RESUMO
Echium oil is rich in omega-3, however, is unstable. The objective of this work was the co-encapsulation of echium oil and sinapic acid (SA) by emulsification using Arabic gum as emulsifier/carrier, followed by spray or freeze-drying. Eight treatments (S0, S200, S600 and S1000: particles spray dried with different concentrations of SA; L0, L200, L600 and L1000: particles freeze dried with different concentrations of SA) were analyzed in relation to microscopy, water activity (Aw), hygroscopicity, moisture, solubility, particle size, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and accelerated oxidation. Particles of rounded shape and undefined form were obtained by spray and freeze-drying, besides ideal physicochemical properties for application (values from 0.091 to 0.365, 3.22 to 4.89%, 57 to 68% and 2.32 to 12.42 µm for Aw, moisture, solubility and particle size, respectively). All treatments protected the oil against oxidation, obtaining induction time of 5.31 h for oil and from 7.88 to 12.94 h for treatments. The better protection to oil was obtained with it emulsified and freeze-dried (L600); the encapsulation increased oxidative stability of the oil, besides facilitating its application over the fact the material is in powder form.
RESUMO
Pannexins are transmembrane proteins that form communication channels connecting the cytosol of an individual cell with its extracellular environment. A number of studies have documented the presence of pannexin1 in liver as well as its involvement in inflammatory responses. In this study, it was investigated whether pannexin1 plays a role in acute liver failure and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, being prototypical acute and chronic liver pathologies, respectively, both featured by liver damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. To this end, wild-type and pannexin1-/- mice were overdosed with acetaminophen for 1, 6, 24 or 48h or were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet for 8weeks. Evaluation of the effects of genetic pannexin1 deletion was based on a number of clinically relevant read-outs, including markers of liver damage, histopathological analysis, lipid accumulation, protein adduct formation, oxidative stress and inflammation. In parallel, in order to elucidate molecular pathways affected by pannexin1 deletion as well as to mechanistically anchor the clinical observations, whole transcriptome analysis of liver tissue was performed. The results of this study show that pannexin1-/- diseased mice present less liver damage and oxidative stress, while inflammation was only decreased in pannexin1-/- mice in which non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was induced. A multitude of genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism were differentially modulated in both liver disease models in wild-type and in pannexin1-/- mice. Overall, the results of this study suggest that pannexin1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
Assuntos
Conexinas/genética , Citoproteção/genética , Deleção de Genes , Hepatopatias/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Doença Aguda , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Doença Crônica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado/patologia , Hepatopatias/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos KnockoutRESUMO
Different pharmacological interventions have been applied with success to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. However, many patients are not good responders or must interrupt treatment due to adverse effects. Bioactive compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), plant sterol esters (PSE) and phenolic compounds (PHC) are natural molecules with great potential to reduce the atherosclerosis burden by reducing inflammation, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and oxidative stress, respectively. Although their physiological effects on biomarkers are much lower than those expected by drugs used for the same purpose, bioactive compounds can easily be incorporated into the daily diet and present no adverse effects. However, little is known about the combination of n-3 FA, PSE, PHC, and drugs in atherosclerosis progression. This review article summarizes potential effects of co-therapies involving n-3 FA, PSE, and PHC combined with major hypolipidemic drugs on atherosclerosis biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Evidence of additive and/or complementary effects regarding drugs action reveals possible roles for bioactive compounds in disease management. Pharmaceutical companies, physicians, and food scientists should be prepared to better understand this type of interaction and its consequences in terms of efficacy and life quality.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colesterol/sangue , Dieta , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a highly prevalent liver pathology featured by hepatocellular fat deposition and inflammation. Connexin32, which is the major building block of hepatocellular gap junctions, has a protective role in hepatocarcinogenesis and is downregulated in chronic liver diseases. However, the role of connexin32 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis remains unclear. Connexin32-/- mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet. The manifestation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was evaluated based on a battery of clinically relevant read-outs, including histopathological examination, diverse indicators of inflammation and liver damage, in-depth lipid analysis, assessment of oxidative stress, insulin and glucose tolerance, liver regeneration and lipid-related biomarkers. Overall, more pronounced liver damage, inflammation and oxidative stress were observed in connexin32-/- mice compared to wild-type animals. No differences were found in insulin and glucose tolerance measurements and liver regeneration. However, two lipid-related genes, srebf1 and fabp3, were upregulated in Cx32-/- mice in comparison with wild-type animals. These findings suggest that connexin32-based signalling is not directly involved in steatosis as such, but rather in the sequelae of this process, which underlie progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Assuntos
