RESUMO
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that has been shown to interact with many organisms throughout the domains of life, including plants. How this broad-host-range bacterium interacts with each of its diverse hosts, especially the metabolites that mediate these interactions, is not completely known. In this work, we used a liquid culture root infection system to collect plant and bacterial metabolites on days 1, 3 and 5 post-P. aeruginosa (strain PA14) infection of the oilseed plant, canola (Brassica napus). Using MS-based metabolomics approaches, we identified the overproduction of quorum sensing (QS)-related (both signalling molecules and regulated products) metabolites by P. aeruginosa while interacting with canola plants. However, the P. aeruginosa infection induced the production of several phytoalexins, which is a part of the hallmark plant defence response to microbes. The QS system of PA14 appears to only mediate part of the canola-P. aeruginosa metabolomic interactions, as the use of isogenic mutant strains of each of the three QS signalling branches did not significantly affect the induction of the phytoalexin brassilexin, while induction of spirobrassinin was significantly decreased. Interestingly, a treatment of purified QS molecules in the absence of bacteria was not able to induce any phytoalexin production, suggesting that active bacterial colonization is required for eliciting phytoalexin production. Furthermore, we identified that brassilexin, the only commercially available phytoalexin that was detected in this study, demonstrated a MIC of 400 µg ml-1 against P. aeruginosa PA14. The production of phytoalexins can be an effective component of canola innate immunity to keep potential infections by the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa at bay.
Assuntos
Brassica napus , Infecções por Pseudomonas , Sesquiterpenos , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , Percepção de Quorum , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , FitoalexinasRESUMO
Increased evidence suggests that marine unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) can protect neurons from amyloid-ß (Aß)-induced neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) assays showed that the acetone extract 4-2A obtained from shrimp Pandalus borealis industry processing wastes contained 67.19% monounsaturated FAs and 16.84% polyunsaturated FAs. The present study evaluated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-2A in Aß25-35-insulted differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to study the expression of neurotrophins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related genes. Administration of 20 µM Aß25-35 significantly reduced SH-SY5Y cell viability, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its tyrosine kinase TrkA receptor, as well as the level of glutathione, while increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor. Aß25-35 also increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Treatment with 4-2A significantly attenuated the Aß25-35-induced changes in cell viability, ROS, GSH, NGF, TrkA, TNF-α, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3, except for nitric oxide, BDNF and TrKB. In conclusion, 4-2A effectively protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aß-induced neuronal apoptosis/death by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress and up-regulating NGF and TrKA expression.
Assuntos
Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/efeitos adversos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Crustáceos/química , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/tratamento farmacológico , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neurônios/metabolismo , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was recovered from the cooking water of shrimp processing facilities. The oil contains significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in triglyceride form, along with substantial long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). It also features natural isomeric forms of astaxanthin, a nutritional carotenoid, which gives the oil a brilliant red color. As part of our efforts in developing value added products from waste streams of the seafood processing industry, we present in this paper a comprehensive characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and astaxanthin esters that predominate in the shrimp oil by using HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS, as well as 13C-NMR. This approach, in combination with FAME analysis, offers direct characterization of fatty acid molecules in their intact forms, including the distribution of regioisomers in TAGs. The information is important for the standardization and quality control, as well as for differentiation of composition features of shrimp oil, which could be sold as an ingredient in health supplements and functional foods.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Óleos/análise , Pandalidae/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Óleos/química , Óleos/isolamento & purificação , Triglicerídeos/análise , Triglicerídeos/química , Triglicerídeos/isolamento & purificação , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/química , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal microbial communities are diverse and are composed of both beneficial and pathogenic groups. Prebiotics, such as digestion-resistant fibers, influence the composition of gut microbiota, and can contribute to the improvement of host health. The red seaweed Chondrus crispus is rich in dietary fiber and oligosaccharides, however its prebiotic potential has not been studied to date. METHODS: Prebiotic effects were investigated with weaning rats fed a cultivated C. crispus-supplemented diet. Comparison standards included a fructo-oligo-saccharide (FOS) diet and a basal diet. The colonic microbiome was profiled with a 16S rRNA sequencing-based Phylochip array. Concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feacal samples were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. Immunoglobulin levels in the blood plasma were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histo-morphological parameters of the proximal colon tissue were characterized by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS: Phylochip array analysis indicated differing microbiome composition among the diet-supplemented and the control groups, with the C. crispus group (2.5% supplementation) showing larger separation from the control than other treatment groups. In the 2.5% C. crispus group, the population of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium breve increased (4.9-fold, p=0.001), and the abundance of pathogenic species such as Clostridium septicum and Streptococcus pneumonia decreased. Higher concentrations of short chain fatty acids (i.e., gut microbial metabolites), including acetic, propionic and butyric acids, were found in faecal samples of the C. crispus-fed rats. Furthermore, both C. crispus and FOS supplemented rats showed significant improvements in proximal colon histo-morphology. Higher faecal moisture was noted in the 2.5% C. crispus group, and elevated plasma immunoglobulin (IgA and IgG) levels were observed in the 0.5% C. crispus group, as compared to the basal feed group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest multiple prebiotic effects, such as influencing the composition of gut microbial communities, improvement of gut health and immune modulation in rats supplemented with cultivated C. crispus.