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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and prognosis of enbloc or piecemeal removal after enbloc resection of a gastric GIST by comparing the clinical data of endoscopic en block resection and piecemeal removal (EP) and en block resection and complete removal (EC) of gastric GISTs. METHODS: A total of 111 (43 endoscopic piecemeal, and 68 complete removal) patients with gastric GIST's ≥ 2 cm in diameter who underwent endoscopic therapy from January 2016 to June 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases, it was ensured that the tumor was intact during the resection, however, it was divided into EP group and EC group based on whether the tumor was completely removed or was cut into pieces which were then removed. The patients' recurrence-free survival rate and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in RFS rates between the two groups (P = 0.197). The EP group had relatively high patient age, tumor diameter, risk classification, and operation time. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of nuclear fission images, postoperative hospitalization time, postoperative fasting time, complication rate and complication grading between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic piecemeal removal after en block resection of gastric GIST is safe and effective and achieves similar clinical outcomes as complete removal after en block resection.
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Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/cirurgia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/patologia , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Adulto , Resultado do Tratamento , Gastroscopia/métodosRESUMO
This study describes a visible-light-induced cascade reaction for preparing cyanoalkyl-containing polyheterocycles initiated by the photoinduced radical cascade addition of N-arylacrylamide derivatives using cyclic oxime esters as radical sources followed by cyanoalkyl-mediated cyclization. This protocol features outstanding functional group compatibility, providing a variety of desired phenanthridine derivatives in moderate to good yields. Moreover, the application of a microflow technique enhanced these reactions compared with the equivalent batch reaction, significantly reducing reaction times to 10 min.
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Early, express, and reliable detection of cancer can provide a favorable prognosis and decrease mortality. Tumor biomarkers have been proven to be closely related to tumor occurrence and development. Conventional tumor biomarker detection based on genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods is time and equipment-consuming and always needs a specific target marker. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as a non-invasive ultrasensitive and label-free vibrational spectroscopy technique, can detect cancer-related biomedical changes in biofluids. In this paper, 110 serum samples were collected from 30 healthy controls and 80 cancer patients (including 30 bladder cancer (BC), 30 adrenal cancer (AC), and 20 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)). One microliter of blood serum was mixed with 1 µl silver colloid and then was air-dried for SERS measurements. After spectral data augmentation, one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) was proposed for precise and rapid identification of healthy and three different cancers with high accuracy of 98.27%. After gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) based spectral interpretation, the contributions of SERS peaks corresponding to biochemical substances indicated the most potential biomarkers, i.e., L-tyrosine in bladder cancer; acetoacetate and riboflavin in adrenal cancer and phospholipids, amide-I, and α-Helix in acute myeloid leukemia, which might provide an insight into the mechanism of intelligent diagnosis of different cancers based on label-free serum SERS. The integration of label-free SERS and deep learning has great potential for the rapid, reliable, and non-invasive detection of cancers, which may significantly improve the precise diagnosis in clinical practice.
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Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais , Aprendizado Profundo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Proteômica , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Análise Espectral RamanRESUMO
Double fertilization is a key innovation for the evolutionary success of angiosperms by which the two fertilized female gametes, the egg cell and central cell, generate the embryo and endosperm, respectively. The female gametophyte (embryo sac) enclosed in the sporophyte is derived from a one-celled haploid cell lineage. It undergoes successive events of mitotic divisions, cellularization, and cell specification to give rise to the mature embryo sac, which contains the two female gametes accompanied by two types of accessory cells, namely synergids and antipodals. How the cell fate of the central cell is specified has long been equivocal and is further complicated by the structural diversity of female gametophyte across plant taxa. Here, MADS-box protein AGL80 was verified as a transcriptional repressor that directly suppresses the expression of accessory cell-specific genes to specify the central cell. Further genetic rescue and phylogenetic assay of the AGL80 orthologs revealed a possible conserved mechanism in the Brassicaceae family. Results from this study provide insight into the molecular determination of the second female gamete cell in Brassicaceae.
