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1.
Cell ; 2024 Sep 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39305902

RESUMO

m6A modification is best known for its critical role in controlling multiple post-transcriptional processes of the mRNAs. Here, we discovered elevated levels of m6A modification on centromeric RNA (cenRNA) in cancerous cells compared with non-cancerous cells. We then identified CENPA, an H3 variant, as an m6A reader of cenRNA. CENPA is localized at centromeres and is essential in preserving centromere integrity and function during mitosis. The m6A-modified cenRNA stabilizes centromeric localization of CENPA in cancer cells during the S phase of the cell cycle. Mutations of CENPA at the Leu61 and the Arg63 or removal of cenRNA m6A modification lead to loss of centromere-bound CENPA during S phase. This in turn results in compromised centromere integrity and abnormal chromosome separation and hinders cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. Our findings unveil an m6A reading mechanism by CENPA that epigenetically governs centromere integrity in cancer cells, providing potential targets for cancer therapy.

2.
Cell ; 184(22): 5541-5558.e22, 2021 10 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34644528

RESUMO

Retrotransposons mediate gene regulation in important developmental and pathological processes. Here, we characterized the transient retrotransposon induction during preimplantation development of eight mammals. Induced retrotransposons exhibit similar preimplantation profiles across species, conferring gene regulatory activities, particularly through long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon promoters. A mouse-specific MT2B2 retrotransposon promoter generates an N-terminally truncated Cdk2ap1ΔN that peaks in preimplantation embryos and promotes proliferation. In contrast, the canonical Cdk2ap1 peaks in mid-gestation and represses cell proliferation. This MT2B2 promoter, whose deletion abolishes Cdk2ap1ΔN production, reduces cell proliferation and impairs embryo implantation, is developmentally essential. Intriguingly, Cdk2ap1ΔN is evolutionarily conserved in sequence and function yet is driven by different promoters across mammals. The distinct preimplantation Cdk2ap1ΔN expression in each mammalian species correlates with the duration of its preimplantation development. Hence, species-specific transposon promoters can yield evolutionarily conserved, alternative protein isoforms, bestowing them with new functions and species-specific expression to govern essential biological divergence.


Assuntos
Sequência Conservada , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Retroelementos/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/metabolismo , Humanos , Mamíferos/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Biológicos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo
3.
Annu Rev Biochem ; 87: 51-73, 2018 06 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29589958

RESUMO

Ribosome biogenesis is a complex and highly energy-demanding process that requires the concerted action of all three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pol I-III) in eukaryotes. The three largest ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) originate from a precursor transcript (pre-rRNA) that is encoded by multicopy genes located in the nucleolus. Transcription of these rRNA genes (rDNA) by Pol I is the key regulation step in ribosome production and is tightly controlled by an intricate network of signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. In this article, we give an overview of the composition of the basal Pol I machinery and rDNA chromatin. We discuss rRNA gene regulation in response to environmental signals and developmental cues and focus on perturbations occurring in diseases linked to either excessive or limited rRNA levels. Finally, we discuss the emerging view that rDNA integrity and activity may be involved in the aging process.


Assuntos
RNA Polimerase I/genética , RNA Polimerase I/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/genética , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Família Multigênica , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Ribossomos/genética , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Transcrição Gênica
4.
Cell ; 175(7): 1958-1971.e15, 2018 12 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30449619

RESUMO

Human T cells are central effectors of immunity and cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR-based functional studies in T cells could prioritize novel targets for drug development and improve the design of genetically reprogrammed cell-based therapies. However, large-scale CRISPR screens have been challenging in primary human cells. We developed a new method, single guide RNA (sgRNA) lentiviral infection with Cas9 protein electroporation (SLICE), to identify regulators of stimulation responses in primary human T cells. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens identified essential T cell receptor signaling components and genes that negatively tune proliferation following stimulation. Targeted ablation of individual candidate genes characterized hits and identified perturbations that enhanced cancer cell killing. SLICE coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed signature stimulation-response gene programs altered by key genetic perturbations. SLICE genome-wide screening was also adaptable to identify mediators of immunosuppression, revealing genes controlling responses to adenosine signaling. The SLICE platform enables unbiased discovery and characterization of functional gene targets in primary cells.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Genoma Humano , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/genética , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/imunologia , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Linfócitos T/citologia
5.
Genes Dev ; 37(7-8): 321-335, 2023 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37024283

