Enterotype-Dependent Probiotic-Mediated Changes in the Male Rat Intestinal Microbiome In Vivo and In Vitro.

Beneficial properties of lactic acid bacteria have been known long ago, but particular interest in probiotics has arisen in the last two decades due to the understanding of the important role of intestinal microflora in human life. Thus, the ability of probiotics to support healthy homeostasis of gut microbiomes has received particular attention. Here, we evaluated the effect of a probiotic consisting of Bifidobacterium longum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on the gut microbiome of male rats, assessed their persistence in the fecal biota, and compared probiotic-mediated changes in vitro and in vivo. As expected, microbiomes of two enterotypes were identified in the feces of 21 animals, and it turned out that even a single dose of the probiotic altered the microbial composition. Upon repeated administration, the E1 biota temporarily acquired properties of the E2 type. Being highly sensitive to the intervention of probiotic bacteria at the phylum and genus levels, the fecal microbiomes retained the identity of their enterotypes when transferred to a medium optimized for gut bacteria. For the E2 biota, even similarities between probiotic-mediated reactions in vitro and in vivo were detected. Therefore, fecal-derived microbial communities are proposed as model consortia to optimize the response of resident bacteria to various agents.

Cognitive Impairment in Nonagenarians: Potential Metabolic Mechanisms Revealed by the Synergy of In Silico Gene Expression Modeling and Pathway Enrichment Analysis.

Previous studies examining the molecular and genetic basis of cognitive impairment, particularly in cohorts of long-living adults, have mainly focused on associations at the genome or transcriptome level. Dozens of significant dementia-associated genes have been identified, including APOE, APOC1, and TOMM40. However, most of these studies did not consider the intergenic interactions and functional gene modules involved in cognitive function, nor did they assess the metabolic changes in individual brain regions. By combining functional analysis with a transcriptome-wide association study, we aimed to address this gap and examine metabolic pathways in different areas of the brain of older adults. The findings from our previous genome-wide association study in 1155 older adults, 179 of whom had cognitive impairment, were used as input for the PrediXcan gene prediction algorithm. Based on the predicted changes in gene expression levels, we conducted a transcriptome-wide association study and functional analysis using the KEGG and HALLMARK databases. For a subsample of long-living adults, we used logistic regression to examine the associations between blood biochemical markers and cognitive impairment. The functional analysis revealed a significant association between cognitive impairment and the expression of NADH oxidoreductase in the cerebral cortex. Significant associations were also detected between cognitive impairment and signaling pathways involved in peroxisome function, apoptosis, and the degradation of lysine and glycan in other brain regions. Our approach combined the strengths of a transcriptome-wide association study with the advantages of functional analysis. It demonstrated that apoptosis and oxidative stress play important roles in cognitive impairment.

High-strength gypsum binder with improved water-resistance coefficient derived from industrial wastes.

The article presents the possibility of increasing the water resistance of gypsum binders (GBs) obtained based on synthetic gypsum by introducing additives derived from industrial wastes. Regularities were obtained for the influence of the type and amount of additives on the water/gypsum ratio (W/G), strength indicators and water resistance of high-strength GB. The introduction of a single-component additive to improve water resistance does not have a significant effect. Complex additives based on Portland cement, granulated blast-furnace slag, electric steel-smelting slag, expanded clay dust and granite screenings of various fractions have been developed that make the maximum contribution to improving the water resistance of a high-strength GB based on synthetic calcium sulphate dihydrate, which made it possible to increase the water-resistance coefficient from 0.39 to 0.82.

