Patient experience assessment in pediatric hospitals in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To create a hospital pediatric inpatient experience survey based on the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Hospital Survey (CAHPS® Hospital Survey). DESIGN: Survey development based on: (i) Translation and back translation, (ii) Review by experts, (iii) Cultural adaptation: qualitative evaluation of dimensions with reformulation and adaptation of items, (iv) Local cognitive evaluation and (v) Final measurement of its psychometric properties. Inspection, content validity and reliability assessment through internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and inter-item correlation. Factor analysis matrix: extraction, selection and rotation. SETTING: Two pediatric hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hospital de Pediatría 'Garrahan' (HG) and Hospital de Niños 'Ricardo Gutiérrez' (HRG). PARTICIPANTS: Parents or caregivers of pediatric patients hospitalized for at least 24 h. RESULTS: A feasible and easy to administer 21-item instrument was developed. One thousand and thirty-two surveys were analyzed, 630 (61%) in HG and 402 (39%) in HRG. Population: mothers of admitted children were interviewed 85% of the time, 61% (625) had completed minor schooling to high school education; 365 families (35%) had unsatisfied basic needs and 51% (529) did not have health insurance. Reliability: adequate Cronbach's alpha scores were found with correlation 0.7 or higher in most domains. Validity: a direct correlation was observed between overall positive opinion and quality of care perceived with the survey, and an indirect correlation (perceived low quality) with higher level of schooling and health insurance ownership. CONCLUSION: An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was adapted to evaluate patients and families' perceptions of quality of care received during children's hospitalization.

The role of healthcare providers in expanding legal abortion: Qualitative insights from Argentina, Ireland, and South Korea.

Abortion laws are key in creating an enabling environment that facilitates the advancement of people's sexual and reproductive health and rights. Around 50 countries have liberalized their abortion laws in the last decades by adding new grounds allowing abortion. The road toward the expansion of legal abortion is a long, highly sensitive, and difficult process. The specific role of healthcare providers in influencing abortion law reforms has been scarcely studied. With the objective to better understand their (potential) roles, a qualitative study was conducted in 2021 focusing on three countries that had recently liberalized their abortion regulations: Argentina, South Korea, and Ireland. For each country, key informant interviews were conducted with actors in advocacy for legal change, the majority with healthcare providers. The study results indicate that healthcare providers can contribute to the expansion of legal abortion through their influence on public and legal debates. Healthcare providers were found to be scientifically credible and trustworthy. Their voice and argumentation counteracted anti-rights arguments and addressed information gaps, by providing specific clinical experiences and medical information. Healthcare providers amplified women's experiences through their testimonies and had entry points within governmental bodies, which facilitated their advocacy. These healthcare providers often functioned as individual operating obstetrician/gynecologists or general practitioners who were engaged in networks of health professionals or had previous advocacy experience. In a global context of social and political contention around abortion, extending the engagement of healthcare providers in law and policy deliberation on abortion appears to be useful. This requires recognizing the diversity of roles that healthcare providers can take up, creating a safe environment in which they can operate, equipping them with skills that go beyond the medical expert role and facilitating strategic partnerships that seek complementarity between multiple stakeholders, building on the uniqueness of each stakeholder's expertise.

Preferences for mode of delivery in nulliparous Argentinean women: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Over the last three decades, cesarean section (CS) rates have been rising around the world despite no associated improvement in maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The role of women's preferences for mode of delivery in contributing to the high CS rate remains controversial; however these preferences are difficult to assess, as they are influenced by culture, knowledge of risk and benefits, and personal and social factors. In this qualitative study, our objective was to understand women's preferences and motivational factors for mode of delivery. This information will inform the development and design of an assessment aimed at understanding the role of the women's preferences for mode of delivery. METHODS: We conducted 4 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 in-depth interviews with pregnant women in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 4 large non-public and public hospitals. Our sample included 29 nulliparous pregnant women aged 18-35 years old, with single pregnancies over 32 weeks of gestational age, without pregnancies resulting from assisted fertility, without known pre-existing medical illness or diseases diagnosed during pregnancy, without an indication of elective cesarean section, and who are not health professionals. FGDs and interviews followed a pre-designed guide based on the health belief model and social cognitive theory of health decisions and behaviors. RESULTS: Most of the women preferred vaginal delivery (VD) due to cultural, personal, and social factors. VD was viewed as normal, healthy, and a natural rite of passage from womanhood to motherhood. Pain associated with vaginal delivery was viewed positively. In contrast, women viewed CS as a medical decision and often deferred decisions to medical staff in the presence of medical indication. CONCLUSIONS: These findings converge with quantitative and qualitative studies showing that women prefer towards VD for various cultural, personal and social reasons. Actual CS rates appear to diverge from women's preferences and reasons are discussed.

