Emerging phosphodiesterase inhibitors for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) cause progressive loss of neuron structure and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Since the available drugs show only limited symptomatic relief, NDs are currently considered as incurable. This review will illustrate the principal roles of the signaling systems of cyclic adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphates (cAMP and cGMP) in the neuronal functions, and summarize expression/activity changes of the associated enzymes in the ND patients, including cyclases, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). As the sole enzymes hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP, PDEs are logical targets for modification of neurodegeneration. We will focus on PDE inhibitors and their potentials as disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. For the overlapped but distinct contributions of cAMP and cGMP to NDs, we hypothesize that dual PDE inhibitors, which simultaneously regulate both cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, may have complementary and synergistic effects on modifying neurodegeneration and thus represent a new direction on the discovery of ND drugs.

New stilbenes from Cajanus cajan inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through down-regulation of PPARγ.

Two new stilbenes, denominated Cajanotone B (CAB) and Cajanotone C (CAC), were isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. In this study, the structures of CAB and CAC were unambiguously elucidated by a combination of various spectral methods. Both compounds significantly inhibited the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing the lipid accumulation, triglyceride content and FFA secretion. CAB and CAC also substantially inhibit the mRNA expression of HSL, ATGL, C/EBPα and PPARγ as deciphered based by RT-PCR assay. Down-regulation of PPAR is believed to be the primary mechanism underlying which CAB and CAC inhibited adipogenic differentiation because the lipid-promoting activity of PPAR agonists can be counteracted by these compounds. The molecular interaction between CAB/CAC and PPARγ was revealed with the help of molecular docking. Taken together, CAB and CAC could serve as new lead compounds with the potential to speed up the development of novel lipid-lowering and weight-control therapies.

Association between sedentary behavior, screen time and metabolic syndrome among Chinese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between sedentary behavior, screen time and MetS among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Data was obtained from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016-2017. METHODS: Data on sedentary time, screen time, and MetS indicators were obtained through physical and health questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and clinical examinations. MetS was defined according to the Cook's criteria. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were applied for comparisons of measurement data and counting data, respectively. The relationship between sedentary time, screen time, and MetS and its components was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS among 7-17-year-old students in 2016-2017 was 5.45%. Compared to those with low sedentary behavior, in high sedentary behavior groups, the prevalence of abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL-C, and MetS was high in boys, and the prevalence of abdominal obesity, high TG, hyperglycemia, and MetS was high in girls. Moreover, for those who reported ≥ 3 h/day of screen time, the prevalence of abdominal obesity, low HDL-C, and MetS was higher in boys, and the prevalence of abdominal obesity and MetS was higher in girls. After adjusting for confounding variables, the risks of abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL-C, and MetS were higher in high-level sedentary time group, and the risks of abdominal obesity and MetS were 1.15 and 1.14 times higher for those who spent ≥ 3 h/day on screen time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that high levels of sedentary time and screen time were associated with an increased likelihood of MetS among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Reducing sedentary behavior and screen time may contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases.