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Proteína AGAMOUS de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Óvulo Vegetal/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Proteína AGAMOUS de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Endosperma/metabolismo , Fertilização/genética , Mutação , Filogenia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Evolutionary and biogeographic processes determine species richness patterns of vascular plants between Eastern Asia (EA) and Eastern North America (ENA). However, the strikingly higher species richness of EA relative to ENA remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, we studied the relative importance of biogeographical, evolutionary and ecological factors underlying differences in species richness between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae (Berberidaceae, Ranunculales; in total 10 spp. in EA vs. 2 spp. in ENA). Based on large-scale transcriptome data, our phylogenomic analyses strongly supported Podophylloideae and its two multi-species genera, i.e. Dysosma (EA) and Diphylleia (EA/ENA), as monophyletic groups. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (EA) was identified as sister to the remainder of Podophylloideae. Dysosma (7 spp.) was recovered as sister to Podophyllum peltatum (ENA), forming an EA-ENA disjunct pair with a strong bias of species diversity in the EA counterpart. Our biogeographic analyses support the 'out-of-Tibet' hypothesis, suggesting that Podophylloideae started to diversify in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (Mid-Miocene) and migrated eastward (since the Late Miocene) into Central-eastern China, Japan, and ENA (only P. peltatum and Diphylleia cymosa). Overall, we conclude that the striking species diversity anomaly between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae may be explained by a combination of (1) a longer period of time available to accumulate species in EA; and (2) a greater diversification rate in EA, which might have been promoted by greater physiographic and environmental heterogeneity in this region.
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Berberidaceae , Evolução Molecular , Filogenia , Ranunculales , Berberidaceae/genética , Ásia Oriental , América do Norte , Ranunculales/genéticaRESUMO
2,4,5,6-Tetrakis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN-tBu) was developed as a photocatalyst for the phosphorus-radical-initiated cascade cyclization reaction of isocyanides. By using 4CzIPN-tBu as catalyst, we developed a visible-light-induced proton-coupled electron transfer strategy for the generation of phosphorus-centered radicals, via which a wide range of phosphorylated phenanthridines, quinolines, and benzothiazoles were successfully constructed.
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Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/síntese química , Prótons , Catálise , Transporte de Elétrons , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/química , Estrutura Molecular , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Burchellin and its analogues are a class of neolignan natural products containing a rare core with three contiguous stereogenic centers. In previous reports, racemic burchellin was synthesized without accessing each of the enantiomers. In this paper, a concise and efficient total synthetic route to divergently access the enantiomers of burchellin and those of its 1'-epi-diastereoisomer over six steps for each is disclosed, where each of the enantiomers was obtained by preparative chiral phase HPLC purification. The key steps include the construction of a 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran moiety by two Claisen rearrangements and a one-step rearrangement/cyclization and subsequent tandem ester hydrolysis/oxy-Cope rearrangement/methylation to furnish the basic skeleton of burchellin. The structures and absolute configurations of the four stereoisomers were determined using spectroscopic data analyses and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. These stereoisomers were found to have potent antiviral effects against coxsackie virus B3, and is the first time that bioactivity has been reported for these compounds.
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BenzofuranosAssuntos
Ressecção Endoscópica de Mucosa , Neoplasias , Humanos , Tração , Endoscopia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In flowering plants, sperm cells are delivered to the embryo sac by a pollen tube guided by female signals. Both the gametic and synergid cells contribute to pollen tube attraction. Synergids secrete peptide signals that lure the tube, while the role of the gametic cells is unknown. Previously, we showed that CENTRAL CELL GUIDANCE (CCG) is essential for pollen tube attraction in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we identified CCG BINDING PROTEIN1 (CBP1) and demonstrated that it interacts with CCG, Mediator subunits, RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and central cell-specific AGAMOUS-like transcription factors. In addition, CCG interacts with TATA-box Binding Protein 1 and Pol II as a TFIIB-like transcription factor. CBP1-knockdown ovules are defective in pollen tube attraction. Expression profiling revealed that cysteine-rich peptide (CRP) transcripts were downregulated in ccg ovules. CCG and CBP1 coregulate a subset of CRPs in the central cell and the synergids, including the attractant LURE1. CBP1 is extensively expressed in multiple vegetative tissues and specifically in the central cell in reproductive growth. We propose that CBP1, via interaction with CCG and the Mediator complex, connects transcription factors and the Pol II machinery to regulate pollen tube attraction.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Arabidopsis/citologia , Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Óvulo Vegetal/citologia , Óvulo Vegetal/genética , Óvulo Vegetal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tubo Polínico/citologia , Tubo Polínico/genética , Tubo Polínico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Polinização , Transporte Proteico , RNA Polimerase II/genética , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a TATA-Box/genética , Proteína de Ligação a TATA-Box/metabolismoRESUMO
Luminescent organogold(III) complex AuIII with highly emissive triplet excited state was encapsulated in two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with different pore sizes and structures (MOF1 and ZJU-28). Compared with the AuIII complex in solution, the resultant composites AuIII @MOF1 and AuIII @ZJU-28 exhibit enhanced emission intensity, lifetime, and quantum yield. Under irradiation, AuIII @MOFs are efficient, selective, and recyclable catalysts for light-induced aerobic C-N bond formation. When used as a heterogeneous catalyst for oxidizing secondary amines to the corresponding imines, AuIII @ZJU-28 achieved high TONs of 876-1548, which are about 2.8-3.5 times higher than that of the homogenous AuIII complex. In addition, different selectivities in oxidizing mixed substrates is realized by means of different host MOFs, and thus encapsulating the AuIII complex in an appropriate MOF allowed the desired product to be obtained. Inherent shortcomings of homogeneous catalysts in cyclic use are also overcome by using composite catalysts, and high conversion of the AuIII @ZJU-28 catalyst was still observed after ten cycles.