Gut Microbiota Patterns in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment Using Three Analysis Methods.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting nearly 25% of the global adult population. Increasing evidence suggests that functional and compositional changes in the gut microbiota may contribute to the development and promote the progression of NAFLD. 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing is widely used to determine specific features of the NAFLD microbiome, but a complex system such as the gut microbiota requires a comprehensive approach. We used three different approaches: MALDI-TOF-MS of bacterial cultures, qPCR, and 16S NGS sequencing, as well as a wide variety of statistical methods to assess the differences in gut microbiota composition between NAFLD patients without significant fibrosis and the control group. The listed methods showed enrichment in Collinsella sp. and Oscillospiraceae for the control samples and enrichment in Lachnospiraceae (and in particular Dorea sp.) and Veillonellaceae in NAFLD. The families, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Enterococcaceae (particularly Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis), were also found to be important taxa for NAFLD microbiome evaluation. Considering individual method observations, an increase in Candida krusei and a decrease in Bacteroides uniformis for NAFLD patients were detected using MALDI-TOF-MS. An increase in Gracilibacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, Pirellulaceae, Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Comamonadaceae, and a decrease in Acidaminococcaceae in NAFLD were observed with 16S NGS, and enrichment in Fusobacterium nucleatum was shown using qPCR analysis. These findings confirm that NAFLD is associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. Further investigations are required to determine the cause-and-effect relationships and the impact of microbiota-derived compounds on the development and progression of NAFLD.

Biological Age Predictors: The Status Quo and Future Trends.

There is no single universal biomarker yet to estimate overall health status and longevity prospects. Moreover, a consensual approach to the very concept of aging and the means of its assessment are yet to be developed. Markers of aging could facilitate effective health control, more accurate life expectancy estimates, and improved health and quality of life. Clinicians routinely use several indicators that could be biomarkers of aging. Duly validated in a large cohort, models based on a combination of these markers could provide a highly accurate assessment of biological age and the pace of aging. Biological aging is a complex characteristic of chronological age (usually), health-to-age concordance, and medically estimated life expectancy. This study is a review of the most promising techniques that could soon be used in routine clinical practice. Two main selection criteria were applied: a sufficient sample size and reliability based on validation. The selected biological age calculators were grouped according to the type of biomarker used: (1) standard clinical and laboratory markers; (2) molecular markers; and (3) epigenetic markers. The most accurate were the calculators, which factored in a variety of biomarkers. Despite their demonstrated effectiveness, most of them require further improvement and cannot yet be considered for use in standard clinical practice. To illustrate their clinical application, we reviewed their use during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cryopreservation of the human gut microbiota: Current state and perspectives.

The human intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem that consists of thousands of bacterial species that are responsible for human health and disease. The intestinal microbiota is a natural resource for production of therapeutic and preventive medicals, such as probiotics and fecal transplants. Modern lifestyles have resulted in the extinction of evolutionally selected microbial populations upon exposure to environmental factors. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the human gut microbiota to have the opportunity for timely restoration with minimal safety risks. Cryopreservation techniques that are suitable for the preservation of viable, mixed microbial communities and a biobanking approach are currently under development in different countries. However, the number of studies in this area is very limited. The variety of morphological and physiological characteristics of microbes in the microbiota, the different cryopreservation goals, and the criteria for the evaluation of cryopreservation effectiveness are the main challenges in the creation of a universal and standardized cryopreservation protocol. In this review, we summarized the current progress of the main cryopreservation techniques for gut microbiota communities and the methods for the assessment of the effectiveness of these techniques in the context of practical application.

Machine Learning-Based Decision-Making in Geriatrics: Aging Phenotype Calculator and Survival Prognosis.

Aging is a natural process with varying effects. As we grow older, our bodies become more susceptible to aging-associated diseases. These diseases, individually or collectively, lead to the formation of distinct aging phenotypes. Identifying these aging phenotypes and understanding the complex interplay between coexistent diseases would facilitate more personalized patient management, a better prognosis, and a prolonged lifespan. Many studies distinguish between successful aging and frailty. However, this simple distinction fails to reflect the diversity of underlying causes. In this study, we sought to establish the underlying causes of frailty and determine the patterns in which these causes converge to form aging phenotypes. We conducted a comprehensive geriatric examination, cognitive assessment, and survival analysis of 2,688 long-living adults (median age = 92 years). The obtained data were clustered and used as input data for the Aging Phenotype Calculator, a multiclass classification model validated on an independent dataset of 96 older adults. The accuracy of the model was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve. Additionally, we analyzed socioeconomic factors that could contribute to specific aging patterns. We identified five aging phenotypes: non-frailty, multimorbid frailty, metabolic frailty, cognitive frailty, and functional frailty. For each phenotype, we determined the underlying diseases and conditions and assessed the survival rate. Additionally, we provided management recommendations for each of the five phenotypes based on their distinct features and associated challenges. The identified aging phenotypes may facilitate better-informed decision-making. The Aging Phenotype Calculator (ROC AUC = 92%) may greatly assist geriatricians in patient management.