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Chondrus/química , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Prebióticos , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias/metabolismo , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/microbiologia , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fezes/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Alga MarinhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that lipophilic components (LPC) of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) improved freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanism(s) of this induced freezing stress tolerance is largely unknown. Here, we investigated LPC induced changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of A. thaliana undergoing freezing stress. RESULTS: Gene expression studies revealed that the accumulation of proline was mediated by an increase in the expression of the proline synthesis genes P5CS1 and P5CS2 and a marginal reduction in the expression of the proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) gene. Moreover, LPC application significantly increased the concentration of total soluble sugars in the cytosol in response to freezing stress. Arabidopsis sfr4 mutant plants, defective in the accumulation of free sugars, treated with LPC, exhibited freezing sensitivity similar to that of untreated controls. The 1H NMR metabolite profile of LPC-treated Arabidopsis plants exposed to freezing stress revealed a spectrum dominated by chemical shifts (δ) representing soluble sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids and lipophilic components like fatty acids, as compared to control plants. Additionally, 2D NMR spectra suggested an increase in the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in LPC treated plants under freezing stress. These results were supported by global transcriptome analysis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that LPC treatment altered the expression of 1113 genes (5%) in comparison with untreated plants. A total of 463 genes (2%) were up regulated while 650 genes (3%) were down regulated. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results of the experiments presented in this paper provide evidence to support LPC mediated freezing tolerance enhancement through a combination of the priming of plants for the increased accumulation of osmoprotectants and alteration of cellular fatty acid composition.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Ascophyllum/fisiologia , Congelamento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Metabolômica , Transcrição Gênica , Arabidopsis/efeitos dos fármacos , Ascophyllum/química , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Temperatura Alta , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Mutação , Prolina/biossíntese , Prolina/metabolismo , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The present study was aimed at investigating the efficacy and mechanism(s) of action of a Chinese herbal formulation, Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), as a prospective natural weight-lowering product. Following a 2-week acclimation period, 48 obesity-prone (OP-CD) rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 12 each). One group served as a positive control for obesity (OP), while the other 3 were challenged twice daily by oral gavage with total daily dosages of 500, 1500, or 3500 mg/kg BW LWDH, respectively, for 10 weeks. One group (n = 12) of obesity-resistant (OR-CD) rats served as the normal control group. All rats were fed the same AIN-93G diet modified to contain 60% energy from fat. The highest LWDH dose significantly reduced body weight during the last 4 weeks of treatment. Food intake was reduced beginning in week 2. The high LWDH dose lowered serum triglyceride (TG) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and body fat. Both the high and medium doses also lowered serum leptin and insulin levels. Liver function testing revealed no adverse side effects under the current experimental conditions. The results of the present study suggest that LWDH has potential as a preventive or therapeutic natural product against overweight and obesity.
RESUMO
The present study was conducted to develop new inhibitors of pancreatic lipase and alpha-glucosidase from Chinese dietary herbs. Sixty-three dietary herbs from 39 taxonomic families were selected and extracted with aqueous ethanol or water. The extracts were then tested with in vitro enzyme assays for their ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase and alpha-glucosidase activities. Orlistat and acarbose were used as two positive controls. The extracts of Nelumbo nucifera, Curcuma longa, Piper longum and Morus alba showed strong pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects with IC50 at (28.00 +/- 5.51), (5.24 +/- 0.51), (14.76 +/- 2.58), (4.78 +/- 0.58), (3.41 +/- 0.67) mg x L(-1), respectively. These extracts also showed potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 at (1.98 +/- 0.13), (0. 18 + 0.007), (0.71 +/- 0.08), (0.077 +/- 0.005), (0.089 +/- 0.006) g x L(-1), respectively. The results provide useful information for developing new drugs or natural health products for hyperlipidemia and hypoglycemia from Chinese dietary herbs.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Lipase/antagonistas & inibidores , Pâncreas/enzimologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Curcuma/química , Morus/química , Nelumbo/química , Piper/químicaRESUMO
Sulfated polysaccharides and their lower molecular weight oligosaccharide derivatives from marine macroalgae have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. The present paper will review the recent progress in research on the structural chemistry and the bioactivities of these marine algal biomaterials. In particular, it will provide an update on the structural chemistry of the major sulfated polysaccharides synthesized by seaweeds including the galactans (e.g., agarans and carrageenans), ulvans, and fucans. It will then review the recent findings on the anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antiviral, immuno-inflammatory, antilipidemic and antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides and their potential for therapeutic application.
