Factors influencing dietary inequalities among adolescents in Madrid and Bilbao: a qualitative research project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the design and methodology of a qualitative study to explore the main factors influencing dietary inequalities in adolescents in Madrid and Bilbao, Spain. METHOD: The study area included six neighborhoods (three in each city) of different socioeconomic status (SES): low, medium, and high. We sampled 12 secondary schools (six in each city: two per socioeconomic level). Our methodology comprised: 1) developing an ad hoc index to classify all neighborhoods according to their SES; 2) selecting the study area and sample; 3) conducting semi-structured interviews (n=36) and focus groups (n=24). Grounded theory and phenomenological analysis will be employed in data analysis. Initially, we found factors influencing in adolescents' diet such as gender, family environment, and SES. CONCLUSIONS: Systematizing the selection of neighborhoods and secondary schools, along with using appropriate methods, could serve as a foundation for future studies on health inequalities among adolescents.

[Glass ceilings in the scientific societies and professional associations in the field of health in Spain in 2019]. / Techos de cristal en las sociedades científicas y los colegios profesionales del ámbito de la salud en España en 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the composition of the management structures of Spanish professional associations and scientific societies in the field of health in 2019 and compare them with the data obtained in 2014 and 2015. METHOD: descriptive cross-sectional study. Scientific societies in the health field with state representation as of May 30, 2019 and data from professional associations with provincial, regional or state representation were collected as of June 1, 2019. They are compared to 2014 and 2015. RESULTS: 259 professional associations and 163 scientific societies were analyzed. Both professional associations and scientific societies in the field of Health in 2019 exceed the percentage of 40% of balanced composition. The positions that have increased the most in percentage of women are those of vice-secretary (20,8%) or secretaries (9,3% in companies), vice-presidencies (8,8% and 11%) and members (6,4% and 4%). Presidency (2%) and dean (6%), the least. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to continue with the efforts to advance in an equitable representation by sex.

COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned?

Since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared in March 2020, we have learned a lot about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and its role in pediatric pathology. Children are infected in a rate quite similar to adults, although in most cases they suffer mild or asymptomatic symptoms. Around 1% of those infected require hospitalization, less than 0.02% require intensive care, and mortality is very low and generally in children with comorbidities. The most common clinical diagnoses are upper or lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infection and, more seriously, multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Most episodes do not require treatment, except for MIS-C. Remdesivir has been widely used as a compassionate treatment and its role has yet to be defined. The newborn can become infected, although vertical transmission is very low (<1%) and it has been shown that the baby can safely cohabit with its mother and be breastfed. In general, neonatal infections have been mild. Primary care has supported a very important part of the management of the pandemic in pediatrics. There has been numerous collateral damage derived from the difficulty of access to care and the isolation suffered by children. The mental health of the pediatric population has been seriously affected. Although it has been shown that schooling has not led to an increase in infections, but rather the opposite. It is essential to continue maintaining the security measures that make schools a safe place, so necessary not only for children's education, but for their health in general.

Doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo: destacado médico mexicano / Doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo: outstanding Mexican doctor

En la presente entrevista, realizada en 1999, el doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo (1925- 2020) opina sobre distintos temas relacionados con la medicina y la salud pública. Comenta su proceso de formación como médico, la responsabilidad de los especialistas que se preparan en el extranjero y regresan a México, así como sus trabajos como rector de la UNAM y en el sector público, donde dirigió la transformación de la entonces Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia en la actual Secretaría de Salud. Asimismo, aborda temas como el carácter mutifacético de la medicina, la importancia de la investigación y las facultades de medicina, el valor de la certificación, el trabajo de los colegios y las asociaciones médicas y el futuro de la ciencia médica, además de que ofrece su punto de vista sobre la Homeopatía.

In this interview, conducted in 1999, Dr. Guillermo Soberón Acevedo (1925-2020) gives his opinion on different topics related to medicine and public health. He comments on his training process as a doctor, the responsabilities of the specialists who prepare abroad and return to Mexico, as well as his work as Rector of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico) As well as his experience in the public sector, in which he directed the transformation of the then Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Ministry of Healthiness and Assistance) into the current Secretaría de Salud (Ministry of Health). It also addresses topics such as the multifaceted nature of medicine, the importance of research and medical schools, the value of certification, the work of medical colleges and associations, and the future of medical science, in addition to offering his point of view on Homeopathy.