Conexinas/deficiência , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fígado , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Conexinas/genética , Citocinas/sangue , Proteína 3 Ligante de Ácido Graxo , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/genética , Junções Comunicantes/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/ultraestrutura , Regeneração Hepática , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/imunologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Regulação para Cima , Proteína beta-1 de Junções ComunicantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although males contribute half of the embryo's genome, only recently has interest begun to be directed toward the potential impact of paternal experiences on the health of offspring. While there is evidence that paternal malnutrition may increase offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases, the influence of paternal factors on a daughter's breast cancer risk has been examined in few studies. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed, before and during puberty, either a lard-based (high in saturated fats) or a corn oil-based (high in n-6 polyunsaturated fats) high-fat diet (60 % of fat-derived energy). Control animals were fed an AIN-93G control diet (16 % of fat-derived energy). Their 50-day-old female offspring fed only a commercial diet were subjected to the classical model of mammary carcinogenesis based on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene initiation, and mammary tumor development was evaluated. Sperm cells and mammary gland tissue were subjected to cellular and molecular analysis. RESULTS: Compared with female offspring of control diet-fed male rats, offspring of lard-fed male rats did not differ in tumor latency, growth, or multiplicity. However, female offspring of lard-fed male rats had increased elongation of the mammary epithelial tree, number of terminal end buds, and tumor incidence compared with both female offspring of control diet-fed and corn oil-fed male rats. Compared with female offspring of control diet-fed male rats, female offspring of corn oil-fed male rats showed decreased tumor growth but no difference regarding tumor incidence, latency, or multiplicity. Additionally, female offspring of corn oil-fed male rats had longer tumor latency as well as decreased tumor growth and multiplicity compared with female offspring of lard-fed male rats. Paternal consumption of animal- or plant-based high-fat diets elicited opposing effects, with lard rich in saturated fatty acids increasing breast cancer risk in offspring and corn oil rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreasing it. These effects could be linked to alterations in microRNA expression in fathers' sperm and their daughters' mammary glands, and to modifications in breast cancer-related protein expression in this tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of paternal nutrition in affecting future generations' risk of developing breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Exposição Paterna , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Apoptose , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Análise por Conglomerados , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Masculino , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais , Carne , MicroRNAs , Plantas/química , Gravidez , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMO
To investigate the effect of Yerba Mate (YM) aqueous extract intake on the NF-kB pathway and AKT expression in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue of rats submitted to a high-fat diet (HFD). Male Wistar rats were fed a control (CON) (n = 24) or a HFD (n = 24) for 12 weeks. Afterwards, rats received YM daily (1 g/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Intake of YM aqueous extract reduced body weight gain (p < 0.05) and total blood cholesterol (p < 0.05) in the HFD group in comparison to the non-treated HFD group. HFD group demonstrated an increased glycemic response at 5 and 10 min after insulin injection. YM decreased the ratio between phosphorylated and total kinase inhibitor of κB (IKK), increased the ratio of phosphorylated to total form of protein kinase B (AKT) and reduced NF-κB phosphorylation in the liver of the HFD group. Our data suggest a beneficial role of YM in improving metabolic dysfunctions induced by HFD.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Ilex paraguariensis , Resistência à Insulina , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/farmacologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculos/metabolismo , Obesidade/complicações , Fosforilação , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In an effort to identify new alternatives for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) supplementation, the effect of three sources of omega 3 fatty acids (algae, fish and Echium oils) on lipid profile and inflammation biomarkers was evaluated in LDL receptor knockout mice. METHODS: The animals received a high fat diet and were supplemented by gavage with an emulsion containing water (CON), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 42.89%) from algae oil (ALG), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 19.97%) plus DHA (11.51%) from fish oil (FIS), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 26.75%) plus stearidonic acid (SDA, 11.13%) from Echium oil (ECH) for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Animals supplemented with Echium oil presented lower cholesterol total and triacylglycerol concentrations