Assuntos
Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Alga Marinha/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfatos/química , Sulfatos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The rhizosphere microbiome is composed of diverse microbial organisms, including archaea, viruses, fungi, bacteria as well as eukaryotic microorganisms, which occupy a narrow region of soil directly associated with plant roots. The interactions between these microorganisms and the plant can be commensal, beneficial or pathogenic. These microorganisms can also interact with each other, either competitively or synergistically. Promoting plant growth by harnessing the soil microbiome holds tremendous potential for providing an environmentally friendly solution to the increasing food demands of the world's rapidly growing population, while also helping to alleviate the associated environmental and societal issues of large-scale food production. There recently have been many studies on the disease suppression and plant growth promoting abilities of the rhizosphere microbiome; however, these findings largely have not been translated into the field. Therefore, additional research into the dynamic interactions between crop plants, the rhizosphere microbiome and the environment are necessary to better guide the harnessing of the microbiome to increase crop yield and quality. This review explores the biotic and abiotic interactions that occur within the plant's rhizosphere as well as current agricultural practices, and how these biotic and abiotic factors, as well as human practices, impact the plant microbiome. Additionally, some limitations, safety considerations, and future directions to the study of the plant microbiome are discussed.
Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Fungos/fisiologia , Microbiota , Bactérias/genética , Fungos/genética , Humanos , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , SimbioseRESUMO
Mannitol is abundant in a wide range of organisms, playing important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Nonetheless, mannitol is not produced by a vast majority of plants, including many important crop plants. Mannitol-producing transgenic plants displayed improved tolerance to salt stresses though mannitol production was rather low, in the µM range, compared to mM range found in plants that innately produce mannitol. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance triggered by low concentrations of mannitol. Reported here is the production of mannitol in Arabidopsis thaliana, by expressing two mannitol biosynthesis genes from the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. strain Ec32. To date, no brown algal genes have been successfully expressed in land plants. Expression of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and mannitol-1-phosphatase genes was associated with the production of 42.3-52.7 nmol g-1 fresh weight of mannitol, which was sufficient to impart salinity and temperature stress tolerance. Transcriptomics revealed significant differences in the expression of numerous genes, in standard and salinity stress conditions, including genes involved in K+ homeostasis, ROS signaling, plant development, photosynthesis, ABA signaling and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that the improved tolerance to salinity stress observed in transgenic plants producing mannitol in µM range is achieved by the activation of a significant number of genes, many of which are involved in priming and modulating the expression of genes involved in a variety of functions including hormone signaling, osmotic and oxidative stress, and ion homeostasis.
RESUMO
With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficient diet of the modern society, sea cucumbers are gaining increasing popularity. Three species of sea cucumbers, Cucumaria frondosa, Apostichopus californicus and Apostichopusjaponicus were collected from three geographical regions, Atlantic and Pacific coast of Canada and Yellow sea/ East China sea in China, respectively. These organisms were sectioned into parts (body wall, tentacles, internal organ, skin and muscle) and analysed for total arsenic (As) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and As species by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS. Normal and reversed sequential extractions were optimised to address As distribution between lipids (polar and non-polar) and water-extractable fractions. Two extraction methods for water-extractable As were compared in terms of the number and the amount of extracted species. The results revealed that total As concentration and As species distribution varies significantly between sea cucumbers species. Total As in studied body parts ranged between 2.8 ± 0.52 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mg kg-1, with an exception of the muscle tissue of A. californicus, where it reached to 36 ± 3.5 mg kg-1. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the most abundant As species in A. californicus and A.japonicus, however, inorganic As represented over 70% of total recovered As in the body parts of C. frondosa. Arsenosugars-328 and 482 were found in all studied body parts whereas arsenosugar-408 was only found in the skin of A. californicus. This is the first time that such a variation in As species distribution between sea cucumber species has been shown.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Pepinos-do-Mar , Animais , Canadá , China , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , ÁguaRESUMO
Pseudoalteromonas is a globally distributed marine-associated genus that can be found in a broad range of aquatic environments, including in association with macroalgal surfaces where they may take advantage of these rich sources of polysaccharides. The metabolic systems that confer the ability to metabolize this abundant form of photosynthetically fixed carbon, however, are not yet fully understood. Through genomics, transcriptomics, microbiology, and specific structure-function studies of pathway components we address the capacity of newly isolated marine pseudoalteromonads to metabolize the red algal galactan carrageenan. The results reveal that the κ/ι-carrageenan specific polysaccharide utilization locus (CarPUL) enables isolates possessing this locus the ability to grow on this substrate. Biochemical and structural analysis of the enzymatic components of the CarPUL promoted the development of a detailed model of the κ/ι-carrageenan metabolic pathway deployed by pseudoalteromonads, thus furthering our understanding of how these microbes have adapted to a unique environmental niche.