Reflexión acerca del desarrollo de la bioética en las organizaciones profesionales farmacéuticas. La excelencia profesional / Reflection on the development of bioethics in pharmaceutical professional organizations. Professional excellence / Reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento da Bioética nas organizações profissionais farmacêuticas. A excelência professional

Resumen Desde hace unos años, las organizaciones colegiadas de la profesión farmacéutica se han visto desafiadas, no solo por agentes externos, sino también por los propios profesionales. Hay una cierta crítica de respuesta, especialmente en aspectos que tienen que ver con el rol que deben jugar en el desarrollo y la actividad de la práctica profesional, en sus fines domésticos, externos e internos, y en las características que deben poseer como organizaciones al servicio de estos profesionales y la sociedad. Entendemos que el desarrollo, la revisión y actualización de la bioética, así como la formación en esta materia en las organizaciones profesionales, contribuye a esa excelencia transversal en la profesión, provoca un conocimiento real de esta en todas sus dimensiones y otorga poder para actuar en total libertad frente a las amenazas o restricciones internas o externas.

Abstract For some years, the collegiate organizations of the pharmaceutical profession are being challenged, not only by external agents, but also by the professionals themselves. There is a certain criticism in the response, especially in aspects that have to do with the role they must play in the development and activity of professional practice, in their domestic, external and internal purposes and in the characteristics they must possess as organizations in service of these professionals and society. We understand that the development, revision and updating of Bioethics, as well as training in this field in professional organizations, contributes to that transcendent excellence in the profession, provokes a real knowledge of it in all its dimensions and with the power to act in total freedom from threats or internal or external restrictions.

Resumo Há alguns anos, as organizações colegiadas da profissão farmacêutica estão sendo desafiadas, não somente por agentes externos, mas também pelos próprios profissionais. Existe certa crítica de resposta, em especial em aspectos que estão relacionados com o papel que devem desempenhar e com a atividade da prática profissional, em seus fins domésticos, externos e internos, e nas características que devem possuir como organizações ao serviço desses profissionais e da sociedade. Entendemos que o desenvolvimento, a revisão e a atualização da Bioética, bem como a formação nessa matéria nas organizações profissionais, contribuem para a excelência transversal na profissão, promovem um conhecimento real desta em todas suas dimensões e outorgam poder para agir em total liberdade ante as ameaças ou as restrições internas ou externas.

[Weight status, dietary habits and physical activity among 6-12 year-old children in Castile-La Mancha]. / Situación ponderal, hábitos alimentarios y deportivos en población castellano-manchega de 6 a 12 años.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is a multifactorial disease, in which unhealthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles play a decisive role. The aim of this study was to assess the weight status, dietary habits and physical activity in Castile-La Mancha children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3061 children 6-12 years-old who were participating in the programme, "Alimenta su salud". Anthropometric measurements, food consumption frequency, dietary habits and physical activity were assessed by a questionnaire, including gender, age and geographical influences. RESULTS: The prevalence of subjects with excess weight-for-height was 24.0% and obesity was 14.3%, with geographical differences. Girls more often have mid-morning snacks, consume more supplements, and reported to be less active than boys. Special diets and sports activities were lower in children aged 6-9 years as compared to the 10-12 years old group. The intake of vegetables and fruit is low, while there is overconsumption of sausages, pastries, salted snacks, sweets and fast food, with some differences by age group. CONCLUSIONS: One out of four children is overweight or obese in this population. Children do not meet recommendations for fruit and vegetables and there is a high consumption of foods associated with obesity risk. Physical inactivity was more prevalent during the weekends, and among girls.