Achievement of Guideline-Recommended Targets in Diabetes Care in China : A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Nationwide achievement of guideline-recommended diabetes care targets has not been comprehensively assessed in China. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportions of adults with diabetes achieving major clinical risk factor control, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle, and dietary targets specified in the Chinese diabetes guidelines. DESIGN: Nationwide cross-sectional survey. SETTING: China, 2015 to 2017. PARTICIPANTS: A national sample of 8401 adults with self-reported diabetes and a subset of 3531 with dietary data. MEASUREMENTS: The assessed targets included 1) ABC targets (individualized hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] target; blood pressure [BP] <130/80 mm Hg; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] level <2.6 or <1.8 mmol/L [<100 or <70 mg/dL], depending on the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), 2) BMI below 24 kg/m2, 3) lifestyle targets (not currently smoking or drinking, guideline-recommended leisure time activity level, and sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours), and 4) dietary targets (50% to 65% of energy from carbohydrate, 15% to 20% from protein, 20% to 30% from fat, ≥14 g of fiber per 1000 kcal, and <2000 mg of sodium per day). RESULTS: The proportion of adults with self-reported diabetes achieving each ABC target was 64.1% (95% CI, 61.4% to 66.8%) for HbA1c, 22.2% (CI, 20.2% to 24.1%) for BP, and 23.9% (CI, 21.9% to 25.9%) for LDL-C. The proportion achieving a BMI below 24 kg/m2 was 32.2% (CI, 30.3% to 34.2%). The proportion achieving each lifestyle target was 75.8% (CI, 73.9% to 77.7%) for smoking, 66.7% (CI, 64.4% to 69.1%) for drinking, 17.9% (CI, 15.8% to 20.1%) for leisure time activity, and 52.0% (CI, 49.6% to 54.3%) for sleep duration. The proportion achieving each dietary target was 39.1% (CI, 36.0% to 42.2%) for carbohydrate, 20.1% (CI, 16.9% to 23.3%) for protein, 20.5% (CI, 17.6% to 23.4%) for fat, 9.0% (CI, 7.0% to 10.9%) for sodium, and 2.5% (CI, 1.3% to 3.6%) for fiber. Only 4.4% (CI, 3.5% to 5.2%) of participants achieved all 3 ABC targets, 5.1% (CI, 4.3% to 6.0%) achieved all 4 lifestyle targets, and 4 participants achieved all 5 dietary targets. LIMITATIONS: Self-reported data and age of the data. CONCLUSION: Achievement of guideline-recommended diabetes care targets in Chinese adults with self-reported diabetes was exceedingly low. The findings highlight the need for immediate national health actions to improve diabetes care. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, National Key R&D Program of the People's Republic of China, and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China.

Strong Exciton-Exciton Scattering of Exfoliated van der Waals InSe toward Efficient Continuous-Wave Near-Infrared P-Band Emission.

P-band emission is a superlinear low-coherence emission through exciton-exciton (X-X) scattering into photon-like states. It occurs without the prerequisites of population inversion or macroscopical coherence, rendering lower power consumption than the widely explored superlinear low-coherence emissions including superfluorescence, amplified spontaneous emission, and random lasing, and holds great potential for speckle-free imaging and interferometric sensing. However, competition processes including exciton dissociation and annihilation undermine its operation at room temperature and/or low excitation conditions. Here we report room-temperature P-band emission from InSe microflakes with excitation density of 1010 cm-2, offering 2-orders-of-magnitude lower operation density compared to the state-of-the-art superlinear low-coherence emissions. The efficient P-band emission is attributed to a large X-X scattering strength of 0.25 µeV µm2 due to enhanced spatial confinement along with intrinsic material metrics of 3D/2D exciton complex and asymmetric electron/hole mass. These findings open an avenue toward strong low-coherence near-infrared light sources based on van der Waals semiconductors.

Probing Anisotropic Deformation and Near-Infrared Emission Tuning in Thin-Layered InSe Crystal under High Pressure.

Indium selenide (InSe) exhibits high lattice compressibility and an extraordinary capability of tailoring the optical band gap under pressure beyond other 2D materials. Herein, by applying hydrostatic pressure via a diamond anvil cell, we revealed an anisotropic deformation dynamic and efficient manipulation of near-infrared light emission in thin-layered InSe strongly correlated to layer numbers (N = 5-30). As N > 20, the InSe lattice is compressed in all directions, and the intralayer compression leads to widening of the band gap, resulting in an emission blue shift (∼120 meV at 1.5 GPa). In contrast, as N ≤ 15, an efficient emission red shift is observed from band gap shrinkage (rate of 100 meV GPa-1), which is attributed to the predominant uniaxial interlayer compression because of the high strain resistance along the InSe-diamond interface. These findings advance the understanding of pressure-induced lattice deformation and optical transition evolution in InSe and could be applied to other 2D materials.

Identification and in vitro Characterization of Novel Antidiabetic Peptides Released Enzymatically from Peanut Protein.