Assuntos
Organismos Aquáticos/metabolismo , Carragenina/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Pseudoalteromonas/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Carragenina/química , Ordem dos Genes , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Ligação Proteica , Pseudoalteromonas/genética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We investigated the metabolic effects of betaine (Bet) supplementation on CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase/Pcyt2 heterozygous mice (HET). HET received either no treatment or were allowed access to 1% Bet supplemented water for 8 weeks. As we previously showed with choline (Cho), Bet improved hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis in HET. The protection from obesity associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and increased lipid breakdown in adipocytes was attributed to increased energy requirements for metabolism and elimination of supplemented Bet and Cho. 1H-NMR-based profiling revealed metabolic changes caused by Bet and Cho supplementation. Cho increased the citric acid cycle intermediate succinic acid while reducing isoleucine, valine, threonine, and lysine. Bet increased α-ketoglutaric acid and did not stimulate catabolism of amino acids. Increased histidine and alanine are specific biomarkers for Bet treatment. Cho and Bet caused glycerol accumulation and reduced sarcosine, taurine, acetate, and ß-hydroxybutyrate levels. These data provide new insights on how Cho and Bet supplementation can aid in treatment of obesity related disorders due to their positive effects on lipolysis, the citric acid cycle, and mitochondrial oxidative demethylation.
RESUMO
Diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress represent the main features of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was conducted to examine the efficacy and mechanisms of shrimp oil on glucose homeostasis in obese rats. Male CD rats fed a high-fat diet (52 kcal% fat) and 20% fructose drinking water were divided into 4 groups and treated with the dietary replacement of 0%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of lard with shrimp oil for 10 weeks. Age-matched rats fed a low-fat diet (10 kcal% fat) were used as the normal control. Rats on the high-fat diet showed impaired (p < 0.05) glucose tolerance and insulin resistance compared with rats fed the low-fat diet. Shrimp oil improved (p < 0.05) oral glucose tolerance, insulin response, and homeostatic model assessment-estimated insulin resistance index; decreased serum insulin, leptin, hemoglobin A1c, and free fatty acids; and increased adiponectin. Shrimp oil also increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The results demonstrated that shrimp oil dose-dependently improved glycemic control in obese rats through multiple mechanisms.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Resistência à Insulina , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Óleos/administração & dosagem , Frutos do Mar , Adiponectina/sangue , Animais , Anostraca , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/dietoterapia , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Xantofilas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf extract is one of the most popular herbal products on the market, as it contains flavone glycosides (≥ 24%) and terpene lactones (≥ 6%), which are proposed to have significant physiological effects. Unfortunately, the challenging financial climate has resulted in a natural health product market containing adulterated ginkgo products. PURPOSE: 42 ginkgo samples were analyzed to establish an HPLC profile for authentic ginkgo and common ginkgo adulterants, and to develop a method capable of easily detecting adulteration in ginkgo commercial products. METHOD: In this study an efficient and targeted HPLC analysis method was established that is capable of distinguishing flavonol glycosides and aglycones simultaneously for the evaluation of ginkgo powdered extracts (PEs) and finished products in a single, 13 min run. Thirteen ginkgo leaf samples, fifteen standardized powdered extracts, and fourteen commercially available ginkgo products have been analyzed using this new HPLC method. Chromatograms were compared to six standard reference materials: one flavonol glycoside (rutin), three aglycones (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin), and two isoflavones (genestin and genistein). The quantitative chromatographic data was interpreted by principal component analysis (PCA), which assisted in the detection of unexpected chromatographic features in various adulterated botanical products. RESULTS: Only three of the commercially available ginkgo finished products tested in this study were determined to be authentic, with flavonol glycoside rutin, and aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin found to be common adulterants in the ginkgo powdered extract and finished product samples. CONCLUSION: Despite evidence of adulteration in most of the samples, each of the samples discussed herein met most of the current pharmacopeial standards. It is therefore critical that a preliminary evaluation be utilized to detect adulteration in commercial ginkgo products, prior to the acid hydrolysis procedure utilized in the current testing methods.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Flavonóis/análise , Ginkgo biloba/química , Glicosídeos/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Genisteína/análise , Quempferóis/análise , Lactonas/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/análise , Padrões de Referência , Terpenos/análiseRESUMO
Carrageenans are sulfated galactan isolated from marine red algae with different disaccharide forms. There are also some hybrid carrageenan-like oligomers, which are reported to possess a number of bioactivities. Here, we describe a method to study the structural characterization of a carrageenan-like sulfated galactan FB1 extracted from the red seaweed Furcellaria lumbricalis. We show the process of the general analysis of FB1, including the molecular weight, sulfate content, total sugar content, protein content, and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (3,6-AnG) content analyses. The fine structure identification methods, including desulfation and methylation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray ionization collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ES-CID-MS/MS), are also described in detail.