than control group (CON) and lower VLDL than all of the other groups, constituting the best lipoprotein profile observed in our study. Moreover, the Echium oil attenuated the hepatic steatosis caused by the high fat diet. However, in contrast to the marine oils, Echium oil did not affect the levels of transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism, such as Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α (PPAR α) and Liver X Receptor α (LXR α), suggesting that it exerts its beneficial effects by a mechanism other than those observed to EPA and DHA. Echium oil also reduced N-6/N-3 FA ratio in hepatic tissue, which can have been responsible for the attenuation of steatosis hepatic observed in ECH group. None of the supplemented oils reduced the inflammation biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Echium oil represents an alternative as natural ingredient to be applied in functional foods to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Echium/química , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administração & dosagem , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de LDL/deficiência , Animais , Clorófitas/química , Colesterol/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Peixes/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Receptores X do Fígado , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores Nucleares Órfãos/genética , Receptores Nucleares Órfãos/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Receptores de LDL/genética , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) aqueous extract consumption on metabolic indicators and inflammatory response of peritoneal macrophages in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a HFD for 12 weeks. At the end of this period, rats received, or not, daily doses of yerba maté for 4 weeks. The consumption of yerba maté promoted weight loss, attenuated the HFD-detrimental effects on adiposity and insulin sensitivity and decreased blood levels of the inflammatory biomarkers (p < 0.05). Concerning peritoneal macrophages, mate tea consumption decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-6, but did not influence the production of IL-1ß, tumour necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide; cytokine mRNA expression; or the activation of the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway. In summary, the consumption of mate tea had no consistent effect in the inflammatory response of peritoneal macrophages, but reduced cardiometabolic risk markers.
Assuntos
Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilex paraguariensis , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência à Insulina , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/etiologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that red wines constitute one of the most important sources of dietary polyphenolic antioxidants. However, it is still not known how some variables such as variety, vintage, country of origin, and retail price are associated with the antioxidant activity and sensory profile of South American red wines. In this regard, 80 samples produced in Brazil, Chile and Argentina were assessed in relation to their sensory properties, color and in vitro antioxidant activity, and results were subjected to multivariate statistical techniques. RESULTS: Samples were grouped in clusters, characterized by high, intermediate and low in vitro antioxidant activity, sensory properties and prices. It was possible to observe that wines with high antioxidant activity were associated to high retail prices and overall perception of sensory quality. CONCLUSION: South American wines produced from Vitis vinifera such as Syrah, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon had higher in vitro antioxidant activity and also higher sensory quality than wines produced from Vitis labrusca. This result was independent of vintage (2002-2010), corroborating the idea that the same grape varietal, even when produced in different years, displays similar sensory characteristics and antioxidant activity.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Frutas/química , Alimento Funcional/análise , Pigmentos Biológicos/análise , Vitis/química , Vinho/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Argentina , Brasil , Chile , Análise por Conglomerados , Manipulação de Alimentos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Alimento Funcional/economia , Humanos , Análise Multivariada , Odorantes , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese , Análise de Componente Principal , Sensação , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Especificidade da Espécie , Paladar , Vitis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vitis/metabolismo , Vinho/economiaRESUMO
This study aimed at encapsulating pomegranate seed oil (PSO) by emulsification followed by spray drying using whey protein isolate (WPI) in its natural form, heated (Pickering), and combined with modified starch (WPI:Capsul®) as emulsifiers/wall materials. Emulsions were stable under different stress conditions. Pickering emulsions presented bigger droplet size (6.49-9.98 µm) when compared to WPI (1.88-4.62 µm) and WPI:Capsul® emulsions (1.68-5.62 µm). Sixteen fatty acids were identified in PSO. WPI treatment was considered the best formulation since it presented the highest fatty acid retention (68.51, 65.47, 47.27, 53.68, 52.95, and 52.28% for linoleic, oleic, punicic, α-eleostearic, catalpic, and ß-eleostearic acids after 30 days-storage, respectively) and protected the oil against volatile compound formation (heptanal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (Z)-2-heptenal, octanal, pentanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, (E)-2-decenal, and (E,E)-2,4-octadienal), which did not occur with free PSO. Overall, encapsulation protected PSO against oxidation over time, which may allow the development of new functional foods.
