α-Klotho: the hidden link between dietary inflammatory index and accelerated ageing.

Recent studies suggest an association between greater dietary inflammatory index (DII) and higher biological ageing. As α-Klotho has been considered as a longevity protein, we examined whether α-Klotho plays a role in the association between DII and ageing. We included 3054 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The associations of DII with biological and phenotypic age were assessed by multivariable linear regression, and the mediating role of α-Klotho was evaluated by mediation analyses. Participants' mean age was 58·0 years (sd 11·0), with a median DII score of 1·85 and interquartile range from 0·44 to 2·79. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, education, marital status, poverty income ratio, serum cotinine, alcohol, physical activity, a higher DII was associated with both older biological age and phenotypic age, with per DII score increment being associated with a 1·01-year increase in biological age (1·01 (95 % CI: 1·005, 1·02)) and 1·01-year increase in phenotypic age (1·01 (1·001, 1·02)). Negative associations of DII with α-Klotho (ß = -1·01 pg/ml, 95 % CI: -1·02, -1·006) and α-Klotho with biological age (ß= -1·07 years, 95 % CI: -1·13, -1·02) and phenotypic age (ß= -1·03 years, 95 % CI: -1·05, -1·01) were found. Furthermore, α-Klotho mediated 10·13 % (P < 0·001) and 9·61 % (P < 0·001) of the association of DII with biological and phenotypic age, respectively. Higher DII was associated with older biological and phenotypic age, and the potential detrimental effects could be partly mediated through α-Klotho.

Dietary inflammatory index is associated with severe depression in older adults with stroke: a cross-sectional study.

Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of stroke and depression. We aimed to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and depression in American adults with stroke. Adults with stroke were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2005 and 2018 in the USA. The DII was obtained from a 24-h dietary recall interview for each individual. Multivariate regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between DII and depression in adults with stroke. The mean age of the 1239 participants was 63·85 years (50·20 % women), and the prevalence of depression was 18·26 %. DII showed a linear and positive association with severe depression in adults with stroke (OR 1·359; 95 % CI 1·021, 1·810; P for non-linearity = 0·493). Compared with those in the lowest tertile of the DII, adults with stroke in the third tertile of the DII had a 3·222-fold higher risk of severe depression (OR 3·222; 95 % CI 1·150, 9·026). In the stratified analyses, the association between DII score and severe depression was more significant in older adults (P for interaction = 0·010) but NS with respect to sex (P for interaction = 0·184) or smoking status (P for interaction = 0·396). No significant association was found between DII and moderate-to-moderately severe depression in adults with stroke. In conclusion, an increase in DII score was associated with a higher likelihood of severe depression in older adults with stroke.

Association of dietary inflammatory index with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Findings from observational studies have suggested a possible association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE). However, the results of these studies were inconclusive. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to illuminate this association. Systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Scopus and other databases from inception until January 2023. The qualities of included studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Nine studies (seven cohort, two case-control) were included in the meta-analysis, including 11 423 participants from five different countries. The meta-analysis indicated that a 1-unit increase in the DII score, representing pro-inflammatory diet, was associated with 13 % higher risk of GDM (OR = 1·13; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·25, I2 = 68·4 %, P = 0·004) and 24 % higher risk of PE (OR = 1·24; 95 % CI 1·14, 1·35, I2 = 52·0 %, P = 0·125). Subgroup analysis found that this association was evident among studies with Chinese populations (OR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·28) and studies with mid pregnancy (OR = 1·20; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·34). The findings indicate that pro-inflammatory diet can increase the risk of GDM and PE. Considering some limitations in this study, more studies are needed to verify this association.

The association of dietary antioxidants and the inflammatory potential of the diet with poor physical function and disability in older Australian men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project.