Contribución social de médicos camagüeyanos a los colegios religiosos católicos: el estigma de ser negro / The social contribution of Camagüey doctors to the Catholic religious schools: the stigma of being black

RESUMEN El trabajo tiene como objetivo revelar la contribución social de médicos camagüeyanos negros a la educación católica, a partir de su relación con los colegios regentados por la Iglesia, en un contexto marcado por desigualdades raciales. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos como la revisión documental y bibliográfica, también fueron aplicadas historias de vida y entrevistas. La investigación se centra en el quehacer asistencial de médicos camagüeyanos, vinculados a las Hermanas Oblatas de la Providencia, en particular a los colegios a cargo de estas monjas negras, que educaban a niñas y niños de ese color de piel. Se pudo esclarecer quiénes fueron los doctores más vinculados a esas instituciones y establecer cuál fue su labor en ellas en las décadas del 40- 50 del siglo XX. Queda valorada su contribución social en la asistencia brindada a ese segmento poblacional y al significado de esta sin la mediación de prejuicios raciales.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is reveal the social contribution of black Camagüey doctors to the Catholic education from it relation with the schools occupied by the church in a context marked by racials ineguality. It put in practical use theoric methods such as documentary an bibliographical revisión; it also were aplyed life history and entreviews. The research it focus in the assistance job of the Camaguey doctor linked to the Sisters Providence Oblates, especially the schools of these black nuns who give education to black girls and boys. The paper show who were the doctors most linked to these religious institution and to situate their Jobs in these schools in the ´40 and ´50 of the 20 th century. Their social contribution is valved in this type of population and the meaning of this contribution with out racial prejudice.

Terapia ocupacional: profesión idónea dentro de las estrategias de orientación vocacional en la educación media: revisión de literatura / Occupational therapy: ideal profession inside the strategies of vocational guidance in the secondary education: literature review

La orientación vocacional es reconocida como un proceso dinámico, dirigido al conocimiento de aspectos personales para elegir una profesión, guiado por un profesional. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias implementadas en los programas de orientación vocacional y los aportes que puede realizar el terapeuta ocupacional. Metodología: Se exponen publicaciones dadas en el período 2000 al 2015, presentes en bases de datos electrónicas como ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Proquest y Scopus. Resultados: Se hallaron 1059 artículos durante la búsqueda inicial, nueve de ellos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Conclusión: Se identifica el componente teórico y normativo de la terapia ocupacional y su importancia en la participación de los programas de orientación vocacional en la educación media.

Vocational guidance are recognized as a dynamic process, directed to knowledge of personal aspects to choose a profession, guided by a professional. Objective: To identify the strategies implemented in the programs of vocational guidance and the contributions that can make the Occupational Therapist. Methodology: Publications given in the period 2000 to 2015 are presented in electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Proquest and Scopus. Results: They were found 1059 articles during the initial search, 9 of them met the inclusion and exclusion criteria established. Conclusion: Identifies the theoretical component and normative of the Occupational Therapy and its importance in the participation of vocational guidance programs in secondary education.

La formación de masculinidades hegemónicas en la clase dominante: el caso de la sexualidad en los colegios privados de elite en Chile / A formação de masculinidades hegemónicas na classe dominante: o caso da sexualidade em colégios privados de elite no Chile / The formation of hegemonic masculinities among the ruling class. The case of sexuality in Chilean elite private schools

Resumen: Sobre la base de 41 historias de vida, de hombres y mujeres (de 19 a 45 años), ex-estudiantes de tres tipos de colegios privados de elite en Santiago de Chile, este artículo analiza el proceso de construcción de masculinidades hegemónicas en la clase dominante chilena. Se examina la forma en que la producción de distintos patrones de masculinidades se relaciona con cambios en la parte alta de la estructura social y se analiza el modo en que la sexualidad conecta la formación simultánea de estas masculinidades y de la clase dominante. Se contrasta la forma como estos colegios abordan la sexualidad y las prácticas sexuales de ex-estudiantes varones con mujeres de distintas clases sociales, especialmente, lo que los entrevistados llaman el "chaneo". Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para el estudio del poder y del privilegio en una sociedad de mercado.