RESUMO

Several rRNA-modifying enzymes install rRNA modifications while participating in ribosome assembly. Here, we show that 18S rRNA methyltransferase DIMT1 is essential for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) proliferation through a noncatalytic function. We reveal that targeting a positively charged cleft of DIMT1, remote from the catalytic site, weakens the binding of DIMT1 to rRNA and mislocalizes DIMT1 to the nucleoplasm, in contrast to the primarily nucleolar localization of wild-type DIMT1. Mechanistically, rRNA binding is required for DIMT1 to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, which explains the distinct nucleoplasm localization of the rRNA binding-deficient DIMT1. Re-expression of wild-type or a catalytically inactive mutant E85A, but not the rRNA binding-deficient DIMT1, supports AML cell proliferation. This study provides a new strategy to target DIMT1-regulated AML proliferation via targeting this essential noncatalytic region.


Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Metiltransferases , Humanos , Nucléolo Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA , RNA Ribossômico 18S/metabolismo
6.
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol ; 31: 231-47, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26566112

RESUMO

Ion channels have emerged as regulators of developmental processes. In model organisms and in people with mutations in ion channels, disruption of ion channel function can affect cell proliferation, cell migration, and craniofacial and limb patterning. Alterations of ion channel function affect morphogenesis in fish, frogs, mammals, and flies, demonstrating that ion channels have conserved roles in developmental processes. One model suggests that ion channels affect proliferation and migration through changes in cell volume. However, ion channels have not explicitly been placed in canonical developmental signaling cascades until recently. This review gives examples of ion channels that influence developmental processes, offers a potential underlying molecular mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and finally explores exciting possibilities for manipulating ion channels to influence cell fate for regenerative medicine and to impact disease.


Assuntos
Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Animais , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Tamanho Celular , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia
7.
Mol Cell ; 79(4): 660-676.e8, 2020 08 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32755593

RESUMO

Specific combinations of two transcription factors (Hnf4α plus Foxa1, Foxa2, or Foxa3) can induce direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts into hepatocyte-like cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic reprogramming are largely unknown. Here, we show that the Foxa protein family members and Hnf4α sequentially and cooperatively bind to chromatin to activate liver-specific gene expression. Although all Foxa proteins bind to and open regions of closed chromatin as pioneer factors, Foxa3 has the unique potential of transferring from the distal to proximal regions of the transcription start site of target genes, binding RNA polymerase II, and co-traversing target genes. These distinctive characteristics of Foxa3 are essential for inducing the hepatic fate in fibroblasts. Similar functional coupling of transcription factors to RNA polymerase II may occur in other contexts whereby transcriptional activation can induce cell differentiation.


Assuntos
Fator 3-gama Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fator 4 Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/fisiologia , Ativação Transcricional , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células Cultivadas , Reprogramação Celular/fisiologia , Cromatina/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase II/genética , DNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fator 3-gama Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Fator 4 Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Domínios Proteicos , Sítio de Iniciação de Transcrição
8.
Mol Cell ; 79(5): 846-856.e8, 2020 09 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32755594

RESUMO

Resveratrol is a natural product associated with wide-ranging effects in animal and cellular models, including lifespan extension. To identify the genetic target of resveratrol in human cells, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens to pinpoint genes that confer sensitivity or resistance to resveratrol. An extensive network of DNA damage response and replicative stress genes exhibited genetic interactions with resveratrol and its analog pterostilbene. These genetic profiles showed similarity to the response to hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that causes replicative stress. Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and hydroxyurea caused similar depletion of nucleotide pools, inhibition of replication fork progression, and induction of replicative stress. The ability of resveratrol to inhibit cell proliferation and S phase transit was independent of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 1, which has been implicated in lifespan extension by resveratrol. These results establish that a primary impact of resveratrol on human cell proliferation is the induction of low-level replicative stress.


Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Humanos , Hidroxiureia/farmacologia , Células Jurkat , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Pontos de Checagem da Fase S do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacologia
9.
Genes Dev ; 34(23-24): 1650-1665, 2020 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33184223

RESUMO

Circadian clocks in pancreatic islets participate in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we examined the role of these timekeepers in ß-cell regeneration after the massive ablation of ß cells by doxycycline-induced expression of diphtheria toxin A (DTA) in Insulin-rtTA/TET-DTA mice. Since we crossed reporter genes expressing α- and ß-cell-specific fluorescent proteins into these mice, we could follow the fate of α- and ß cells separately. As expected, DTA induction resulted in an acute hyperglycemia, which was accompanied by dramatic changes in gene expression in residual ß cells. In contrast, only temporal alterations of gene expression were observed in α cells. Interestingly, ß cells entered S phase preferentially during the nocturnal activity phase, indicating that the diurnal rhythm also plays a role in the orchestration of ß-cell regeneration. Indeed, in arrhythmic Bmal1-deficient mice, which lack circadian clocks, no compensatory ß-cell proliferation was observed, and the ß-cell ablation led to aggravated hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and fatal diabetes.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/citologia , Pâncreas/fisiologia , Regeneração/genética , Animais , Proliferação de Células/genética , Ritmo Circadiano , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/citologia , Camundongos , Transcriptoma
10.
Genes Dev ; 34(23-24): 1559-1561, 2020 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33262142

RESUMO

In vivo regeneration of ß cells provides hope for self-renewal of functional insulin-secreting cells following ß-cell failure, a historically fatal condition now sustainable only by administration of exogenous insulin. Despite advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, the path toward endogenous renewal of ß-cell populations has remained elusive. Intensive efforts have focused on elucidating pancreatic transcriptional programs that can drive the division and (trans-)differentiation of non-ß cells to produce insulin. A surprise has been the identification of an essential role of the molecular circadian clock in the regulation of competent insulin-producing ß cells. In this issue of Genes & Development, work by Petrenko and colleagues (pp. 1650-1665) now shows a requirement for the intrinsic clock in the regenerative capacity of insulin-producing cells following genetic ablation of ß cells. These studies raise the possibility that enhancing core clock activity may provide an adjuvant in cell replacement therapies.


Assuntos
Relógios Circadianos , Diabetes Mellitus , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Humanos , Insulina , Pâncreas
11.
Development ; 151(8)2024 Apr 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38512712

RESUMO

The formation of complex three-dimensional organs during development requires precise coordination between patterning networks and mechanical forces. In particular, tissue folding is a crucial process that relies on a combination of local and tissue-wide mechanical forces. Here, we investigate the contribution of cell proliferation to epithelial morphogenesis using the Drosophila leg tarsal folds as a model. We reveal that tissue-wide compression forces generated by cell proliferation, in coordination with the Notch signaling pathway, are essential for the formation of epithelial folds in precise locations along the proximo-distal axis of the leg. As cell numbers increase, compressive stresses arise, promoting the folding of the epithelium and reinforcing the apical constriction of invaginating cells. Additionally, the Notch target dysfusion plays a key function specifying the location of the folds, through the apical accumulation of F-actin and the apico-basal shortening of invaginating cells. These findings provide new insights into the intricate mechanisms involved in epithelial morphogenesis, highlighting the crucial role of tissue-wide forces in shaping a three-dimensional organ in a reproducible manner.


Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila , Receptores Notch , Animais , Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Epitélio/metabolismo , Morfogênese/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores Notch/metabolismo
12.
Mol Cell ; 73(1): 84-96.e7, 2019 01 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30472187

RESUMO

The post-translational modification of key residues at the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAP2-CTD) coordinates transcription, splicing, and RNA processing by modulating its capacity to act as a landing platform for a variety of protein complexes. Here, we identify a new modification at the CTD, the deimination of arginine and its conversion to citrulline by peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PADI2), an enzyme that has been associated with several diseases, including cancer. We show that, among PADI family members, only PADI2 citrullinates R1810 (Cit1810) at repeat 31 of the CTD. Depletion of PADI2 or loss of R1810 results in accumulation of RNAP2 at transcription start sites, reduced gene expression, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Cit1810 is needed for interaction with the P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor b) kinase complex and for its recruitment to chromatin. In this way, CTD-Cit1810 favors RNAP2 pause release and efficient transcription in breast cancer cells.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Arginina , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Citrulinação , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Fator B de Elongação Transcricional Positiva/genética , Fator B de Elongação Transcricional Positiva/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Proteína-Arginina Desiminase do Tipo 2 , Desiminases de Arginina em Proteínas/genética , Desiminases de Arginina em Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase II/química , RNA Polimerase II/genética , Transdução de Sinais
13.
Mol Cell ; 74(6): 1250-1263.e6, 2019 06 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31054974

RESUMO

Alternative pre-mRNA-splicing-induced post-transcriptional gene expression regulation is one of the pathways for tumors maintaining proliferation rates accompanying the malignant phenotype under stress. Here, we uncover a list of hyperacetylated proteins in the context of acutely reduced Acetyl-CoA levels under nutrient starvation. PHF5A, a component of U2 snRNPs, can be acetylated at lysine 29 in response to multiple cellular stresses, which is dependent on p300. PHF5A acetylation strengthens the interaction among U2 snRNPs and affects global pre-mRNA splicing pattern and extensive gene expression. PHF5A hyperacetylation-induced alternative splicing stabilizes KDM3A mRNA and promotes its protein expression. Pathologically, PHF5A K29 hyperacetylation and KDM3A upregulation axis are correlated with poor prognosis of colon cancer. Our findings uncover a mechanism of an anti-stress pathway through which acetylation on PHF5A promotes the cancer cells' capacity for stress resistance and consequently contributes to colon carcinogenesis.


Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo , Carcinogênese/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Transativadores/genética , Acetilcoenzima A/deficiência , Acetilação , Animais , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/patologia , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/antagonistas & inibidores , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Prognóstico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U2/genética , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Análise de Sobrevida , Transativadores/antagonistas & inibidores , Transativadores/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/metabolismo
14.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(22): e2401729121, 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38768345

RESUMO

O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential mammalian enzyme that glycosylates myriad intracellular proteins and cleaves the transcriptional coregulator Host Cell Factor 1 to regulate cell cycle processes. Via these catalytic activities as well as noncatalytic protein-protein interactions, OGT maintains cell homeostasis. OGT's tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain is important in substrate recognition, but there is little information on how changing the TPR domain impacts its cellular functions. Here, we investigate how altering OGT's TPR domain impacts cell growth after the endogenous enzyme is deleted. We find that disrupting the TPR residues required for OGT dimerization leads to faster cell growth, whereas truncating the TPR domain slows cell growth. We also find that OGT requires eight of its 13 TPRs to sustain cell viability. OGT-8, like the nonviable shorter OGT variants, is mislocalized and has reduced Ser/Thr glycosylation activity; moreover, its interactions with most of wild-type OGT's binding partners are broadly attenuated. Therefore, although OGT's five N-terminal TPRs are not essential for cell viability, they are required for proper subcellular localization and for mediating many of OGT's protein-protein interactions. Because the viable OGT truncation variant we have identified preserves OGT's essential functions, it may facilitate their identification.


Assuntos
N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/metabolismo , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/genética , Humanos , Repetições de Tetratricopeptídeos , Glicosilação , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/metabolismo , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/genética , Células HEK293 , Domínios Proteicos , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Animais , Ligação Proteica
15.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(30): e2309686121, 2024 Jul 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39024115