Our objective was to evaluate the association of antioxidant intake and the inflammatory potential of the diet with functional decline in older men. A diet history questionnaire was used to collect dietary intake data from men aged ≥ 75 years (n 794) participating in the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project cohort study. Intake of vitamins A, C, E and Zn were compared with the Australian Nutrient Reference Values to determine adequacy. The Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) was used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. Physical performance data were collected via handgrip strength and walking speed tests, and activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) questionnaires, at baseline and 3-year follow-up (n 616). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between diet and incident poor physical function and disability. Both poor antioxidant intake and high E-DII scores at baseline were significantly associated with poor grip strength and ADL disability at 3-year follow-up. No significant associations with walking speed or IADL disability were observed. Individual micronutrient analysis revealed a significant association between the lowest two quartiles of vitamin C intake and poor grip strength. The lowest quartiles of intake for vitamins A, C, E and Zn were significantly associated with incident ADL disability. The study observed that poor antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food intake were associated with odds of developing disability and declining muscle strength in older men. Further interventional research is necessary to clarify the causality of these associations.

Maternal pre-pregnancy diet and prenatal depression: the mediating role of pre-pregnancy weight status and prenatal inflammation.

Depression is a common prenatal psychological complication. We aimed to investigate if maternal pre-pregnancy diet can impact prenatal depressive symptoms and the mediating role of pre-pregnancy BMI and inflammation. We used data (N 1141) from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition cohort study. We calculated Mediterranean diet adherence (MED) and dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores using data from pre-pregnancy FFQ. In the third-trimester, we assessed depressive symptoms using Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and inflammation through serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. BMI was calculated from self-reported pre-pregnancy weight. Race-stratified analyses (white and people of colour) were run. We observed no association between MED or DII tertiles and depressive symptoms. However, white participants in the MED tertile-3 had lower risk of depression (EPDS < 10) compared with tertile-1 (OR = 0·56, 95 % CI, 0·33, 0·95). White individuals in MED tertile-3 had lower BMI (MD = -1·08; 95 % CI, -1·77, -0·39) and CRP (MD = -0·53; 95 % CI, -0·95, -0·11) than tertile-1, and those in DII tertile-2 (MD = 0·44; 95 % CI, 0·03, 0·84) and tertile-3 (MD = 0·42; 95 % CI, 0·01, 0·83) had higher CRP than tertile-1. Among people of colour, neither MED nor DII was associated with BMI or CRP, but BMI was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (ß = -0·25, 95 % CI, -0·43, -0·06). We found no association between diet and depressive symptoms through BMI or CRP, in either race. Pre-pregnancy diet might affect the risk of prenatal depression in a race-specific way. Further research is required to explore the racial differences in the association between maternal diet and prenatal depressive symptoms/depression risk.

Anti-inflammatory diet reduces risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among US adults: a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: While dietary intervention was an important public health strategy for the prevention and intervention of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the effect of diet-induced inflammation on MAFLD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and MAFLD. METHODS: This study included data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. MAFLD was diagnosed based on the presence of hepatic steatosis, as determined by transient elastography, along with evidence of either overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or metabolic dysfunction. DII was calculated using 27 dietary components collected through 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Weighted logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between DII and MAFLD and its main components in three different models. Subgroup analyses were performed by age, sex, and alcohol use. RESULTS: A total of 1991 participants were included, and the MAFLD group had higher DII scores. After adjusting for age, sex, race, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol use, the highest quartile of DII was associated with increased risk of MAFLD (OR:2.90, 95% CIs: 1.46, 5.75). Overweight/obesity, central obesity, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high C-reactive protein (CRP) also shared the same characteristics in the main components of MAFLD. Results were consistent across subgroups (age, sex, and alcohol use). CONCLUSIONS: A higher DII diet was positively associated with the risk of MAFLD in American adults, particularly as related to overweight/obesity, central obesity, high CRP level, and low HDL-C level.

Dietary patterns and periodontitis: A systematic review.

