RESUMO
The kinesin-3 KIF1C is a fast organelle transporter implicated in the transport of dense core vesicles in neurons and the delivery of integrins to cell adhesions. Here we report the mechanisms of autoinhibition and release that control the activity of KIF1C. We show that the microtubule binding surface of KIF1C motor domain interacts with its stalk and that these autoinhibitory interactions are released upon binding of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN21. The FERM domain of PTPN21 stimulates dense core vesicle transport in primary hippocampal neurons and rescues integrin trafficking in KIF1C-depleted cells. In vitro, human full-length KIF1C is a processive, plus-end directed motor. Its landing rate onto microtubules increases in the presence of either PTPN21 FERM domain or the cargo adapter Hook3 that binds the same region of KIF1C tail. This autoinhibition release mechanism allows cargo-activated transport and might enable motors to participate in bidirectional cargo transport without undertaking a tug-of-war.
Assuntos
Cinesinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras/metabolismo , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Linhagem Celular , Vesículas Citoplasmáticas/metabolismo , Hipocampo/citologia , Humanos , Integrinas/metabolismo , Microscopia Intravital/métodos , Cinesinas/genética , Cinesinas/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/isolamento & purificação , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Cultura Primária de Células , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras/isolamento & purificação , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ratos , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Imagem Individual de Molécula/métodosRESUMO
Microtubules are key players in cellular self-organization, acting as structural scaffolds, cellular highways, force generators and signalling platforms. Microtubules are polar filaments that undergo dynamic instability, i.e. transition between phases of growth and shrinkage. This allows microtubules to explore the inner space of the cell, generate pushing and pulling forces and remodel themselves into arrays with different geometry and function such as the mitotic spindle. To do this, eukaryotic cells employ an arsenal of regulatory proteins to control microtubule dynamics spatially and temporally. Plants and microorganisms have developed secondary metabolites that perturb microtubule dynamics, many of which are in active use as cancer chemotherapeutics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Here, we summarize the methods used to visualize microtubules and to measure the parameters of dynamic instability to study both microtubule regulatory proteins and the action of small molecules interfering with microtubule assembly and/or disassembly.