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ARID1A as a subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin complexes is frequently mutated in human pancreatic cancer, however its exact role in pancreatic tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of ARID1A loss on human pancreatic epithelial cell lines HPNE, BxPC-3 with KRAS mutant (KRASG12D) expression. We found that ARID1A knockdown promoted cell proliferation and colony formation in cooperation with active mutant KRASG12D. Function assay revealed that ARID1A knockdown accelerated cell cycle progression, and repressed KRASG12D-induced cell senescence. Transcriptome analysis revealed ARID1A knockdown led to miR-503 upregulation. CDKN2A was identified as a target of miR-503, which contributes to cell senescence. Thus, our data suggests that ARID1A deficiency promote KRASG12D-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis through miR-503/CDKN2A-mediated senescence.
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Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p18/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Pâncreas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/patologia , Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Senescência Celular , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p18/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Mutação Puntual , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
An increasing prevalence of diabetes is known as a main risk for human health in the last future worldwide. There is limited evidence on the potential management of type 2 diabetes mellitus using bioactive peptides from marine organisms, besides from milk and beans. We summarized here recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of glucose metabolism using bioactive peptides from natural proteins, including regulation of insulin-regulated glucose metabolism, such as protection and reparation of pancreatic ß-cells, enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and influencing the sensitivity of insulin and the signaling pathways, and inhibition of bioactive peptides to dipeptidyl peptidase IV, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. The present paper tried to understand the underlying mechanism involved and the structure characteristics of bioactive peptides responsible for its antidiabetic activities to prospect the utilization of rich marine organism proteins.
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Organismos Aquáticos/química , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/química , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Peptídeos/química , alfa-Amilases/química , alfa-Amilases/farmacologia , alfa-Glucosidases/química , alfa-Glucosidases/farmacologiaRESUMO
Wnt-ß-catenin signaling participates in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cancers; however, its involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and downstream molecular events is largely undefined. HNF4α is the most prominent and specific factor maintaining the differentiation of hepatic lineage cells and a potential EMT regulator in HCC cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which HNF4α maintains the differentiated liver epithelium and inhibits EMT have not been completely defined. In this study, we systematically explored the relationship between Wnt-ß-catenin signaling and HNF4α in the EMT process of HCC cells. Our results indicated that HNF4α expression was negatively regulated during Wnt-ß-catenin signaling-induced EMT through Snail and Slug in HCC cells. In contrast, HNF4α was found to directly associate with TCF4 to compete with ß-catenin but facilitate transcription co-repressor activities, thus inhibiting expression of EMT-related Wnt-ß-catenin targets. Moreover, HNF4α may control the switch between the transcriptional and adhesion functions of ß-catenin. Overexpression of HNF4α was found to completely compromise the Wnt-ß-catenin-signaling-induced EMT phenotype. Finally, we determined the regulation pattern between Wnt-ß-catenin signaling and HNF4α in rat tumor models. Our studies have identified a double-negative feedback mechanism controlling Wnt-ß-catenin signaling and HNF4α expression in vitro and in vivo, which sheds new light on the regulation of EMT in HCC. The modulation of these molecular processes may be a method of inhibiting HCC invasion by blocking Wnt-ß-catenin signaling or restoring HNF4α expression to prevent EMT.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Fator 4 Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/metabolismo , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/patologia , Masculino , Ligação Proteica , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail , Fator de Transcrição 4 , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
In an effort to explore the feasibility of converting a lipase into an esterase by modifying the lid region, we designed and characterized two novel Rhizopus chinensis lipase variants by lid swapping. The substrate specificity of an R. chinensis lipase was successfully modified toward water-soluble substrates, that is, turned into an esterase, by replacing the hydrophobic lid with a hydrophilic lid from ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger Meanwhile, as a comparison, the lid of R. chinensis lipase was replaced by a hydrophobic lid from Rhizomucor miehei lipase, which did not alter its substrate specificity but led to a 5.4-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k*cat/K*m) toward p-nitrophenyl laurate. Based on the analysis of structure-function relationships, it suggests that the amphipathic nature of the lid is very important for the substrate specificity. This study provides new insight into the structural basis of lipase specificities and a way to tune the substrate preference of lipases.