Assuntos
Óleos de Plantas/química , Punica granatum/química , Amido/química , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/química , Dessecação , Emulsificantes/química , Emulsões , Temperatura Alta , Oxirredução , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Among the primary neoplasias that affect the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent and the third leading cause of death related to cancer. Several risk factors predispose individuals to HCC such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose incidence has significantly increased worldwide. ß-ionone (ßI) isoprenoid is a known chemopreventive of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the effects of this compound on NAFLD isolated or in association with hepatocarcinogenesis have not yet been evaluated. A high-fat emulsion administered for 6 weeks resulted in NAFLD in male rats, and oral treatment with ßI during this period significantly attenuated its development. Moreover, the presence of NAFLD potentiated hepatocarcinogenesis induced by the resistant hepatocyte (RH) model in these animals by increasing the number and percentage of the liver section area occupied by placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive persistent preneoplastic lesions (pPNLs), that are thought to evolve into HCC. This indicates that this NAFLD/RH protocol is suitable for studies of the influence of NAFLD on the HCC development. Therefore, here we also investigated the chemopreventive effect of ßI under these two associated conditions. In this context, ßI reduced the number and percentage of the liver section area occupied by pPNLs, as well as cell proliferation and the number of oval cells, which are considered potential targets for the development of HCC. Thus, ßI presents not only a promising inhibitory effect on NAFLD isolated but also chemopreventive activity when it is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Hepáticas/prevenção & controle , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Norisoprenoides/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/induzido quimicamente , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Norisoprenoides/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/análiseRESUMO
Infants who are breast-fed have been shown to have a lower incidence of certain infectious diseases compared with formula-fed infants. Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids found in maternal milk and it is essential for the function of immune system cells such as macrophages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on the function of peritoneal macrophages and on hemopoiesis in early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mice were weaned at 14 d of age and distributed to 2 groups and fed either a glutamine-free diet (n = 16) or a glutamine-supplemented diet (+Gln) (n = 16). Both diets were isonitrogenous (with addition of a mixture of nonessential amino acids) and isocaloric. At d 21, 2 subgroups of mice (n = 16) were intraperitoneally injected with BCG and all mice were killed at d 28. Plasma, muscle and liver glutamine concentrations and muscle glutamine synthetase activity were not affected by diet or inoculation with BCG. The +Gln diet led to increased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood (P < 0.05) and granulocyte and lymphocyte counts in the bone marrow and spleen (P < 0.05). The +Gln diet increased spreading and adhesion capacities, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) syntheses and the phagocytic and fungicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages (P < 0.05). The interaction between the +Gln diet and BCG inoculation increased the area under the curve of interleukin (IL)-1beta and TNFalpha syntheses (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the intake of glutamine increases the function of peritoneal macrophages and hemopoiesis in early-weaned and BCG-inoculated mice. These data have important implications for the design of breast milk substitutes for human infants.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/administração & dosagem , Glutamina/administração & dosagem , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematopoese/imunologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Glutamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Fórmulas Infantis , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Camundongos , Leite/imunologia , Leite/metabolismo , DesmameRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Nut consumption is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease. Baru almonds have a high protein content and high quantities of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a baru almond-enriched diet on body composition and markers of lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, 8-wk clinical trial of 46 overweight and obese women was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 normocaloric and isoenergetic diets: baru almond-enriched diet or baru almond-free diet. Both groups received dietary instructions. Body composition was assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Blood pressure, glucose levels, lipid profile, and plasma fatty acids, as well as apolipoproteins, angiopoietin-like-3, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression, were determined at the beginning and end of the study. RESULTS: The consumption of baru almonds reduced waist circumference (-2.45 cm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.90 to -0.23; Pâ¯=â¯0.03), cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression (-0.23 mcg/mL; 95% CI, -1.24 to-0.08; Pâ¯=â¯0.03), and increased high-density lipoprotein concentrations (+4.82 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.03-8.88; Pâ¯=â¯0.04) compared with baru almond-free diet. CONCLUSIONS: A baru almond-enriched diet for 8-wk reduced abdominal adiposity and improved high-density lipoprotein in overweight and obese women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as RBR-2 wpryx.