The systematic review aimed to investigate the associations between index-based dietary patterns and the risk and severity of periodontitis. Four public databases were searched for relevant published articles. Two independent researchers conducted the study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Methodological quality of the selected studies was evaluated using Joanna Briggs Institute Checklists. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023395049). Twenty-five studies were eligible for this review, including 23 cross-sectional studies and two prospective cohort studies. The most utilized dietary indices were the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). The results indicated a positive association between higher diet quality (i.e., higher HEI and MDSs and lower DII scores) and healthier periodontal status. Subgroup meta-analysis for four studies utilizing HEI and CDC/AAP case definition indicates the protective effect of higher HEI scores on the risk of periodontitis (OR [95% CI] = 0.77[0.68, 0.88]) with statistical significance (Z = 3.91 [p < 0.0001]). Dietary assessment was conducted by validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) in 52% of the studies and 24-h dietary recalls in 36% of the studies. One study utilized a validated 15-item questionnaire to measure patients' adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (QueMD). The quality assessment showed that all studies were of high quality. High HEI and MDSs and low DII scores were associated with a low risk of periodontitis and better periodontal conditions. The standardized and repeatable diet guidelines might be provided for preventing periodontitis. Future prospective studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm this causal association.

What is the link between the dietary inflammatory index and the gut microbiome? A systematic review.

PURPOSE: One highlighted pathogenesis mechanism of diseases is the negative impact of pro-inflammatory diets (PD) on the gut microbiome. This systematic review aimed to study the link between dietary inflammatory index (DII), as an indicator of PD, and gut microbiome. METHODS: A systematic search was done in PubMed and Scopus, adhering to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. The assessment of the included studies' quality was performed using the critical appraisal checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Ten articles were included eight cross-sectional, one case-control, and, one cohort study. Seven and three included articles reported a weak and moderate relationship between gut microbiome and DII scores, respectively. DII scores were linked to variety in microbiome composition and diversity/richness. More importantly, anti-inflammatory diets as measured by lower DII scores were linked to a more desirable gut microbiome profile. Prevotella stercorea, Veillonella rogosae, Morganella morganii, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium nodatum, Alistipes intestine, Clostridium leptum, Morganellaceae family, Enterobacteriaceae family, and, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were related to higher DII scores. While, Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Akkermansia muciniphila were related to lower DII scores. CONCLUSION: An anti-inflammatory diet, as measured by a lower DII score, might be linked to variations in the composition and variety of the microbiome. Therefore, the DII score could be useful in microbiota research, however, this possibility needs to be investigated more precisely in future studies.

The association between dietary inflammatory index and dietary total antioxidant capacity and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased reactive oxygen species. Diets rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may be linked to a reduced risk of developing HT. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) with HT in Iranian adults. METHODS: The study was a hospital-based case-control study conducted on 230 participants (115 cases and 115 controls). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ data were used to calculate DII and DTAC scores. Anthropometric measurements, thyroid function, and antibody tests were evaluated using standard methods. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in both raw and adjusted models to determine the association between DII and DTAC scores with HT. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 39.76 ± 9.52 years. The mean body mass index in the case and control groups was 28.03 ± 6.32 and 26.43 ± 5.13 (kg/m2), respectively (P = 0.036). In the HT group, the DII level was higher (P < 0.001) and the DTAC level was lower than those in the healthy group (P = 0.047). In the multivariable logistic regression model, after adjusting for confounding factors, subjects in the last tertile of DII had a nonsignificantly higher HT risk than those in the first tertile (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 0.83-3.65; P = 0.130). Regarding DTAC, the subjects in the last tertile of DTAC had a significantly decreased risk of HT (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.23-0.98; P = 0.043) compared to those in the first tertile. The DII had a positive correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) and thyroid-stimulating hormone, while DTAC had a negative correlation with anti-TPO and TG-Ab (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION: The increase in DII is not associated with an increase in the risk of HT, while DTAC can significantly reduce its risk. Having an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative diet can be effective in improving thyroid function. These conclusions should be confirmed in additional prospective studies.

The association between dietary inflammatory index with some cardio-metabolic risk indices among the patients with type 2 diabetes from Hoveyzeh cohort study: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. METHODS: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications.

