previously described cases have been associated with endometriosis, Crohn's disease, and intestinal tuberculosis. CASE: We describe a case of spontaneous intestinal perforation in pregnancy from a postoperative adhesion. The patient presented with multiple episodes of abdominal pain and vomiting starting at 255 weeks. The diagnosis was made at 28 weeks when she presented with severe pain and abnormal fetal heart rate requiring emergency cesarean section with bowel resection. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates that adhesions between the bowel and uterus from prior surgery may lead to spontaneous intestinal perforation as the uterus enlarges during pregnancy. As this diagnosis can be difficult because of imaging limitations and physiologic changes of pregnancy, it should be considered in cases of unremitting abdominal pain and vomiting.

The Canadian HIV Pregnancy Planning Guidelines: What Pregnancy Care Providers Need to Know About HIV Transmission and Pre-Conception Considerations.

Today, under ideal conditions with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV is a chronic illness with a normal life expectancy. As such, people with HIV are pursuing experiences that once escaped them, such as parenthood. One of the most important factors in reducing perinatal HIV transmission was, and still is, adequate planning. And pregnancy planning has a few additional implications for people affected by HIV, not unlike for people with other chronic illnesses. In 2018, the updated Canadian HIV Pregnancy Planning Guidelines (CHPPGs) were published with 36 recommendations. To help pregnancy care providers use the CHPPGs in pregnancy planning counselling for people living with HIV and their partners, this paper summarizes 5 key considerations in the modern era of HIV management.

Managing and preventing blood-borne viral infection transmission in assisted reproduction: a Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society clinical practice guideline.

Fertility care providers have an obligation to provide safe and effective care to patients. When a user of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is living with a blood-borne viral infection (BBVI: HIV, hepatitis C or hepatitis B), physicians and ART laboratory personnel need to know the requirements for providing quality care. Recent developments in the treatment of BBVI and understanding of transmission have changed these requirements. This guideline from the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society (CFAS) provides comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for reducing horizontal transmission and cross-contamination in the ART setting.

Refugee mothers, migration pathways and HIV: a population-based cohort study.

Forced migration and extended time spent migrating may lead to prolonged marginalization and increased risk of HIV. We conducted a population-based cohort study to examine whether secondary migration status, where secondary migrants resided in a transition country prior to arrival in Ontario, Canada and primary migrants arrived directly from their country of birth, modified the relationship between refugee status and HIV. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using log-binomial regression. In sensitivity analysis, refugees with secondary migration were matched to the other three groups on country of birth, age and year of arrival (+/- 5 years) and analyzed using conditional logistic regression. Unmatched and matched models were adjusted for age and education. HIV prevalence among secondary and primary refugees and non-refugees was 1.47% (24/1629), 0.82% (112/13,640), 0.06% (7/11,571) and 0.04% (49/114,935), respectively. Secondary migration was a significant effect modifier (p-value = .02). Refugees with secondary migration were 68% more likely to have HIV than refugees with primary migration (PR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.06, 2.68; APR = 1.68, 95% 1.04, 2.71) with a stronger effect in the matched model. There was no difference among non-refugee immigrants. Secondary migration may amplify HIV risk among refugee but not non-refugee immigrant mothers.

HIV Infection in Pregnant Women: A 2020 Update.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981, and continues to be one of the worst global health pandemics in recorded history. Concerted international efforts have helped to increase awareness of human immunodeficiency (HIV) status, improve access to treatment and continuation of therapy to achieve viral suppression with a goal of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. The clinical outcomes for patients living with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy are considerably improved with prolonged life expectancy and superior quality of life. Further, perinatal transmission rates have dramatically decreased with elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV in a growing number of countries worldwide. However, there have been significant reductions in the pace of progress in treatment expansion for pregnant women with failure to meet global targets in 2018. In this review, we will highlight recent advances and challenges ahead in 2020 for three areas of perinatal care for women with HIV in developed countries: (a) pregnancy planning considerations, (b) impact of antiviral medications on perinatal outcomes, and (c) infant feeding practices. The promise of a HIV-free generation is on the horizon and continued international efforts in preventing perinatal transmission are an important component of this achievement.