Bioactive peptides derived from proteins found in various foods provide significant health benefits, including regulating blood sugar levels by inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. Hydrolysates of peanut protein were prepared using alcalase (AH) or trypsin (TH) to generate antidiabetic peptides with high activity against α-amylase (IC50 of 6.46 and 5.71 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 of 6.30 and 5.57 mg/mL), as well as antiradical activity to scavenge DPPH• (IC50 of 4.18 and 3.12 mg/mL) and ABTS•+ (IC50 of 2.87 and 2.56 mg/mL), respectively. The bioactivities of hydrolysates were greatest in the ultrafiltration-generated F3 fraction (< 3 kDa). The most active fraction was TH-F3, which was purified by gel filtration chromatography to generate sub-fractions (SF). With IC50 values of 1.05 and 0.69 mg/mL, the F3-SF8 fraction was the most effective at inhibiting the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. This fraction was further purified using RP-HPLC to generate sub-subfractions (SSF), the most active of which were F3-SF8-SSF9 and SSF10. The peptide sequences F3-SF8-SSF9 and SSF10 were determined using LC-MS/MS. Two novel antidiabetic peptides with the potential to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase were identified, with the sequences Asp-Trp-Arg (476.22 Da, IC50 of 0.78, and 0.35 mg/mL) and Phe-Tyr (329.15 Da, IC50 of 0.91, and 0.41 mg/mL). These results suggest that peptides derived from peanut protein are attractive natural ingredients for diabetes management applications.

[Distribution of usual vitamin intake and prevalence of inadequate intake among Chinese adults in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the usual vitamin intake and the prevalence of inadequate intakes among Chinese adults in 2015, and to provide a scientific basis for developing nutrition intervention strategies and measures for target populations. METHODS: Data was drawn from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, a nationally representative cross-sectional study. The multistage stratified whole-group random sampling method was used to draw participants from 298 surveillance sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). Participants with no available information or abnormal energy intake were excluded, and finally, a total of 72 231 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the current study. The dietary data of the participants were collected by the 24-hour dietary recall method combined with the condiment weighing method for three consecutive days. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of vitamin B_1(thiamine), vitamin B_2(riboflavin), niacin, vitamin C(ascorbic acid), and vitamin E(tocopherol), and the prevalence of inadequate intake was evaluated based on estimated average requirement or adequate intake from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes 2023. RESULTS: The usual intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and niacin were 27.93 mg/d, 77.67 mg/d, 0.78 mg/d, 0.62 mg/d and 13.15 mg/d, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake was, in descending order, vitamin B_2(95.98%), vitamin B_1(86.73%), vitamin C(63.70%), niacin(39.81%), and vitamin E(21.17%). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1 and niacin intake among females was higher than among males(P<0.01). Overall, the prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake increased with age. Rural residents had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C, vitamin B_2 and niacin than urban residents(P<0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing education levels. The prevalence of inadequate intake of these five vitamins was higher among participants with lower income levels than those with middle or high income(P<0.01). Participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity and had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C than those with obesity. However, participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity, with the differences being statistically significant(P<0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing physical activity intensity. CONCLUSION: In 2015, the usual intake of dietary vitamins of Chinese adults was low. There are differences in usual intakes of vitamins and prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake for adults aged 18 years and above in males and females, different age groups, urban and rural areas, education levels, household income levels, body mass index and physical activity intensity.

[Association between habitual tea consumption and 10-year cardiovascular risk among Chinese mid-aged and elderly].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between habitual tea consumption and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. METHODS: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015 applied a stratified, multistage, and random sampling method. The current study selected middle-aged and elderly participants aged 45 and older, and they were investigated by basic information survey, dietary survey based on the food frequency questionnaire, physical measurements including height, weight, and blood pressure, and a laboratory examination with fasting blood samples. Habitual tea consumption was defined by asking about the number of cups of tea usually consumed per day in the past 12 months, and the risk of cardiovascular disease incidence was calculated using the Framingham risk score over a 10-year period. The association between tea consumption and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in this population was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and further analyzed using gender as a stratification factor. RESULTS: A total of 42 704 Chinese middle-aged and elderly were included in this study, with an average age of(59.4±9.4) years, 20 104 males and 22 600 females, 17 194 in urban areas and 25 510 in rural areas. For tea drinking, there were 12 519(29.32%) tea drinkers in the included sample, of which 4153(9.73%) consumed 1-2 cups/d, 3336(7.81%) 3-4 cups/d, and 5030(11.78%) ≥5 cups/d. For 10-year cardiovascular risk, 28 267 participants(66.19%) were estimated to be low risk, while 14 437(33.81%) were in the high risk. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, place of residence, education, income, marital status, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, participation in medical examination within one year, DASH dietary score, energy intake and chronic disease status, the result showed a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period among those who consumed 3-4 cups/d compared with those who did not consume tea(OR=0.820, 95%CI 0.719-0.934, P_(trend)=0.03). When stratified by gender, both gender showed participants who consumed 3-4 cups/d had a lower risk for cardiovascular disease than those who did not consume tea(males: OR=0.849, 95%CI 0.722-0.997; females: OR=0.697, 95%CI 0.527-0.922). And the result was more pronounced among females. CONCLUSION: Moderate habitual tea consumption could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and elderly Chinese people, and its protective effect is more pronounced among females.