Contraception and abortion in times of crisis: results from an online survey of Venezuelan women.

Introduction: In the last decade, Venezuela has experienced a complex humanitarian crisis that has limited access to healthcare. We set out to describe Venezuelan women's experiences accessing sexual and reproductive health services, including abortion, which is heavily restricted by law. Methods: We fielded an online survey in July of 2020 among Venezuelan women recruited through social media advertisements. We conducted descriptive statistical analyses using Excel and STATA SE Version 16.0. Results: We received 851 completed survey responses. Almost all respondents experienced significant hardship in the last year, including inflation (99%), worries about personal safety (86%), power outages (76%), and lack of access to clean water (74%) and medications (74%). Two thirds of respondents used contraception in the last two years, and almost half (44%) of respondents had difficulty accessing contraception during that same time period. About one fifth of respondents reported having had an abortion; of these, 63% used abortion pills, and 72% reported difficulties in the process. Half of those who had an abortion did it on their own, while the other half sought help - either from family members or friends (34%), from providers in the private health sector (14%), or from the Internet (12%). Conclusions: Venezuelan women who responded to our survey describe a harsh context with limited access to sexual and reproductive health services. However, they report relatively high rates of contraceptive use, and abortion seems to be common despite the restrictive legal setting.

Latin American women's experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted.

Abortion is legally restricted in most of Latin America where 95% of the 4.4 million abortions performed annually are unsafe. Medical abortion (MA) refers to the use of a drug or a combination of drugs to terminate pregnancy. Mifepristone followed by misoprostol is the most effective and recommended regime. In settings where mifepristone is not available, misoprostol alone is used.Medical abortion has radically changed abortion practices worldwide, and particularly in legally restricted contexts. In Latin America women have been using misoprostol for self-induced home abortions for over two decades.This article summarizes the findings of a literature review on women's experiences with medical abortion in Latin American countries where voluntary abortion is illegal.Women's personal experiences with medical abortion are diverse and vary according to context, age, reproductive history, social and educational level, knowledge about medical abortion, and the physical, emotional, and social circumstances linked to the pregnancy. But most importantly, experiences are determined by whether or not women have the chance to access: 1) a medically supervised abortion in a clandestine clinic or 2) complete and accurate information on medical abortion. Other key factors are access to economic resources and emotional support.Women value the safety and effectiveness of MA as well as the privacy that it allows and the possibility of having their partner, a friend or a person of their choice nearby during the process. Women perceive MA as less painful, easier, safer, more practical, less expensive, more natural and less traumatic than other abortion methods. The fact that it is self-induced and that it avoids surgery are also pointed out as advantages. Main disadvantages identified by women are that MA is painful and takes time to complete. Other negatively evaluated aspects have to do with side effects, prolonged bleeding, the possibility that it might not be effective, and the fact that some women eventually need to seek medical care at a hospital where they might be sanctioned for having an abortion and even reported to the police.

Adolescent pregnancy in Argentina: evidence-based recommendations for public policies.

In Argentina adolescent pregnancy is still regarded as a public health problem or a "social epidemic". However, it is necessary to ask from which perspective and for whom it is a problem, and what type of problem. This article presents the findings of a large quantitative and qualitative study conducted in five Northern provinces and two metropolitan areas of Argentina in 2003-2004. Based on the results of a survey of adolescent mothers (n=1,645) and ten focus group discussions with adolescent girls and boys, it addresses the connections between school dropout, pregnancy and poverty, and makes recommendations on how to tailor health care and sexuality education to address local realities. The findings indicate a need to develop educational activities to promote safer sex and address gender power relations in programmes working with deprived communities. Sexuality education with a gender and rights perspective, and increasing accessibility to contraceptive methods for adolescent girls and boys is also crucial. Antenatal and post-partum care, as well as post-abortion care, should be improved for young women and viewed as opportunities for contraceptive counselling and provision. Male participation in pregnancy prevention and care also needs to be promoted.