Pharmacokinetics and Preclinical Safety Studies of Modified Endolysin-based Gel for Topical Application.

Antibacterial therapy with phage-encoded endolysins or their modified derivatives with improved antibacterial, biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties is one of the most promising strategies that can supply existing antibacterial drugs array. Gram-negative bacteria-induced infections treatment is especially challenging because of rapidly spreading bacterial resistance. We have developed modified endolysin LysECD7-SMAP with a significant antibacterial activity and broad spectra of action against gram-negative bacteria. Endolysin was formulated in a bactericidal gel for topical application with pronounced effectivity in local animal infectious models. Here we present preclinical safety studies and pharmacokinetics of LysECD7-SMAP-based gel. We have detected LysECD7-SMAP in the skin and underlying muscle at therapeutic concentrations when the gel is applied topically to intact or injured skin. Moreover, the protein does not enter the bloodstream, and has no systemic bioavailability, assuming no systemic adverse effects. In studies of general toxicology, local tolerance, and immunotoxicology it was approved that LysECD7-SMAP gel local application results in the absence of toxic effects after single and multiple administration. Thus, LysECD7-SMAP-containing gel has appropriate pharmacokinetics and can be considered as safe that supports the initiation of the phase I clinical trials of novel antibacterial drug intending to treat acute wound infections caused by resistant gram-negative bacteria.

Characteristics of the Gut Microbiota in Regard to Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies of Children.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health, as well as in the development of various pathologies, as indicated by a large amount of research. One of the manifestations of an imbalance in the gut microbiome composition is the appearance of various diseases or immune reactions, in particular, atopic dermatitis (AD) and/or food allergies (FA). In this research, using 16S NGS sequencing, it was found that the gut microbiome of children with food allergies and children with atopic dermatitis can be characterized as having higher inflammatory potential. Both groups exhibited an abundance of representatives from the Pasteurellaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families, as well as a decrease in the relative number of representatives from the Barnesiellaceae family compared to healthy participants. In the group of participants with food allergies, there was a decrease in the relative number of Desulfovibrionaceae representatives and Bifidobacteriaceae family enrichment in relatively healthy participants. In addition, when comparing this group with patients with atopic dermatitis, it was revealed that a number of representatives of such families as Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Sutterellaceae prevailed. This information confirms that AD and FA correlate with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. Further research is needed to determine the cause-effect connections and the effect of compounds derived from the microbiota on the AD and FA development and progression, as well as to create new probiotic drugs to prevent and modulate immune responses, including at an early age.

Fabrication of Biomedical Ti-Zr-Nb by Reducing Metal Oxides with Calcium Hydride.

In the present study, a powder of Ti-18Zr-15Nb biomedical alloy with spongy morphology and with more than 95% vol. of ß-Ti was obtained by reducing the constituent oxides with calcium hydride. The influence of the synthesis temperature, the exposure time, and the density of the charge (TiO2 + ZrO2 + Nb2O5 + CaH2) on the mechanism and kinetics of the calcium hydride synthesis of the Ti-18Zr-15Nb ß-alloy was studied. Temperature and exposure time were established as crucial parameters with the help of regression analysis. Moreover, the correlation between the homogeneity of the powder obtained and the lattice microstrain of ß-Ti is shown. As a result, temperatures above 1200 °C and an exposure time longer than 12 h are required to obtain a Ti-18Zr-15Nb powder with a single ß-phase structure and uniformly distributed elements. The analysis of ß-phase growth kinetics revealed that the formation of ß-Ti occurs due to the solid-state diffusion interaction between Ti, Nb, and Zr under the calcium hydride reduction of TiO2 + ZrO2 + Nb2O5, and the spongy morphology of reduced α-Ti is inherited by the ß-phase. Thus, the results obtained provide a promising approach for manufacturing biocompatible porous implants from ß-Ti alloys that are believed to be attractive candidates for biomedical applications. Moreover, the current study develops and deepens the theory and practical aspects of the metallothermic synthesis of metallic materials and can be compelling to specialists in powder metallurgy.