[Comparison study of food, energy and nutrient intake by 24-hour dietary recall method on two consecutive days versus three consecutive days].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in estimated food, energy, and nutrient intakes between the consecutive 3 days 24-hour dietary recall(24HR)(referred to as the 3-day method) and consecutive 2 days 24HR(referred to as the 2-day method) to provide a basis for the use of consecutive 2 days 24HR in China nutrition surveillance. METHODS: Using objective sampling to select participants in northern and southern provinces, dietary data were obtained through consecutive 3 days 24HR, and the average intakes of food, energy and nutrients were calculated for three days from Thursday to Saturday and two days on Friday and Saturday, respectively. The 3-day method was considered as the reference standard method to evaluate the performance of the 2-day method for estimating food, energy and nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Among 778 participants aged 18-60 years in urban and rural areas of two provinces, the errors of the mean and median of 2-day method for estimating the intake of four major food categories less than 6% compared with the 3-day method, and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in four major food categories group(P>0.05). Of the 24 food groups estimated by the 2-day method, 17 had mean errors within 5%, the largest error was in animal offal(13.45%) and the smallest in fruit(0.15%), and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in seven food groups(P>0.05). For energy and nutrients, the mean and median errors of energy were less than 0.5% and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences for energy(P>0.05). Among the 25 nutrients, except sodium, iodine and vitamin E, the mean and median errors of the other 22 nutrients were less than 5%, and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in 16 nutrients(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: There was little difference between the two survey method in assessing the intake of high consumption frequency foods, energy and most nutrients at group level, the 2-day method can be used as an alternative to the 3-day method to collect dietary intake data with high consumption rates in the population.

[Status of elevated blood pressure among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 from 2016 to 2017 according to 4 different references].

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analysis the detection rate of high normal blood pressure and high blood pressure among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years from 2016 to 2017 according to the clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in Children and Adolescents published by the American Academy of Pediatrics(the AAP reference), the international blood pressure references among Children and Adolescents aged 6 to 17 years(the international reference), health industry standard of the People's Republic of China "Reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years(WS/T 610-2018)"(the industry reference) and updating blood pressure references for Chinese children aged 3 to 17 years(the guideline reference). METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women(2016-2017), in which the multistage stratified whole group random sampling method was used to draw participants from 275 surveillance sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). In total, 67 231 participants were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood pressure was measured three times by trained staff using a validated oscillometric blood pressure monitor at the same point. The average blood pressure was calculated for the three measurements for SBP and DBP. To match the sampling design methodology, all values were weighted to represent the total population of Chinese children and adolescents 7-17 years of age considering sampling weights for each stratification based on the sixth population census data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS: The detection rate varied greatly under different references. The detection rate of high normal blood pressure was ranked from high to low according to the AAP reference(20.15%) > the guideline reference(17.29%) > the industry reference(13.14%) > the international reference(12.66%); the detection rate of high blood pressure in descending order is the guideline reference(24.31%) > the international reference(21.34%) > the AAP reference(20.59%) > the industry reference(19.96%). CONCLUSION: Although the consistency between the AAP references and international references and our national two references were medium to high, the difference in detection rate obtained by analysis was large. Considering the differences of demographic characteristics in the reference population, caution should be taken when applying foreign references to judge the blood pressure status of children and adolescents in China.

Water-Assisted Growth of Twisted 3R-Stacked MoSe2 Spirals and Its Dramatically Enhanced Second Harmonic Generations.

Enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) responses are reported in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MX2 , M: Mo, W; X: S, Se) due to the broken symmetries. The 3R-like stacked MX2 spiral structures possessing the similar broken inversion symmetry should present dramatically enhanced SHG responses, thus providing great flexibility in designing miniaturized on-chip nonlinear optical devices. To achieve this, the first direct synthesis of twisted 3R-stacked chiral molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2 ) spiral structures with specific screw dislocations (SD) arms is reported, via designing a water-assisted chemical vapor transport (CVT) approach. The study also clarifies the formation mechanism of the MoSe2 spiral structures, by precisely regulating the precursor supply accompanying with multiscale characterizations. Significantly, an up to three orders of magnitude enhancement of the SHG responses in twisted 3R stacked MoSe2 spirals is demonstrated, which is proposed to arise from the synergistic effects of broken inversion symmetry, strong light-matter interaction, and band nesting effects. Briefly, the work provides an efficient synthetic route for achieving the 3R-stacked TMDCs spirals, which can serve as perfect platforms for promoting their applications in on-chip nonlinear optical devices.

Comparison of data-driven identified hypertension-protective dietary patterns among Chinese adults: based on a nationwide study.

PURPOSE: Diet pattern (DP) is a key modifiable and cost-effective factor in hypertension (HTN) management. The current study aimed to identify and compare the hypertension-protective DPs among Chinese adults. METHODS: 52,648 participants aged over 18 years were included from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) 2015-2017. Reduced rank regression (RRR) and partial least square regression (PLS) was applied to identify the DPs. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the association between the DPs and HTN. RESULTS: DPs derived by RRR and PLS were both featured by higher consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, mushrooms and edible fungi, seaweeds, soybeans and related products, mixed legumes, dairy products, fresh eggs, and lower of refined grain consumption. Compared to the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile had lower odds of HTN (RRR-DP: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.72-0.83; PLS-DP: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.71-0.82; all p < 0.0001). Simplified DP scores were observed the same protective tendencies (Simplified RRR-DP: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.75-0.87; Simplified PLS-DP: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.74-0.85; all p < 0.0001) and showed effective extrapolation in subgroups defined by gender, age, location, lifestyle, and different metabolic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The identified DPs had high conformity with East Asian dietary habits, and significantly negative associations with HTN among Chinese adults. The simplified DP technique also indicated the potential for improving the extrapolation of the results of DP analysis related to HTN.

Historical perspectives and recent advances in small molecule ligands of selective/biased/multi-targeted µ/δ/κ opioid receptor (2019-2022).

The opioids have been used for more than a thousand years and are not only the most widely prescribed drugs for moderate to severe pain and acute pain, but also the preferred drugs. However, their non-analgesic effects, especially respiratory depression and potential addiction, are important factors that plague the safety of clinical use and are an urgent problem for pharmacological researchers to address. Current research on analgesic drugs has evolved into different directions: de-opioidization; application of pharmacogenomics to individualize the use of opioids; development of new opioids with less adverse effects. The development of new opioid drugs remains a hot research topic, and with the in-depth study of opioid receptors and intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, new research ideas have been provided for the development of new opioid analgesics with less side effects and stronger analgesic effects. The development of novel opioid drugs in turn includes selective opioid receptor ligands, biased opioid receptor ligands, and multi-target opioid receptor ligands and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) or antagonists and the single compound as multi-targeted agnoists/antagonists for different receptors. PAMs strategies are also getting newer and are the current research hotspots, including the BMS series of compounds and others, which are extensive and beyond the scope of this review. This review mainly focuses on the selective/biased/multi-targeted MOR/DOR/KOR (mu opioid receptor/delta opioid receptor/kappa opioid receptor) small molecule ligands and involves some cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and structure-based approaches as well as the single compound as multi-targeted agnoists/antagonists for different receptors from 2019 to 2022, including discovery history, activities in vitro and vivo, and clinical studies, in an attempt to provide ideas for the development of novel opioid analgesics with fewer side effects.

Association of fine particulate matter and its constituents with hypertension: the modifying effect of dietary patterns.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that nutritional supplements could reduce the adverse effects induced by air pollution. However, whether dietary patterns can modify the association of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its constituents with hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline has not been evaluated. METHODS: We included 47,501 Chinese adults from a nationwide cross-sectional study. PM2.5 and five constituents were estimated by satellite-based random forest models. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) and alternative Mediterranean diet (AMED) scores were calculated for each participant. Interactions between dietary patterns and air pollution were examined by adding a multiplicative interaction term to logistic models. RESULTS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and stage 1-2 hypertension. The DASH and AMED scores significantly modified these associations, as individuals with higher scores had a significantly lower risk of air pollution-related hypertension and stage 1-2 hypertension (P-interaction < 0.05), except for interaction between PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and AMED score on stage 1 hypertension. For each IQR increase in PM2.5, participants with the lowest DASH and AMED quintiles had hypertension risk with ORs (95%CI) of 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) and 1.19 (1.09, 1.29), whereas those with the highest DASH and AMED quintiles had lower risks with 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) and 1.04 (0.97, 1.11). The stratified analysis found modification effect was more prominent in the < 65 years age group. Consuming more fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and dairy would reduce the risk of hypertension caused by PM2.5 and its constituents. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns rich in antioxidants can reduce long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents-induced hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, especially in young and middle-aged individuals. Compared to the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet offers superior dietary guidance to prevent stage 1 hypertension caused by air pollution.