Assuntos
Gordura Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Dieta/métodos , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Prunus dulcis , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Sobrepeso/sangue , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
Intake of omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterols aids in the reduction of cholesterol and serum triglycerides. However, both fatty acids and phytosterols are susceptible to oxidation. This work coencapsulated echium oil (source of stearidonic and alpha-linolenic fatty acids) and beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) by complex coacervation using different combinations of wall materials, and sinapic acid (SA) and transglutaminase as crosslinkers. High encapsulation yields were obtained (29-93% for SA; 68-100% for the mixture of oil and phytosterols) and retention of 49-99% and 16% for encapsulated and free SA, at 30â¯days-storage. Treatment with gelatin-arabic gum and 0.075â¯gâ¯SA/gâ¯gelatin showed the best results: 0.07â¯mgâ¯MDA/gâ¯capsule, and retention of 96, 90 and 74% for alpha-linolenic, stearidonic acid and beta-sitosterol at 30â¯days of storage, respectively. Thus, coencapsulation of echium oil and phytosterol using SA as the crosslinker was possible, obtaining effective vehicles for protection and application of these compounds in foods.
Assuntos
Echium/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Sitosteroides/química , Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Fitosteróis/química , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Echium oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are important because of their benefits to human health; it is, however, unstable. The objective of this work was the coencapsulation of echium oil and quercetin or sinapic acid by microfluidic and ionic gelation techniques. The treatments were analyzed utilizing optical and scanning electron microscopy, encapsulation yield, particle size, thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, stability under stress conditions, and oil oxidative/phenolic compound stability for 30days at 40°C. High encapsulation yield values were obtained (91-97% and 77-90% for the phenolic compounds and oil) and the encapsulated oil was almost seven times more stable than the non-encapsulated oil (0.34 vs 2.42mgMDA/kg oil for encapsulated and non-encapsulated oil, respectively). Encapsulation was shown to promote oxidative stability, allowing new vehicles for the application of these compounds in food without the use of solvents and high temperature.
Assuntos
Echium , Emulsões , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Microfluídica , FenóisRESUMO
The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterol promotes the reduction of cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. However, such compounds are susceptible to oxidation, which hampers their application. The objective of this work was to coencapsulate echium oil, phytosterols and sinapic acid (crosslinker/antioxidant), and incorporate the obtained microcapsules into yogurt. The microcapsules were evaluated for particle size, accelerated oxidation by Rancimat, and simulation of gastric/intestinal release. The yogurts were assessed for morphology, pH, titratable acidity, color, rheology and sensory analysis. The microcapsules (13-42µm) promoted protection against oil oxidation (induction time of 54.96h). The yogurt containing microcapsules, presented a pH range from 3.89 to 4.17 and titratable acidity range from 0.798 to 0.826%, with good sensorial acceptance. It was possible to apply the microcapsules in yogurt, without compromising the rheological properties and physicochemical stability of the product.