Resumo: A partir de 41 histórias de vida de homens e mulheres (de 19 a 45 anos), ex-estudantes de três tipos de colégios privados de elite em Santiago do Chile, este artigo analisa o processo de construção de masculinidades hegemônicas na classe dominante chilena. Examina-se a forma como a produção de distintos padrões de masculinidades se relaciona com mudanças na parte alta da estrutura social e se analisa o modo como a sexualidade conecta a formação simultânea destas masculinidades e da classe dominante. Contrasta-se a forma como estes colégios abordam a sexualidade e as práticas sexuais de ex-estudantes homens com mulheres de distintas classes sociais, especialmente o que os entrevistados chamam de "chaneo". Finalmente, discute-se as implicâncias destes achados para o estudo do poder e do privilégio em uma sociedade de mercado.

Abstract: Based on 41 life-history interviews with men and women (19-45 years-old), former students of three different types of elite private schools in Santiago, this paper analyses the construction of hegemonic masculinities in the Chilean ruling class. The paper examines the way in which the production of different patterns of masculinities is related to changes in the top-end of the social structure, and analyzes the way in which sexuality connects the simultaneous making of these masculinities and the ruling class. The ways schools address sexuality is contrasted with former students' sexual practices with women from different social classes, particularly, the practice that they call "chaneo". Finally, the paper discusses the implications of these findings for the study of power and privilege in a market society.

Research Expanding Current Understandings of Bullying in Sweden / Investigación para ampliar el entendimiento del matoneo en Suecia / Pesquisa sobre a expansão do conhecimento atual do bullying na Suécia

This paper discusses the on-going research on the phenomenon of bullying in the Department of Child and Youth Studies at Stockholm University. The paper describes the reasons, and how to contribute with an understanding of bullying as a social group phenomenon, and specifically focuses on inductive ethnographic and cyberethnographic approaches toward peer-to-peer interactions in schools, preschools and on the Internet. The understanding of this phenomenon is based on a Swedish interdisciplinary approach which includes children's perspectives. The objective is to explore bullying as a complex social group phenomenon which allows for a focus on the process of bullying, thus creating an opportunity for the enhancement of the understanding of inter- and intra-connected actions and perspectives. This article is intended to contribute to a discussion on a broadening of the conceptualization of the phenomenon of bullying.

Este documento plantea la investigación permanente sobre el fenómeno de matoneo en el Departamento de Estudios de Niñez y Juventud de la Universidad de Estocolmo. El documento describe las razones, y cómo contribuir con el entendimiento del matoneo como un fenómeno de un grupo social, y específicamente se enfoca en el empleo de etnografía inductiva y ciber-etnografía hacia las interacciones entre pares en los colegios, preescolar y en Internet. La comprensión de este fenómeno se basa en un enfoque interdisciplinario sueco que incluye las perspectivas de los niños. El objetivo es explorar el matoneo como un fenómeno de grupo social complejo, que permite un enfoque en el proceso de matoneo, y por tanto creando una oportunidad de ampliar el entendimiento de acciones y perspectivas inter e intra- conectadas. La intensión de este artículo es contribuir a la discusión de ampliar la conceptualización del fenómeno del bullying.

Este artigo discute a pesquisa em curso sobre o fenômeno do bullying no Departamento de Estudos da Criança e da Juventude na Universidade de Estocolmo. O documento descreve as razões, e como contribuir com a compreensão do bullying como um fenômeno social de grupo e, especificamente, enfoca-se em abordagens etnográficas e cyber-etnográficas indutivas sobre interações entre pares em escolas, pré-escolas e internet. A compreensão deste fenômeno está baseado numa abordagem interdisciplinar sueca que inclui a perspectiva das crianças. O objetivo é explorar o bullying como um fenômeno social complexo de grupo que permite enfocar o processo de bullying criando, assim, uma oportunidade para melhorar o conhecimento das ações e perspectivas inter e intra-conectadas. Este artigo tem a intenção de contribuir para uma discussão sobre a ampliação da conceptualização do bullying.