Engineering Near-Infrared Light Emission in Mechanically Exfoliated InSe Platelets through Hydrostatic Pressure for Multicolor Microlasing.

γ-indium selenide (InSe) is a van der Waals semiconductor and holds great potentials for low-energy-consumption electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we investigated the hydrostatic pressure engineered near-infrared (NIR) light emission of mechanically exfoliated γ-InSe crystals using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) technique. A record-wide spectral tuning range of 185 nm and a large linear pressure coefficient of 40 nm GPa-1 were achieved for spontaneous emissions, leading to ultrabroadband microlasing spectrally ranging from 1022 to 911 nm. This high emission tunability can be attributed to the compression of the soft intralayer In-Se bonds under high pressure, which suppressed the band gap shrinkage by increasing the interlayer interaction. Furthermore, two band gap crossovers of valence (direct-to-indirect) and conduction bands were resolved at approximately 4.0 and 7.0 GPa, respectively, resulting in pressure-sensitive emission lifetime and intensity. These findings pave the pathways for pressure-sensitive InSe-based NIR light sources, sensors and so on.

Characteristics, secondary transformation and odor activity evaluation of VOCs emitted from municipal solid waste incineration power plant.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from municipal solid waste incineration power plant (MSWIPP) plays a significant role in the formation of O3 and PM2.5 and odor pollution. Field test was performed on four MSWIPPs in an area of the North China Plain. Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and 102 VOCs were identified and quantified. Ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), and odor activity of the detected VOCs were evaluated. Results showed that the average concentration of NMHCs and VOCs were 1648.6 ± 1290.4 µg/m3 and 635.3 ± 588.8 µg/m3, respectively. Aromatics (62.1%), O-VOCs (16.0%), and halo hydrocarbons (10.0%) were the main VOCs groups in the MSWIPP exhaust gas. VOCs emission factor of MSWIPP was 2.43 × 103 ± 2.27 × 103 ng/g-waste. The OFP and SOAFP of MSWIPP were 960.18 ± 2158.17 µg/m3 and 1.57 ± 3.38 µg/m3, respectively. Acrolein as the dominant VOC species was the major odor contributor with a percentage of odor contribution of 65.9%. Benzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene as the dominant VOC species were the main contributors of O3 formation potentials, in which 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was also the main contributors of SOA formation potential.

[Changes of sweet beverage and unhealthy food consumption among infant and young child aged 6-24 months old in China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the change of sweet beverage and unhealthy food consumption among infant and young child aged 6-23 months in 2013, 2016-2017, China. METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among Children and Lactating Women in 2013, 2016-2017.9983, 20 423 children aged 6-23 months old were involved respectively. The sweet beverage and unhealthy food consumption was analyzed with WHO and UNICEF 2021 updated infant and young child feeding indicators. Data analyses were conducted using the complex weight based on national census from National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Rao-Scott Chi-square was used test for statistical difference. RESULTS: The proportions of sweet beverage consumption among children aged 6-23 months was 20.2%(95%CI 16.0%-24.4%) in 2013; it was 29.6% in large cities, and 14.0% in poor rural areas, but there was no significant difference in different areas. Compared with 2013, the proportions of sweet beverage consumption increased significantly in 2016-2017, reaching 51.7%(95%CI 48.9%-54.4%); it was 54.1% in medium and small cities, and 44.3% in large cities. The proportions of unhealthy food consumption among children aged 6-23 months was 31.2%(95%CI 23.2%-39.3%) in 2013; it was 46.3% in medium and small cities, and 16.3% in poor rural areas. Compared with 2013, the proportions of unhealthy food consumption was 35.6%(95%CI 33.6%-39.3%) in 2016-2017, and no significant difference was observed(Rao-Scott χ~2=0.96, P=0.33); It was 38.6% in medium and small cities, and reached 30% in large cities and poor rural areas. For those 2 indicators at the same survey, no consistent differences were observed between boys and girls and there was significant difference in various months of age(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In China, the proportion of sweet beverage consumption among children aged 6-23 months has increased significantly, and the intake of unhealthy food is relatively stable. Children aged over 12 months and in rural areas need to be concerned about.