La legalidad oculta: Percepciones de estigma en los recorridos de mujeres que descubren y acceden a la interrupción legal del embarazo por causal salud / The hidden legality: perceptions of stigma in the tours of women who discovered and accessed the legal termination of pregnancy for health reasons / A legalidade oculta: percepções de estigma nas trajetórias de mulheres que descobrem e acessam a interrupção legal da gravidez por razões de saúde

Resumen Desde hace casi un siglo el código penal argentino incluye situaciones en las que el aborto no está penalizado: riesgo para la salud y embarazo producto de violación. Sin embargo, su implementación ha sido inexistente hasta recientemente. Este estudio cualitativo exploró las experiencias de mujeres que accedieron a un aborto legal con el fin de analizar los recorridos que transitan e identificar los modos en que el estigma se percibe, manifiesta y procesa. Las mujeres parten del supuesto de que el aborto es siempre ilegal y "descubren" la legalidad después de recorrer un laberinto plagado de estigma, riesgo, frustración y desesperación. Las situaciones de mayor angustia no se vinculan a la decisión de interrumpir el embarazo sino al recorrido tortuoso que deben transitar. La "legalidad oculta" es causa y consecuencia del estigma vinculado al aborto.

Abstract For nearly a century Argentina's penal code has included two exceptions in which abortion is permitted: health risk and rape. However, the implementation of legal abortion has been nearly nonexistent until recently. This qualitative study explored the experiences of women who accessed legal abortions in Argentina. It sought to analyze the paths they must walk through and to identify the ways in which stigma is perceived, manifested and processed. All women interviewed started searching for clandestine solutions to their unwanted pregnancy assuming abortion was always illegal. They "discovered" legality after walking through a path marked by stigma, risk, frustration and despair. Distress is not linked to the decision to end the pregnancy but is rather a result of the path they wander through. The "hidden legality" is a cause and consequence of abortion stigma.

Resumo Por quase um século, o código penal argentino inclui situações nas quais o aborto não penalizado: risco à saúde e gravidez resultante de estupro. No entanto, sua implementação não existia até recentemente. Este estudo qualitativo explorou as experiências de mulheres que acessaram um aborto legal, a fim de analisar as jornadas pelas quais passam e identificar as maneiras pelas quais o estigma é percebido, manifestado e processado. As mulheres assumem que o aborto é sempre ilegal e "descobrem" a legalidade depois de passar por um labirinto cheio de estigma, risco, frustração e desespero. As situações mais angustiantes não estão ligadas à decisão de interromper a gravidez, mas à jornada tortuosa pela qual devem passar. A "legalidade oculta" é causa e consequência do estigma associado ao aborto.

¿De qué está hecha la objeción? Relatos de objetores de conciencia a servicios de aborto legal en Argentina, Uruguay y Colombia / Do que é feita a objeção? Narrativas de objetores de consciência em serviços de aborto legal na Argentina, Uruguai e Colômbia / What is objection made of? Accounts of conscientious objectors to legal abortion services in Argentina, Uruguay and Colombia

Resumen Este artículo examina el fenómeno de la objeción de conciencia (OC) a los servicios de aborto legal en Argentina, Uruguay y Colombia. Basado en relatos obtenidos a través de entrevistas, el análisis toma distancia de aquellos enfocados en diferenciar entre OC y barreras al servicio, o en identificar si las razones de objeción son verdaderas o válidas. Partiendo del hecho de que en muy pocos casos las/los objetoras/es están al tanto de las definiciones legales de la OC, se busca entender los significados que las/los entrevistadas/os le atribuyeron, y desde los cuales organizan su práctica médica, y justifican su negación a prestar servicios de aborto. En los tres países las/los entrevistadas/os se oponían principalmente a que fueran las mujeres quienes tomaran la decisión de qué embarazos interrumpir, y cómo y cuándo hacerlo. Los discursos contingentes a través de los cuales las/os médicas/os construyen las racionalidades de su OC están hechos, sobre todo, de un incuestionado apego al control de los cuerpos con capacidad de gestar; y de entendidos médico-sociales de las mujeres como inexorablemente madres, máquinas de reproducción o soportes vitales de fetos.