Assuntos
Iogurte , Ácidos Cumáricos , Echium , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Humanos , FitosteróisRESUMO
While gap junctions mediate intercellular communication and support liver homeostasis, connexin hemichannels are preferentially opened by pathological stimuli, including inflammation and oxidative stress. The latter are essential features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, it was investigated whether connexin32 and connexin43 hemichannels play a role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mice were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet or normal diet for 8 weeks. Thereafter, TAT-Gap24 or TAT-Gap19, specific inhibitors of hemichannels composed of connexin32 and connexin43, respectively, were administered for 2 weeks. Subsequently, histopathological examination was carried out and various indicators of inflammation, liver damage and oxidative stress were tested. In addition, whole transcriptome microarray analysis of liver tissue was performed. Channel specificity of TAT-Gap24 and TAT-Gap19 was examined in vitro by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis and measurement of extracellular release of adenosine triphosphate. TAT-Gap24 and TAT-Gap19 were shown to be hemichannel-specific in cultured primary hepatocytes. Diet-fed animals treated with TAT-Gap24 or TAT-Gap19 displayed decreased amounts of liver lipids and inflammatory markers, and augmented levels of superoxide dismutase, which was supported by the microarray results. These findings show the involvement of connexin32 and connexin43 hemichannels in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and, simultaneously, suggest a role as potential drug targets in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Assuntos
Conexinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores , Conexina 43/química , Conexina 43/farmacologia , Conexinas/química , Conexinas/genética , Conexinas/metabolismo , Junções Comunicantes/efeitos dos fármacos , Junções Comunicantes/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Testes de Função Hepática , Camundongos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/genética , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , TranscriptomaRESUMO
SCOPE: Interactions between adiponectin genetic variants and plasma fatty acid profile can modulate plasma inflammatory biomarker concentration and the risk for metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene and plasma fatty acid profile in modulating the odds for systemic inflammation in a cross-sectional population-based study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inflammatory patterns comprised 11 inflammatory biomarkers. Among participants of the Health Survey of São Paulo, 262 adults (19-59 years) met the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, plasma inflammatory biomarker concentration, and fatty acid profile were measured and five single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene (rs2241766, rs1501299, rs16861209, rs17300539, and rs266729) genotyped. Individuals in the upper 50th percentile for plasma araquidonic acid, n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid and estimated delta-5-desaturase activity, had reduced odds of being in the inflammatory cluster (OR (95% CI) = 0.55 (0.32-0.95), 0.50 (0.28-0.88) and 0.48 (0.28-0.83), respectively). Gene-plasma fatty acid profile interaction was found between rs2241766 and n-3 (p = 0.019), rs16861209 and araquidonic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (p = 0.044, p = 0.037, respectively), and rs17300539 and saturated fatty acid (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Plasma fatty acid profile can interact with adiponectin gene variants to modulate the risk for systemic inflammatory state.
Assuntos
Adiponectina/genética , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Inflamação/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMO
Microencapsulation by complex coacervation using gelatin and arabic gum (AG) as wall materials and transglutaminase for crosslinking is commonly used. However, AG is only produced in a few countries and transglutaminase is expensive. This work aimed to evaluate the encapsulation of echium oil by complex coacervation using gelatin and cashew gum (CG) as wall materials and sinapic acid (S) as crosslinker. Treatments were analyzed in relation to morphology, particle size, circularity, accelerated oxidation and submitted to different stress conditions. Rounded microcapsules were obtained for treatments with AG (45.45µm) and microcapsules of undefined format were obtained for treatments with CG (22.06µm). The S incorporation for 12h improved the oil stability by three fold compared to oil encapsulated without crosslinkers. Treatments with CG and S were resistant to different stress conditions similar to treatments with AG and transglutaminase, making this an alternative for delivery/application of compounds in food products.
Assuntos
Echium/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Anacardium/química , Cápsulas , Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Gelatina/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Concentração Osmolar , Oxidantes/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Gomas Vegetais/química , Sacarose/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
The consumption of omega-3 enables the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk; however they are unstable. The aim of this work was to encapsulate echium oil (Echium plantagineum L.), a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, with phenolic compounds (sinapic acid and rutin) by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation or by complex coacervation with sinapic acid in the capsule wall. Analyses of morphology, particle size, circularity, water activity, moisture, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, process yield, accelerated oxidation and identification and quantification of fatty acids present in the encapsulated oil were performed. Samples presented values of encapsulation process yield of phenolics and oil in the range of 39-80% and 73-99%, respectively. Moreover, all samples protected the oil against oxidation, obtaining induction time (accelerated oxidation) of 5h for pure oil and values in the range from 10 to 18h for samples. Thus, better protection to the oil was possible with sinapic acid applied in the capsule wall, which enhances its protection against lipid oxidation.