Genomic Signatures of Positive Selection in Human Populations of the OXT, OXTR, AVP, AVPR1A and AVR1B Gene Variants Related to the Regulation of Psychoemotional Response.

The neurobiological systems of maintenance and control of behavioral responses result from natural selection. We have analyzed the selection signatures for single nucleotide variants (SNV) of the genes of oxytocin (OXT, OXTR) and vasopressin (AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B) systems, which are associated with the regulation of social and emotional behavior in distinct populations. The analysis was performed using original WGS (whole genome sequencing) data on Eastern Slavs (SlEast), as well as publicly available data from the 1000 Genomes Project on GBR, FIN, IBR, PUR, BEB, CHB, and ACB populations (the latter were taken as reference). To identify selection signatures, we rated the integrated haplotype scores (iHS), the numbers of segregating sites by length (nSl), and the integrated haplotype homozygosity pooled (iHH12) measures; the fixation index Fst was implemented to assess genetic differentiation between populations. We revealed that the strongest genetic differentiation of populations was found with respect to the AVPR1B gene, with the greatest differentiation observed in GRB (Fst = 0.316) and CHB (Fst = 0.325) in comparison to ACB. Also, high Fst values were found for SNVs of the AVPR1B gene rs28499431, rs33940624, rs28477649, rs3883899, and rs28452187 in most of the populations. Selection signatures have also been identified in the AVP, AVPR1A, OXT, and OXTR genes. Our analysis shows that the OXT, OXTR, AVP, AVPR1A, and AVPR1B genes were subject to positive selection in a population-specific process, which was likely contributing to the diversity of adaptive emotional response types and social function realizations.

Functional Characteristics of Serum Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies against Delta and Omicron Variants after Vaccination with Sputnik V.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination leads to the production of neutralizing as well as non-neutralizing antibodies. In the current study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of both sides of immunity after vaccination with two doses of Sputnik V against SARS-CoV-2 variants Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 G614-variant (D614G), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and BA.1 (Omicron). First, we constructed a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay to assess the neutralization activity of vaccine sera. We show that serum neutralization activity against BA.1 compared to D614G is decreased by 8.16-, 11.05-, and 11.16- fold in 1, 4, and 6 months after vaccination, respectively. Moreover, previous vaccination did not increase serum neutralization activity against BA.1 in recovered patients. Next, we used the ADMP assay to evaluate the Fc-mediated function of vaccine-induced serum antibodies. Our results show that the antibody-dependent phagocytosis triggered by S-proteins of the D614G, B.1.617.2 and BA.1 variants did not differ significantly in vaccinated individuals. Moreover, the ADMP efficacy was retained over up to 6 months in vaccine sera. Our results demonstrate differences in the temporal dynamics of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions after vaccination with Sputnik V.

Christensenella minuta, a new candidate next-generation probiotic: current evidence and future trajectories.

Background: As the field of probiotic research continues to expand, new beneficial strains are being discovered. The Christensenellaceae family and its newly described member, Christensenella minuta, have been shown to offer great health benefits. We aimed to extensively review the existing literature on these microorganisms to highlight the advantages of their use as probiotics and address some of the most challenging aspects of their commercial production and potential solutions. Methods: We applied a simple search algorithm using the key words "Christensenellaceae" and "Christensenella minuta" to find all articles reporting the biotherapeutic effects of these microorganisms. Only articles reporting evidence-based results were reviewed. Results: The review showed that Christensenella minuta has demonstrated numerous beneficial properties and a wider range of uses than previously thought. Moreover, it has been shown to be oxygen-tolerant, which is an immense advantage in the manufacturing and production of Christensenella minuta-based biotherapeutics. The results suggest that Christensenellaceae and Christensenella munita specifically can play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome. Furthermore, Christensenellaceae have been associated with weight management. Preliminary studies suggest that this probiotic strain could have a positive impact on metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Conclusion: Christensenellaceae and Christensenella munita specifically offer immense health benefits and could be used in the management and therapy of a wide range of health conditions. In addition to the impressive biotherapeutic effect, Christensenella munita is oxygen-tolerant, which facilitates commercial production and storage.