Resumo Este artigo examina o fenômeno da objeção de consciência (OC) nos serviços de aborto legal na Argentina, Uruguai e Colômbia. Com base nas narrativas obtidas por meio de entrevistas, a análise se distancia daquelas focadas na diferenciação entre OC e barreiras ao serviço, ou na interrogação sobre a verdade ou validade das razões para a objeção. Partindo do fato de que, em poucos casos, os objetores conhecem as definições legais da OC, procura-se compreender os significados que as/os entrevistadas/os lhe atribuíram e a partir dos quais organizam a sua prática médica e justificam a sua recusa em prestar serviços de aborto. Em todos os três países, os/as entrevistados/as se opuseram principalmente a que as mulheres decidissem por si mesmas quais gravidezes interromper, como e quando o fazem. Os discursos contingentes através dos quais os/as médicos/as constroem as racionalidades da sua OC são feitos, sobretudo, através de um apego inquestionável ao controle dos corpos capazes de gestação; e de compreensões médico-sociais das mulheres como inexoravelmente mães, máquinas de reprodução ou suportes vitais dos fetos.

Abstract This article examines conscientious objection (CO) to legal abortion services in Argentina, Uruguay and Colombia. Based on interviews, the analysis offers an alternative from studies focusing on differentiating between CO and access barriers, or in identifying if the reasons for the objections are true or valid. Considering the fact that it is only in very few cases that the objectors knew the legal definition of CO, the article seeks to understand the meanings that the interviewees attribute to their objection, how they organize their medical practices and how they justify their denial to provide abortion services. In all three countries, the interviewees' main opposition was to women themselves making the decision to interrupt a pregnancy, and how and when to do it. The contingent and variable discourses through which the doctors construct the logic of their CO are made of an unquestioning attachment to controlling gestating bodies; and a default socio-medical understanding of women as mothers, reproductive machines or as fetal life support systems.

Adopción y adherencia al uso de métodos anticonceptivos posevento obstétrico en adolescentes de 14-20 años / Contraceptive Uptake and Adherence Post Obstetric Event among 14-20 Year-Old Adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mayoría de las adolescentes que dan a luz cada año no planifican el embarazo. Otras optan por interrumpirlo, muchas veces en condiciones inseguras. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar a la población de adolescentes que tienen un evento obstétrico y analizar cómo los diferentes contactos con el sistema de salud en torno al evento obstétrico inciden en la adopción y adherencia a métodos anticonceptivos (MAC). MÉTODOS: Se realizaron encuestas aplicadas a una muestra no representativa de adolescentes de 14 a 20 años, hospitalizadas por un parto o un aborto en instituciones públicas de Pilar (provincia de Buenos Aires), San Juan y Posadas, en tres ocasiones: antes del alta hospitalaria, a los 80 y a los160 días posevento. RESULTADOS: Sólo 4 de cada 10 adolescentes egresaron de la internación con un MAC. El control posevento fue la instancia de mayor acceso aunque no siempre se obtuvo el método de preferencia. A los 160 días del evento obstétrico, 8 de cada 10 adolescentes usaban un MAC. Las fallas en la calidad y continuidad de uso detectadas indican que una alta proporción está expuesta al riesgo de un embarazo no buscado. CONCLUSIONES: Es fundamental aumentar la cobertura y calidad de la consejería anticonceptiva posaborto y posparto, para muchas la primera oportunidad de tener una discusión cara a cara sobre métodos con personal calificado. Se requiere diversificar la oferta para incluir los métodos de mediano (inyectables) y largo plazo (dispositivo intrauterino e implante subdérmico).

INTRODUCTION: Most teenage girls giving birth every year do not plan their pregnancy. Others choose to interrupt it, often under unsafe conditions. OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of adolescents who have an obstetric event and analyze how contacts with the health care system around the obstetric event influence contraceptive uptake and adherence. METHODS: Surveys were applied to a non-representative sample of postpartum or postabortion hospitalized teenage girls in public health institutions of Pilar, San Juan and Posadas before hospital discharge and 80 and 160 days after the obstetric event. RESULTS: Only 4 out of 10 adolescents left the hospital with a contraceptive method. Postpartum and postabortion care checkups were the moments of greater accessibility to contraception, though adolescents not always received the method of their choice. One hundred and sixty days after the obstetric event, 8 out of 10 adolescents were using a contraceptive method. Problems identified in the quality and continuity of use suggest a high proportion of them are exposed to unplanned pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the coverage and quality of contraceptive counseling in postabortion and postpartum adolescents is key, since this may be the first opportunity to discuss methods face to face with qualified personnel. A wide range of methods including medium (injectable) and long-acting methods (intrauterine devices and sub-dermal implants) should be offered.