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Aspergillus niger , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico , Proteínas Fúngicas , Lipase , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão , Rhizopus , Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Aspergillus niger/genética , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/química , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Lipase/química , Lipase/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Rhizopus/enzimologia , Rhizopus/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this study is to explore the anti-depressant mechanism of Chaihu- Shugan San based on serum medicinal chemistry and network pharmacology methods. BACKGROUND: Depression lacks effective treatments, with current anti-depressants ineffective in 40% of patients. Chaihu-Shugan San (CHSGS) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine compound to treat depression. However, the chemical components and the underlying mechanisms targeting the liver and brain in the anti-depressant effects of CHSGS need to be elucidated. METHODS: The chemical components of CHSGS in most current network pharmacology studies are screened from TCMSP and TCMID databases. In this study, we investigated the mechanism and material basis of soothing the liver and relieving depression in the treatment of depression by CHSGS based on serum pharmacochemistry. The anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS was further verified by proteomics and high-throughput data. RESULTS: Through serum medicinal chemistry, we obtained 9 bioactive substances of CHSGS. These ingredients have good human oral bioavailability and are non-toxic. Based on liver ChIPseq data, CHSGS acts on 8 targets specifically localized in the liver, such as FGA, FGB, and FGG. The main contributors to CHSGS soothing the liver qi targets are hesperetin, nobiletin, ferulic acid, naringin and albiflorin. In addition, network pharmacology analysis identified 9 blood components of CHSGS that corresponded to 63 anti-depressant targets in the brain. Among them, nobiletin has the largest number of anti-depressant targets, followed by glycyrrhizic acid, ferulic acid, albiflorin and hesperetin. We also validated the anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS based on hippocampal proteomics. CHSGS exerts anti-depressant effects on synaptic structure and neuronal function by targeting multiple synapse related proteins. CONCLUSION: This study not only provides a theoretical basis for further expanding the clinical application of CHSGS, but also provides a series of potential lead compounds for the development of depression drugs.
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Objective: Intracapsular enucleation (ICE) of cervical sympathetic chain schwannoma (CSCS) is associated with technical difficulties, with diffuse hemorrhage being the main challenge in our previous attempts. This article presents our new strategy for achieving better hemostasis during ICE procedures in CSCS cases. Methods: A retrospective review of CSCS cases treated at our tertiary medical institution was undertaken between April 2018 and February 2024. Only cases with successful ICE were included. Results: A total of 8 cases were included, with 4 male and 4 female patients and an age range of 23 to 77 (average and median ages were 48.5 and 49.5 years, respectively). The presenting symptom was a neck mass for all the patients, with 4 masses on the left and 4 on the right sides. Enucleation was first undertaken for the first 3 cases (before March 2022), followed by hemostasis; this strategy was quite difficult and time-consuming. For the remaining 5 cases, a new strategy was developed to preemptively manage any potential nourishing vessel between the capsule and tumor parenchyma, which significantly decreased operation time (P = .0155) and facilitated hemorrhage control. First bite syndrome (FBS) was avoided in all cases. Postoperative Horner's syndrome (HS) was avoided in 1 patient (Case 6, new strategy) but occurred in 7 patients, taking 8 days to 1 month to recover with the new strategy (4 patients), significantly shorter (P = .0364) than before (3 patients, 1-3 months). The median duration of follow-up was 20 months. No recurrence was documented. Conclusions: ICE was achieved for CSCS cases, especially with our newly developed strategy, by preemptively and securely managing potential nourishing vessels. Operation time and duration of recovery of postoperative HS could both be shortened. Moreover, FBS could be avoided.