GWAS reveals genetic basis of a predisposition to severe COVID-19 through in silico modeling of the FYCO1 protein.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is heavily reliant on its natural ability to "hack" the host's genetic and biological pathways. The genetic susceptibility of the host is a key factor underlying the severity of the disease. Polygenic risk scores are essential for risk assessment, risk stratification, and the prevention of adverse outcomes. In this study, we aimed to assess and analyze the genetic predisposition to severe COVID-19 in a large representative sample of the Russian population as well as to build a reliable but simple polygenic risk score model with a lower margin of error. Another important goal was to learn more about the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. We examined the tertiary structure of the FYCO1 protein, the only gene with mutations in its coding region and discovered changes in the coiled-coil domain. Our findings suggest that FYCO1 may accelerate viral intracellular replication and excessive exocytosis and may contribute to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. We found significant associations between COVID-19 and LZTFL1, FYCO1, XCR1, CCR9, TMLHE-AS1, and SCYL2 at 3p21.31. Our findings further demonstrate the polymorphic nature of the severe COVID-19 phenotype.

Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Russia reveals recurring cross-border transmission throughout 2020.

In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across the globe, with most nations failing to prevent or substantially delay its introduction. While many countries have imposed some limitations on trans-border passenger traffic, the effect of these measures on the global spread of COVID-19 strains remains unclear. Here, we report an analysis of 3206 whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 samples from 78 regions of Russia covering the period before the spread of variants of concern (between March and November 2020). We describe recurring imports of multiple COVID-19 strains into Russia throughout this period, giving rise to 457 uniquely Russian transmission lineages, as well as repeated cross-border transmissions of local circulating variants out of Russia. While the phylogenetically inferred rate of cross-border transmissions was somewhat reduced during the period of the most stringent border closure, it still remained high, with multiple inferred imports that each led to detectable spread within the country. These results indicate that partial border closure has had little effect on trans-border transmission of variants, which helps explain the rapid global spread of newly arising SARS-CoV-2 variants throughout the pandemic.

Mortality and survival in nonagenarians during the COVID-19 pandemic: Unstable equilibrium of aging.

Introduction: Aging puts the human body under an immense stress and makes it extremely susceptible to many diseases, often leading to poor outcomes and even death. Long-living individuals represent a unique group of people who withstood the stress of time and offer an abundance of information on the body's ability to endure the pressure of aging. In this study, we sought to identify predictors of overall one-year mortality in 1641 long-living individuals. Additionally, we analyzed risk factors for COVID-19-related morality, since statistics demonstrated an extreme vulnerability of older adults. Methods: We conducted a two-stage evaluation, including a comprehensive geriatric assessment for major aging-associated: frailty, cognitive impairment, frontal lobe dysfunction, chronic pain, anxiety, risk of falls, sensory deficit, depression, sarcopenia, risk of malnutrition, fecal and urinary incontinence, dependence in Activities of Daily Living, dependence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, polypragmasia, and orthostatic hypotension; extensive blood testing, a survey, and a one-year follow-up interview. Results: The most reliable predictors of overall mortality were cognitive impairment, malnutrition, frailty, aging-associated diseases and blood markers indicating malnutrition-induced metabolic dysfunctions (decreased levels of protein fractions, iron, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and HDL), and aging biomarkers, such as IGF-1 and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide. In post-COVID 19 participants, the most significant mortality predictors among geriatric syndromes were depression, frontal lobe dysfunction and frailty, and similar to overall mortality blood biomarkers - 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, HDL as well as high white blood cell, neutrophils counts and proinflammatory markers. Based on the results, we built a predictive model of overall mortality in the long-living individuals with f-score=0.76. Conclusion: The most sensitive and reliable predictors of mortality were modifiable. This is another evidence of the critical importance of proper geriatric care and support for individuals in their "golden years". These results could facilitate geriatric institutions in their pursuit for providing improved care and could aid physicians in detecting early signs of potentially deadly outcomes. Additionally, our findings could be used in developing day-to-day care guidelines, which would greatly improve prevention statistics.

Genetics of psycho-emotional well-being: genome-wide association study and polygenic risk score analysis.