Association of dietary and lifestyle inflammatory indices with type 2 diabetes risk in Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often linked to chronic inflammation, which can be influenced by both lifestyle and dietary choices. However, the relationship between the inflammatory potential of diet and lifestyle factors and the risk of developing T2DM remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the associations of the empirical dietary inflammatory index (EDII), dietary inflammatory score (DIS), and lifestyle inflammatory score (LIS) with the risk of T2DM among Iranian adults. METHODS: The current study was conducted on 5714 individuals from Yazd Health Study (YaHS) who were followed up for a mean period of six years. YaHS is a prospective cohort study which has been conducted since 2014. Dietary intakes were collected at baseline using the food frequency questionnaire. The relative risk (RR) of T2DM was calculated by Cox regression analysis across tertiles of EDII, DIS, and LIS, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: The mean ± SD for the age and body mass index of the study population were 47.0 ± 9.2 years and 26.7 ± 5.1 Kg.m2, respectively. A significant association between LIS and the risk of T2DM was observed (RR: 4.05, 95% CI: 2.61-6.27 P-trend < 0.001). Individuals in the highest compared to the lowest tertile of EDII-LIS (RR: 3.07, 95%CI: 2.01-4.68; P for trend < 0.001) and DIS-LIS (RR: 2.42, 95%CI: 1.69-3.49; P for trend < 0.001) had a higher risk of T2DM. However, no significant association was found between EDII and DIS scores and the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSION: Greater adherence to LIS, EDII-LIS, and DIS-LIS scores was associated with a higher risk of T2DM, while no significant association was found between EDII and DIS with T2DM risk.

Association between the dietary inflammatory index and pain in US adults from NHANES.

OBJECTIVES: The growing global burden of pain is gradually expanding from the medical field to public health. Dietary inflammatory potential correlates with inflammatory markers, and inflammation is one of the main mechanisms of pain. METHODS: This study explored the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and pain from the NHANES database on DII and pain (neck pain, low back pain, joint pain, and headache or migraine) using logistic regression and stratified analysis. RESULTS: The results show a stronger association between DII and joint pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08-1.40, P = 0.003) and headache or migraine (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.15-1.48, P < 0.001), but no association is found in neck pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.89-1.20, P = 0.65) and low back pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.92-1.17, P = 0.54). After stratifying the data according to demographics, differences in the relationship between DII and pain are found at different levels of the population. DISCUSSION: This study identifies high DII as a risk factor for joint pain and headache or migraine.

The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe and rare inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system through optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of NMOSD. METHODS: In this case-control study, 30 NMOSD cases and 90 aged matched healthy individuals were recruited. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed by a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire to calculate the DII score. A multiple adjusted regression was used to determine the odd ratio (OR) of NMOSD across DII tertiles. The Residual method was applied to adjust the energy intake. RESULTS: Participants in the top of DII tertile were more likely to have NMOSD in the crude model compared to those with the lowest one (OR: 4.18; 95%CI: 1.43-12.21). It was the case when multivariable confounders were considered in adjustment model I (OR: 3.98; 95%CI: 1.34-11.82) and II (OR: 4.43; 95%CI: 1.36-14.38), such that, individuals with a greater DII score had 3.98 and 4.43-time higher risk of NMOSD in model I and II, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Present study suggests that greater adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with an increased risk of NMOSD.

Is there a link between the inflammatory potential of a diet and mental health among patients with migraine? Findings from a cross-sectional survey.

AIMS: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and mental health outcomes among patients with migraine headaches. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 262 subjects were included. The dietary intakes were collected using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Items were scored according to their inflammatory potential, so a higher DII indicated a more pro-inflammatory diet. The association between DII and the mental health of participants was investigated using multinomial logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. RESULTS: Overall, 224 women and 38 men, with a mean (standard error) DII of -2.96 (0.06), age of 36.1 (0.53) years, and BMI of 25.55 (0.21) kg/m2, comprised our study population. DII was positively associated with a higher risk of depression in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.04, 3.00; Ptrend = 0.035). Adjustments for age, sex, marital status, smoking status, migraine headache index score, number of family members, mean arterial pressure, medication, physical activity, and BMI intensified the association in a way that the risk of depression was 2.03 times higher in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet (OR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.18, 3.49; Ptrend = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that depression was positively associated with adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet. However, no significant association was observed between anxiety and stress with DII.