[Association between cooking fuel and chronic diseases among Chinese housewives from 2015 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the use of different household cooking fuels(including solid fuels and clean fuels) and hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma among Chinese housewives. METHODS: 15616 housewives aged over 18 years were selected from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, and their basic information investigation, physical examination and laboratory examination were carried out. Using multiple adjustment logistic regression analysis to compare the risk of using clean fuels and solid fuels in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. And living areas(urban or rural) were used as stratified factors for stratified logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 15616 Chinese housewives, 9539(61.08%) used clean cooking fuels and 6077(38.92%) used solid cooking fuels at that time. There were significant differences in the composition of urban and rural areas, age groups, body mass index, education level, household annual income, smoking and drinking, second-hand smoke exposure level and whether to participate in physical examination within one year. After multivariable adjustment, using solid cooking fuels increased the risk of hypertension(OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.23), stroke(OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.75), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40) and asthma(OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63). After stratified by urban and rural areas, the result showed that using solid cooking fuels among rural housewives significantly increased the risk of the above four diseases(hypertension: OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22; stroke: OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.91; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.42; asthma: OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79). While in urban housewives, except that using solid cooking fuels might increase the risk of hypertension, the risk of stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma has not increased significantly, but there was still an increasing tendencies(hypertension: OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.36; stroke: OR=1.37, 95% CI 0.99-1.90; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.89-1.60; asthma: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.82-1.74). CONCLUSION: The use of solid cooking fuels is a risk factor for Chinese housewives in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, and is more significant among rural housewives.

[Relationship between dietary fiber intake and glucose metabolism in the elderly of China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dietary fiber intake status and analyze the relationship between dietary fiber and glucose metabolic disorder of the elderly in China. METHODS: Data were collected from the participants of Chinese adult chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance in 2015. General information were collected by standardized questionnaires, anthropometric index and blood pressure of respondents were measured according to standard method. Food intake was collected by three consecutive day 24 h dietary recalls, dietary fiber was calculated through China food composition. Fasting venous blood were collected to measure glucose, HbA1C, and other related biochemical index. Subjects were divided into three groups: normal glucose(NG, normal glucose), pre-diabetes(Pre-DM, pre-diabetes mellitus) and diabetes(T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus). Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary fiber intake and Pre-DM as well as T2DM. RESULTS: A total of 20 996 elderly people aged 60 years and above were included. There 10 773 cases were males(51.3%) and 10 223 cases were females(48.7%), the age of both gender were(68.21±6.26) years and(67.67±6.26) years. A total of 6526 cases of pre-diabetes were detected in 20 996 elderly participants with detection rate of 31.1%. There 3274 cases were male and 3252 cases were female, the detection rates of both genders were 30.4% and 31.8%, respectively. While 1572 participants were detected as T2DM(784 of males and 788 of females), the detection rate of T2DM was 7.5%, 7.3% for males and 7.7% for females. There were significant differences in mean age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, HbA1c level among different dietary intake groups(P<0.005). With the increase of dietary fiber intake, the proportion of overweight and obesity, central obesity and dyslipidemia showed an increasing trend(P<0.05), and the proportion of hypertension showed a decreasing trend(P<0.000 1). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared to participants with lowest fiber intake, participants in subgroups of lower, minor lower, and higher fiber intake were associated with decreased risk of pre-diabetes, the OR and 95%CI were(OR=0.911, 95%CI 0.835-0.993), (OR= 0.861, 95%CI 0.790-0.938) and(OR= 0.913, 95%CI 0.838-0.994), respectively. However, there was only a statistically significant negative association between the higher intake of dietary fiber and T2DM(OR = 0.848, 95%CI 0.726-0.991). CONCLUSION: Dietary fiber intake was negatively related with diabetes and pre-diabetes mellitus. The risk of glucose metabolic disorder was decreased with the increase of dietary fiber intake.