Background: Psycho-emotional well-being is essential for living a life of satisfaction and fulfillment. However, depression and anxiety have become the leading mental health issues worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. Both disorders have been linked to stress and other psychological factors. Their genetic basis remains understudied. Methods: In 2020-2021, the psycho-emotional well-being of 30,063 Russians with no known psychiatric history was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for general mental health and the HADS subscale A (anxiety) for anxiety. Following the original instructions, an anxiety score of ≥11 points was used as the anxiety threshold. A genome-wide association study was performed to find associations between anxiety and HADS/HADS-A scores using linear and logistic regressions based on HADS/HADS-A scores as binary and continuous variables, respectively. In addition, the links between anxiety, sociodemographic factors (such as age, sex, and employment), lifestyle (such as physical activity, sleep duration, and smoking), and markers of caffeine and alcohol metabolism were analyzed. To assess the risk of anxiety, polygenic risk score modeling was carried out using open-access software and principal component analysis (PCA) to simplify the calculations (ROC AUC = 89.4 ± 2.2% on the test set). Results: There was a strong positive association between HADS/HADS-A scores and sociodemographic factors and lifestyle. New single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide significance were discovered, which had not been associated with anxiety or other stress-related conditions but were located in genes previously associated with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or emotional instability. The CACNA1C variant rs1205787230 was associated with clinical anxiety (a HADS-A score of ≥11 points). There was an association between anxiety levels (HADS-A scores) and genes involved in the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters: PTPRN2 (rs3857647), DLGAP4 (rs8114927), and STK24 (rs9517326). Conclusion: Our results suggest that calcium channels and monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as SNPs in genes directly or indirectly affecting neurogenesis and synaptic functions, may be involved in the development of increased anxiety. The role of some non-genetic factors and the clinical significance of physiological markers such as lifestyle were also demonstrated.

Influence of meso-substituted tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives structure on their supramolecular organization in floating layers and Langmuir-Blodgett films.

To study the influence of structure peculiarities of porphyrin derivatives on their supramolecular organization in thin films, 15 new meso-substituted tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives and their metal complexes with substituents (-OC(4)H(9) or -OC(16)H(33)) in para or ortho positions were studied. The films of the studied compounds were obtained by the Langmuir-Schaefer method. The behavior of porphyrin derivatives at the water-air interface was analyzed, and the conformity of the influence of molecular structure on supramolecular organization in floating layers and Langmuir-Blodgett films was defined. The absorption of these films over a wide spectral range was analyzed. The supramolecular organization of meso-substituted tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives was modeled and specified with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. It was determined that the formation of monomolecular layers is typical for the compounds with short lateral substituents or without substituents. Tetraphenylporphyrins with extensive substituents can form a monolayer only when zinc is included in the molecular structure.

Development of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Vaccines: Advantages and Applications.

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector for vaccine development. MVA is well studied and has been widely used for vaccination against smallpox in Germany. This review describes the history of the origin of the virus and its properties as a vaccine, including a high safety profile. In recent years, MVA has found its place as a vector for the creation of vaccines against various diseases. To date, a large number of vaccine candidates based on the MVA vector have already been developed, many of which have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. We discuss data on the immunogenicity and efficacy of some of these vaccines.

Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Serum Amino Acid Profile in Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) heavily impacts the body: it damages the brain tissue and the peripheral nervous system and shifts homeostasis in many types of tissue. An acute brain injury compromises the "brain-gut-microbiome axis", a well-balanced network formed by the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and gut microbiome, which has a complex effect: damage to the brain alters the composition of the microbiome; the altered microbiome affects TBI severity, neuroplasticity, and metabolic pathways through various bacterial metabolites. We modeled TBI in rats. Using a bioinformatics approach, we sought to identify correlations between the gut microbiome composition, TBI severity, the rate of neurological function recovery, and blood metabolome. We found that the TBI caused changes in the abundance of 26 bacterial genera. The most dramatic change was observed in the abundance of Agathobacter species. The TBI also altered concentrations of several metabolites, specifically citrulline and tryptophan. We found no significant correlations between TBI severity and the pre-existing gut microbiota composition or blood metabolites. However, we discovered some differences between the two groups of subjects that showed high and low rates of neurological function recovery, respectively. The present study highlights the role of the brain-gut-microbiome axis in TBI.