RESUMO

Antibody responses require the proliferative expansion of B cells controlled by affinity-dependent signals. Yet, proliferative bursts are heterogeneous, varying between 0 and 8 divisions in response to the same stimulus. NFκB cRel is activated in response to immune stimulation in B cells and is genetically required for proliferation. Here, we asked whether proliferative heterogeneity is controlled by natural variations in cRel abundance. We developed a fluorescent reporter mTFP1-cRel for the direct observation of cRel in live proliferating B cells. We found that cRel is heterogeneously distributed among naïve B cells, which are enriched for high expressors in a heavy-tailed distribution. We found that high cRel expressors show faster activation of the proliferative program, but do not sustain it well, with population expansion decaying earlier. With a mathematical model of the molecular network, we showed that cRel heterogeneity arises from balancing positive feedback by autoregulation and negative feedback by its inhibitor IκBε, confirmed by mouse knockouts. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we showed that increased cRel primes B cells for early proliferation via higher basal expression of the cell cycle driver cMyc. However, peak cMyc induction amplitude is constrained by incoherent feedforward regulation, decoding the fold change of cRel activity to terminate the proliferative burst. This results in a complex nonlinear, nonmonotonic relationship between cRel expression and the extent of proliferation. These findings emphasize the importance of direct observational studies to complement gene knockout results and to learn about quantitative relationships between biological processes and their key regulators in the context of natural variations.


Assuntos
Linfócitos B , Proliferação de Células , NF-kappa B , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-rel/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-rel/genética
16.
Development ; 150(20)2023 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37306290

RESUMO

Myosins are evolutionarily conserved motor proteins that interact with actin filaments to regulate organelle transport, cytoplasmic streaming and cell growth. Plant-specific class XI myosin proteins direct cell division and root organogenesis. However, the roles of plant-specific class VIII myosin proteins in plant growth and development are less understood. Here, we investigated the function of an auxin-regulated class VIII myosin, Arabidopsis thaliana MYOSIN 1 (ATM1), using genetics, transcriptomics and live cell microscopy. ATM1 is associated with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata within the root apical meristem (RAM). Loss of ATM1 function results in decreased RAM size and reduced cell proliferation in a sugar-dependent manner. Auxin signaling and transcriptional responses were dampened in atm1-1 roots. Complementation of atm1-1 with a tagged ATM1 driven under the native ATM1 promoter restored root growth and cell cycle progression. Genetic analyses of atm1-1 seedlings with HEXOKINASE 1 (HXK1) and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN COMPLEX 1 (TORC1) overexpression lines indicate that ATM1 is downstream of TOR. Collectively, these results provide previously unreported evidence that ATM1 functions to influence cell proliferation in primary roots in response to auxin and sugar cues.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Meristema/metabolismo , Miosinas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas , Açúcares/metabolismo
17.
Development ; 150(5)2023 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36762637

RESUMO

Members of the Sp family of transcription factors regulate gene expression via binding GC boxes within promoter regions. Unlike Sp1, which stimulates transcription, the closely related Sp3 can either repress or activate gene expression and is required for perinatal survival in mice. Here, we use RNA-seq and cellular phenotyping to show how Sp3 regulates murine fetal cell differentiation and proliferation. Homozygous Sp3-/- mice were smaller than wild-type and Sp+/- littermates, died soon after birth and had abnormal lung morphogenesis. RNA-seq of Sp3-/- fetal lung mesenchymal cells identified alterations in extracellular matrix production, developmental signaling pathways and myofibroblast/lipofibroblast differentiation. The lungs of Sp3-/- mice contained multiple structural defects, with abnormal endothelial cell morphology, lack of elastic fiber formation, and accumulation of lipid droplets within mesenchymal lipofibroblasts. Sp3-/- cells and mice also displayed cell cycle arrest, with accumulation in G0/G1 and reduced expression of numerous cell cycle regulators including Ccne1. These data detail the global impact of Sp3 on in vivo mouse gene expression and development.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Fatores de Transcrição , Animais , Camundongos , Divisão Celular , Pulmão , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fator de Transcrição Sp1/genética , Fator de Transcrição Sp1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
18.
Development ; 150(10)2023 05 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37092314