Prevalencia disímil de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en escolares / Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing among schoolchildren in two communes of Santiago

Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de ronquido habitual como síntoma cardinal de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en población escolar de dos comunas de Santiago, de diferente nivel socioeconómico y exposición a contaminación ambiental. Métodos: Estudio transversal, de tipo ecológico. Se aplicó un cuestionario de sueño a los padres de escolares de 1° básico a 3°medio matriculados en dos colegios ubicados en las comunas de Puente Alto (zona sur oriente, colegio subvencionado) y Providencia (zona oriente, colegio particular). Los datos de contaminación ambiental se obtuvieron a partir del registro de estaciones de monitoreo. La caracterización socioeconómica comunal se realizó en base a fuentes ministeriales. Resultados: Los niveles de contaminación ambiental fueron mayores en el sector sur-oriente, comparado con el sector oriente de Santiago. Los indicadores comunales de nivel socioeconómico fueron superiores en la comuna de Providencia. La prevalencia de ronquido en escolares fue superior en el colegio ubicado en Puente Alto (18,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 14,0-21,6) en comparación al colegio ubicado en Providencia (0,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 0,1-2,4). Conclusión: La prevalencia de TRS fue diferente en las comunas estudiadas y podría estar atribuida a factores medioambientales y socioeconómicos. El presente estudio constituye un punto de partida para la realización de estudios de base individual.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of habitual snoring as cardinal symptom of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in schoolchildren from two communes of Santiago, presenting different levels of socioeconomic status and exposure to environmental pollution. Methods: Cross-sectional ecological study. A sleep questionnaire was administered to parents of primary school kids from 1st through 3rd grade, from two schools, one located in the district of Puente Alto (south-east, subsidized school) and the other in Providencia (east area, private school). Pollution data were obtained from monitoring stations. Socioeconomic characterization was performed based on government sources. Results: The levels of air pollution were higher in the south-east area, compared to the eastern sector of Santiago. Indicators of socioeconomic level were higher in the Providencia commune. The prevalence of snoring in students was higher in the school located in Puente Ailto (18.2 percent, 95 percent CI 14.0 to 21.6) compared to the school located in Providencia (0.7 percent, 95 percent CI 0.1 - 2.4). Conclusion: The prevalence of SDB was different in the communities studied and could be attributed to environmental and socioeconomic factors. This study is a starting point for further studies on individual basis.

Consumo de alcohol y conductas de riesgo asociadas en escolares colombianos / Alcohol use and drinking risk behaviors among schoolchildren in Colombia

Objetivos: Describir las características del consumo de alcohol y las conductas de riesgo asociadas en jóvenes escolares de cinco ciudades de Colombia, como información base para el desarrollo de programas y la aplicación de distintas estrategias de intervención en este grupo poblacional. Métodos: Se implementó la Encuesta Mundial de Salud a Escolares en colegios públicos y privados de cinco ciudades de Colombia. Se hizo una muestra bietápica por conglomerados. La encuesta fue autodiligenciada por los estudiantes en el aula de clase, sin la presencia del profesor. El análisis estadístico se realizó en los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos (CDC). Los resultados son representativos para estudiantes entre 13 y 15 años. Resultados: En las cinco ciudades, el 54,8% de los estudiantes reportaron consumo de alcohol en los últimos 30 días; el 40,2% reportaron al menos un episodio de consumo excesivo de alcohol en la vida; y el 19,2% presentaron consecuencias por el consumo de alcohol. La edad de inicio fue de 11,2 años. Conclusiones: Se evidenció un alto consumo de alcohol entre los estudiantes, lo que muestra la necesidad de intervenciones en este grupo poblacional para reducir los riesgos asociados.

Objectives: To describe alcohol use and associated risk behavior among school children in five Colombian cities as the means to provide an information base for program development and application of diverse intervention strategies in this age group. Methods: The Global School Based Student Health Survey was carried out in public and private secondary schools in five Colombian cities. A two-stage cluster sampling was performed. Survey was filled out by students on their own in the class room, without teacher present. Statistic analysis took place by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results are representative for students between the ages of 13 and 15. Results: In the five cities, 54.8% of students reported alcohol use during the previous 30 days; 40% reported at least one episode of excessive alcohol use in their lifetime; and 19.2% revealed effects of alcohol use. Initiation was at age 11.2 years. Conclusions: Evidence revealed high alcohol use among students which demonstrates the need for intervention in this age group in order to lower associated risks.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la sexualidad en una población adolescente escolar / An adolescent student population's knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding sexuality