Assuntos
Carragenina/química , Galactanos/química , Rodófitas/química , Sulfatos/análise , Sequência de Carboidratos , Galactose/análogos & derivados , Galactose/análise , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
Choline plays a critical role in systemic lipid metabolism and hepatic function. Here we conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effect of choline supplementation on metabolically altered Pcyt2(+/-) mice. In Pcyt2(+/-) mice, the membrane phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) turnover is reduced and the formation of fatty acids (FA) and triglycerides (TAG) increased, resulting in hypertriglyceridemia, liver steatosis and obesity. One month of choline supplementation reduced the incorporation of FA into TAG and facilitated TAG degradation in Pcyt2(+/-) adipocytes, plasma and liver. Choline particularly stimulated adipocyte and liver TAG lipolysis by specific lipases (ATGL, LPL and HSL) and inhibited TAG formation by DGAT1 and DGAT2. Choline also activated the liver AMPK and mitochondrial FA oxidation gene PPARα and reduced the FA synthesis genes SREBP1, SCD1 and FAS. Liver (HPLC) and plasma (tandem mass spectroscopy and (1)H-NMR) metabolite profiling established that Pcyt2(+/-) mice have reduced membrane cholesterol/sphingomyelin ratio and the homocysteine/methionine cycle that were improved by choline supplementation. These data suggest that supplementary choline is beneficial for restoring FA and TAG homeostasis under conditions of obesity caused by impaired PE synthesis.
Assuntos
Colina/farmacologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Nucleotidiltransferases/deficiência , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Acilação , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Carnitina/análogos & derivados , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos/genética , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos Mutantes , Fosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Fosfatidilserinas/metabolismo , RNA Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Plants possess an exceedingly complex innate immune system to defend against most pathogens. However, a relative proportion of the pathogens overcome host's innate immunity and impair plant growth and productivity. We previously showed that mutation in purple acid phosphatase (PAP5) lead to enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Here, we report that an optimal level of PAP5 is crucial for mounting complete basal resistance. Overexpression of PAP5 impaired ICS1, PR1 expression and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation similar to pap5 knockout mutant plants. Moreover, plant overexpressing PAP5 was impaired in H2O2 accumulation in response to Pst DC3000. PAP5 is localized in to peroxisomes, a known site of generation of reactive oxygen species for activation of defense responses. Taken together, our results demonstrate that optimal levels of PAP5 is required for mounting resistance against Pst DC3000 as both knockout and overexpression of PAP5 lead to compromised basal resistance.
RESUMO
Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is known to have a variety of pharmacological activities. In the present study, enzyme assisted extraction of APS from Astragalus mongholicus using various enzymes were examined. Research found that glucose oxidase offered a better performance in enhancement of extraction yields of APS than other ones. Glucose oxidase assisted extraction process was further optimized by using response surface method (RSM) to obtain maximum yield of crude APS. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: enzyme amount of 3.0%, enzyme treated time of 3.44 d, enzyme treated temperature of 56.9 °C and extraction solvent pH of 7.8. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 29.96 ± 0.14%, which was well in close agreement with the value (30.19%) predicted by RSM model and increased more than 250% compared with none enzyme treated ones. Pharmacological test showed that enzyme assisted APS had a better antioxidant activity (about 2 times higher) than none enzyme treated ones.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Astragalus propinquus/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bactérias/enzimologia , Fungos/enzimologia , Glucose Oxidase/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. METHODS: After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived (OP-CD) rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water (n=12 rats per group). Twelve obese-resistant-CD (OR-CD) rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. RESULTS: After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION: The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OR/OP-CD rat model as a research tool to study inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipokine production requires further investigation.