RESUMO

Adipose tissue is a central organ for controlling systemic metabolism both in invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we have investigated the developmental processes of the adult-type fat body (AFB) in Drosophila. We have established genetic tools that allow visualization and genetic manipulations of cells in the AFB lineage from early in metamorphosis. We identified precursor cells that give rise to the AFB and delineated dynamic cellular behaviors underlying AFB formation. These precursor cells displayed polarized cell shapes and oriented motility, with emigration from the thorax and subsequent dispersal to the abdomen and head. After the migration period, these cells adhered to each other, assembling into the AFB with a sheet-like architecture. Continuous cell proliferation occurred during and after the large-scale migration to achieve appropriate fat tissue mass. Homotypic cell fusion after the sheet formation contributed to the establishment of multinucleated cells in the AFB. We also examined candidate gene functions, and our results argue that ecdysone signaling and the transcription factor Serpent support adult fat body organogenesis.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Animais , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Drosophila/metabolismo , Metamorfose Biológica/genética , Ecdisona/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Larva/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento
19.
Trends Immunol ; 44(11): 917-931, 2023 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37858490

RESUMO

Following stimulation, the T cell receptor (TCR) and its coreceptors integrate multiple intracellular signals to initiate T cell proliferation, migration, gene expression, and metabolism. Among these signaling molecules are the small GTPases RAS and RAP1, which induce MAPK pathways and cellular adhesion to activate downstream effector functions. Although many studies have helped to elucidate the signaling intermediates that mediate T cell activation, the molecules and pathways that keep naive T cells in check are less understood. Several recent studies provide evidence that RASA2 and RASA3, which are GAP1-family GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that inactivate RAS and RAP1, respectively, are crucial molecules that limit T cell activation and adhesion. In this review we describe recent data on the roles of RASA2 and RASA3 as gatekeepers of T cell activation and migration.


Assuntos
Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Adesão Celular/fisiologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Proteínas Ativadoras de ras GTPase
20.
Circ Res ; 135(1): 41-56, 2024 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38712557

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is pathogenically implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension; however, it has not been adequately targeted therapeutically. We investigated whether neuromodulation of an anti-inflammatory neuroimmune pathway involving the splenic nerve using noninvasive, focused ultrasound stimulation of the spleen (sFUS) can improve experimental pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Pulmonary hypertension was induced in rats either by Sugen 5416 (20 mg/kg SQ) injection, followed by 21 (or 35) days of hypoxia (sugen/hypoxia model), or by monocrotaline (60 mg/kg IP) injection (monocrotaline model). Animals were randomized to receive either 12-minute-long sessions of sFUS daily or sham stimulation for 14 days. Catheterizations, echocardiography, indices of autonomic function, lung and heart histology and immunohistochemistry, spleen flow cytometry, and lung single-cell RNA sequencing were performed after treatment to assess the effects of sFUS. RESULTS: Splenic denervation right before induction of pulmonary hypertension results in a more severe disease phenotype. In both sugen/hypoxia and monocrotaline models, sFUS treatment reduces right ventricular systolic pressure by 25% to 30% compared with sham treatment, without affecting systemic pressure, and improves right ventricular function and autonomic indices. sFUS reduces wall thickness, apoptosis, and proliferation in small pulmonary arterioles, suppresses CD3+ and CD68+ cell infiltration in lungs and right ventricular fibrosis and hypertrophy and lowers BNP (brain natriuretic peptide). Beneficial effects persist for weeks after sFUS discontinuation and are more robust with early and longer treatment. Splenic denervation abolishes sFUS therapeutic benefits. sFUS partially normalizes CD68+ and CD8+ T-cell counts in the spleen and downregulates several inflammatory genes and pathways in nonclassical and classical monocytes and macrophages in the lung. Differentially expressed genes in those cell types are significantly enriched for human pulmonary arterial hypertension-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS: sFUS causes dose-dependent, sustained improvement of hemodynamic, autonomic, laboratory, and pathological manifestations in 2 models of experimental pulmonary hypertension. Mechanistically, sFUS normalizes immune cell populations in the spleen and downregulates inflammatory genes and pathways in the lung, many of which are relevant in human disease.


Assuntos
Hipertensão Pulmonar , Baço , Animais , Baço/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ondas Ultrassônicas
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