Objetivo Estimar la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (comportamientos) de riesgo en la sexualidad juvenil y la estructura y percepción de funcionalidad familiar. Metodología Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte trasversal entre 13 699 adolescentes (10 a 19 años de edad) de 12 colegios públicos de la localidad de Suba. Se aplicó una encuesta autodiligenciada donde se interrogó por conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos sexuales y la estructura y percepción del funcionamiento familiar. Resultados Edad media de los adolescentes 13,5 años. Prevalencia de relaciones sexuales de 17 por ciento. El 8 por ciento de los hogares presentan disfunción severa y 39 por ciento son nucleares incompletos. Las mujeres tienen menos relaciones sexuales que los hombres (OR 0.53; IC 95 por ciento; 0.47-0.59). Se presenta más relaciones sexuales cuando los adolescentes perciben de manera disfuncional a su familia (OR 2.06; IC 95 por ciento; 1.72-2.48). Conclusiones Es más importante la percepción de función familiar que la estructura como factor de riesgo en la sexualidad de los jóvenes.

Objective Assessing the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding high-risk sexual behaviour in adolescent sexuality as well as the structure and perception of family functionality. Methods Cross-sectional research was carried out on a population of 13,699 adolescents (ages ranging from 10 to 19) attending 12 public schools from the conurbation of Suba. A self-questionnaire was administered, focusing on sexual behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and the structure and perception of family dynamics. Results Average age was 13.5. Sexual activity prevalence was 17 percent. 8 percent of households suffered from severe dysfunction. 39 percent of households were incomplete nuclear ones. Females reported less sexual activity than males (0.53 OR; 0.47-0.59 95 percentCI). Sexual activity was more common when adolescents perceived family dysfunction (2.06 OR; 1.72-2.48 95 percentCI). Conclusions Perception of family function was more important than structure as a risk factor in youngsters' sexuality.

Estudo dos canais de comunicação utilizados pela Comunidade Científica do Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz - CPqGM/FIOCRUZ, Salvador-Bahia

Tratar-se-á de pesquisa sobre a história da ciência em um campo do saber científico: a medicina tropical na Bahia no contexto da ciência da informação. Nesse sentido, a Escola Tropicalista Baiana dos séculos XIX e XX, respectivamente à construção do conhecimento científico realizada pelas comunidades científicas através das suas contribuições publicadas na Gazeta Médica da Bahia, periódico considerado o primeiro veículo de comunicação científica da área médica brasileira, é o foco deste estudo. O século XIX focaliza os três pesquisadores estrangeiros: o alemão Wucherer, o escocês Paterson e o português Silva Lima, considerados como verdadeiros fundadores da medicina experimental no Brasil com a apresentação de novos métodos de pesquisas aplicados na identificação e cura de doenças tropicais na população carente de Salvador. Segundo Caldas Coni (1952), referencial teórico desta pesquisa, a medicina da Bahia é dividida em três épocas ou estágios de evolução: 1ª) Época empírica (de 1500 a 1808 - data da fundação do ensino médico); 2ª) Época dos sistemas teóricos (de 1808 a 1866 - ano da fundação da Gazeta Médica da Bahia) e a 3ª) Época científica (de 1866 a 1972) onde os trabalhos publicados na GMB, pelos tropicalistas nesses períodos, mostram claramente o espírito de observação com que foram elaborados e assinalam o início da época científica da medicina baiana. Anteriormente a esta época, especificamente a "empírica" (indígena, africana e jesuítica) exercida por uma "chusma heteróclita de curandeiros" a medicina largamente praticada foi a dos pagés, que empiricamente descobriam os efeitos de nossas plantas medicinais. A evolução da Escola Tropicalista Baiana da época científica ao século XX, focaliza Pirajá da Silva, Octavio Mangabeira, Aluizio Prata, Rodolfo Teixeira, Zilton Andrade, Sonia Andrade, José Carlos Bina, Mitermayer Galvão dos Reis e pesquisadores que muito contribuíram nesse período, nos vários campos do conhecimento científico da Medicina Tropical na Bahia. Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam contribuições científicas da Escola Tropicalista Baiana dos séculos XIX e XX, a partir da inserção da ciência da informação com ênfase nos estudos acerca da análise da comunicação científica.