La calidad de la atención posaborto: un desafío para la salud pública y los derechos humanos / Quality of postabortion care: a public health and human rights challenge

El mejoramiento de la calidad de la atención durante el posaborto busca reducir la morbimortalidad atribuible a los abortos inseguros y prevenir la repitencia de un embarazo no deseado, mediante tecnologías beneficiosas y un abordaje preventivo centrado en la mujer. Este artículo reporta los cambios producidos en la atención posaborto en un hospital público de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental para evaluar los cambios asociados a la intervención. En ambas fases del estudio se utilizaron las siguientes estrategias de recolección de información: encuestas a mujeres durante su atención posaborto, encuesta autoadministrada al equipo de salud, observación no participante del proceso de atención. Entre los resultados obtenidos merecen destacarse los cambios en el tiempo de espera de las mujeres para ser atendidas y para la realización del procedimiento y en la oferta de consejería y métodos anticonceptivos antes del alta. A pesar de que el equipo de salud mostró una marcada preferencia por la aspiración manual endouterina (AMEU) y reconoció ampliamente sus beneficios, no hubo una adopción generalizada de la técnica luego de la intervención.

Amelioration of postabortion care seeks to reduce morbidity and mortality related to unsafe abortion and prevent the reoccurrence of unwanted pregnancy through beneficial technologies and a woman-centered approach. This article reports changes in postabortion care in a public hospital in the city of Buenos Aires. A quasi-experimental design was applied to evaluate the changes associated to the intervention. In both stages of the study the following data collection techniques were applied: survey of women during postabortion hospitalization, self-administered survey of heath care team, nonparticipant observation of care process. Within the observed results, changes were noticed in the time women had to wait to receive care and to have the procedure performed, and in the provision of contraceptive counseling and methods before the medical discharge. Even though the health care team showed a strong preference for manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and widely recognized its benefits, the adoption of such technique was not generalized after the intervention.

Series de Pediatría Garrahan. El adolescente en el consultorio del pediatra / Garrahan Pediatrics Series. The adolescent in the pediatrician's office

La adolescencia es un período de cambios dinámicos y profundos y representa, para el pediatra, desafíos particulares. En este nuevo volumen se han seleccionado temas específicos con el fin de actuailizar el conocimiento y transmitir pautas de abordaje desde una mirada interdisciplinaria. Entre sus aspectos sobresalientes se incluyen: El estudio de temas de interés especial como el abordaje del adolescente en la consulta de salud mental, los marcos legales vinculados al ejercicio de los derechos individuales, la sexualidad incorporando los aspectos de género y diversidad, así como las problemáticas relacionadas con el embarazo, la anticoncepción y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en esta etapa de la vida. También se incluyen capítulos sobre el consumo problemático de sustancias y el impacto de las enfermedades crónicas en adolescentes. El enfoque práctico y la discusión de casos clínicos ubicando al pediatra en un papel central como coordinador de la atención interdisciplinaria y la inclusión en cada capítulo de aspectos clave y lecturas recomendadas. Una obra actualizada que aporta información científica y la experiencia de los profesionales del Hospital Garrahan dedicada a todos los miembros del equipo de salud que atienden y cuidan adolescentes dondequiera que trabajen al servicio de la salud infantil.

Lo que piensan las mujeres: conocimientos y percepciones sobre cáncer de cuello de útero y realización del Pap

El Programa Nacional de Prevención de Cáncer Cérvico-uterino con el apoyo de la OPS llevó a cabo la presente investigación formativa cuyo objetivo es analizar el conocimiento y las percepciones de mujeres de cuatro de las provincias argentinas con mayor mortalidad por esta causa (Jujuy, Misiones, Salta y Chaco1) y la Provincia de Buenos Aires acerca del cáncer de cuello de útero, sus causas y métodos de prevención y tratamiento, e identificar las barreras de acceso a los servicios de tamizaje. El propósito final del trabajo es contar con información que permita el diseño e implementación de estrategias de aumento de la cobertura del tamizaje teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de las mujeres.

El modelo de maternidad centrada en la familia: experiencia del Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá: estudio de buenas prácticas

El documento contiene un análisis de la situación materno infantil en Argentina como contexto de la realidad en la que se inserta el Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá. Luego se describen los componentes del modelo de Maternidad Centrada en la Familia, sus objetivos y requerimientos, con especial énfasis en los aspectos relacionados con la atención de los recién nacidos. Los resultados del estudio de caso se presentan organizados en dos ejes: uno cuantitivo, basado en datos epidemiológicos y otro cualitativo que recupera las experiencias del equipo de salud y de las familias de los recién nacidos. Finalmente, se identifican factores críticos positivos y negativos y se extraen lecciones aprendidas a partir del estudio de caso.