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BACKGROUND: Post-stroke infection is the most common complication of stroke and poses a huge threat to patients. In addition to prolonging the hospitalization time and increasing the medical burden, post-stroke infection also significantly increases the risk of disease and death. Clarifying the risk factors for post-stroke infection in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is of great significance. It can guide clinical practice to perform corresponding prevention and control work early, minimizing the risk of stroke-related infections and ensuring favorable disease outcomes. AIM: To explore the risk factors for post-stroke infection in patients with AIS and to construct a nomogram predictive model. METHODS: The clinical data of 206 patients with AIS admitted to our hospital between April 2020 and April 2023 were retrospectively collected. Baseline data and post-stroke infection status of all study subjects were assessed, and the risk factors for post-stroke infection in patients with AIS were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally, 48 patients with AIS developed stroke, with an infection rate of 23.3%. Age, diabetes, disturbance of consciousness, high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, invasive operation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were risk factors for post-stroke infection in patients with AIS (P < 0.05). A nomogram prediction model was constructed with a C-index of 0.891, reflecting the good potential clinical efficacy of the nomogram prediction model. The calibration curve also showed good consistency between the actual observations and nomogram predictions. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.891 (95% confidence interval: 0.839-0.942), showing predictive value for post-stroke infection. When the optimal cutoff value was selected, the sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 79.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Age, diabetes, disturbance of consciousness, NIHSS score at admission, invasive surgery, and COPD are risk factors for post-stroke infection following AIS. The nomogram prediction model established based on these factors exhibits high discrimination and accuracy.
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Rehmannia chingii is an important medicinal plant with immense value in scientific research. However, its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has not yet been characterized. Herein, based on whole-genome Illumina short reads and PacBio HiFi reads, we obtained the complete mitogenome of R. chingii through a de novo assembly strategy. We carried out comparative genomic analyses and found that, in comparison with the plastid genome (plastome) showing a high degree of structural conservation, the R. chingii mitogenome structure is relatively complex, showing an intricate ring structure with 16 connections, owing to five repetitive sequences. The R. chingii mitogenome was 783,161 bp with a GC content of 44.8% and contained 77 genes, comprising 47 protein-coding genes (CDS), 27 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. We counted 579 RNA editing events in 47 CDS and 12,828 codons in all CDSs of the R. chingii mitogenome. Furthermore, 24 unique sequence transfer fragments were found between the mitogenome and plastome, comprising 8 mitogenome CDS genes and 16 plastome CDS genes, corresponding to 2.39% of the R. chingii mitogenome. Mitogenomes had shorter but more collinear regions, evidenced by a comparison of the organelles of non-parasitic R. chingii, hemiparasitic Pedicularis chinensis, and holoparasitic Aeginetia indica in the Orobanchaceae family. Moreover, from non-parasitic to holoparasitic species, the genome size in the mitogenomes of Orobanchaceae species did not decrease gradually. Instead, the smallest mitogenome was found in the hemiparasitic species P. chinensis, with a size of 225,612 bp. The findings fill the gap in the mitogenome research of the medicinal plant R. chingii, promote the progress of the organelle genome research of the Orobanchaceae family, and provide clues for molecular breeding.
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Genoma Mitocondrial , Eritrodermia Ictiosiforme Congênita , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo Lipídico , Doenças Musculares , Orobanchaceae , Rehmannia , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Hibridização Genômica ComparativaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of moxibustion intervention on the hypothalamus-spinal cord-colon axis of rats with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and explore the mechanism of moxibustion in improving visceral hypersensitivity in rats with IBS-D. METHODS: A total of 36 SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, and moxibustion groups, with 12 rats in each group. The IBS-D model was established by maternal separation + acetic acid stimulation + chronic restraint. Rats of the moxibustion group received bilateral moxibustion on "Tianshu" (ST25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST37) for 15 min, once a day for 7 consecutive days. The body weight, loose stool rate, and minimum threshold volume of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) were measured before and after moxibustion intervention, respectively. The histopathological changes in the colon tissue were observed after HE staining. The number of colonic mucosal mast cells (MCs) was measured by toluidine blue staining. The activation of MCs was determined by tryptase positive expression level and examined by immunohistochemical staining. The content, protein and mRNA expression levels and positive expression levels of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and colon tissues were measured by ELISA, Western blot, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the loose stool rate was increased (P<0.01)ï¼the body weight and minimum threshold volume of AWR were decreased (P<0.01)ï¼the inflammatory infiltration of colon tissues was obviousï¼the number of MCs and positive expression level of tryptase in the colon tissue were increased (P<0.01)ï¼the contents, positive expression le-vels, protein and mRNA expression levels of CRF, SP and CGRP in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and colon tissues were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the model group. After the intervention, compared with the model group, all these indicators showed opposite trends (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion can improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats with IBS-D, and its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-spinal-colon axis to reduce the release of CRF, SP and CGRP, and thus to inhibite MC in colon tissue.