Age and sex differences in the association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and severe headache or migraine: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Migraine and severe headaches are extremely prevalent neurological disorders that plague humans and society. Prior research has revealed that DII may affect the occurrence of migraines, but there are too few relevant studies and more are required. This study aimed to determine the association between severe headache or migraine and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), with particular attention to age and gender differences. METHODS: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we performed a cross-sectional study. In addition, we investigated the association between DII and severe headache or migraine using weighted multivariate logistic regression models, and restricted cubic splines models were plotted to explore their linear correlation. RESULTS: There were a total of 13,439 people participating in the study, and of those, 2745 experienced a severe headache or migraine within the previous three months. The DII was linearly and positively correlated with severe headache or migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.08, p = 0.0051). Stratified analysis showed that this relationship persisted among women and those aged < 60 years, with ORs of 1.08 (95% CI = 1.04-1.13, p = 0.0004) and 1.05 (95% CI = 1.01-1.09, p = 0.0071), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found that greater levels of DII were significantly related to an increased likelihood of migraine onset, especially among women and young and middle-aged populations. Further research is required to validate and expand upon our results.

Association between the dietary inflammatory index and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis development. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool to quantify the overall inflammatory potential of diet. The association between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in ASCVD patients remains undetermined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants included individuals with ASCVD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018. A total of 5006 participants were included, during a median of 6.6 years of follow-up, of which 2220 (44.4 %) were dead. The Cox proportional hazard model evaluated the association between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Participants in the higher DII quartile exhibited a higher mortality of ASCVD. Compared with the patients in quartile 1, those in quartile 4 had a 34 % increased risk for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.34, 95 % CI = 1.21-1.61, p = 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality showed a similar trend, however the correlation is not significant. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) showed that the relationship between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was linear. Subgroup analysis revealed a persistently positive association between DII and all-causemortality across population subgroups. However, an interaction was detected between DII and alcohol history in relation to cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: DII was positively correlated with the all-cause mortality of ASCVD patients. The intake of a pro-inflammatory diet may increase mortality in ASCVD patients.

Associations of dietary inflammatory index with low estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria and chronic kidney disease in U.S adults: Results from the NHANES 2011-2018.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by a high inflammation status with ever-increasing prevalence, and defined as low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albuminuria. Both low eGFR and albuminuria can have independent effects on the body. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a validated tool used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. We aim to explore not only the association between DII and CKD, but also the associations of DII with low eGFR and albuminuria, respectively. In addition, their associations in different subgroups remain to be explored. METHODS AND RESULTS: 18,070 participants from the 2011-2018 NHANES with complete data of dietary intake and laboratory data were involved in our study. The data of 24-hour dietary recall interview was used to calculate DII, CKD could be reflected by laboratory data of creatinine and albumin. Then weighted multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analyses were performed. The prevalence of low eGFR, albuminuria and CKD were 6.8%, 9.8% and 14.5%, respectively. A positive association between DII and low eGFR was observed (OR=1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.21), Q2, Q3 and Q4 are positively associated with a significant 39%, 65% and 71% increased risk of low eGFR compared with Q1 (P for trend<0.05). DII was also associated with CKD (OR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). CONCLUSION: Significant positive associations of DII with CKD and low eGFR were observed. But we didn't find such association between DII and albuminuria.

Association between pro-inflammatory diet and abdominal pain: cross-sectional and case-control study from UK biobank and NHANES 2017-2020.

BACKGROUND: There is a close association between diet and abdominal pain; however, relationship between inflammatory diet and characteristics of abdominal pain has not been characterized yet. METHODS: This study analyzed baseline data from the UK Biobank, 3-item DHQ-Abdominal Pain Questionnaire (DHQ-3Q), which including abdominal pain in the past 3 months, severity of abdominal pain, and frequency of abdominal pain, and data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to 2020. Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), constructed based on 26 or 27 nutrients, was analyzed using continuous or categorical methods. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses examined the association between E-DII and abdominal pain. RESULTS: In UK Biobank, compared to participants in the lowest quintile of E-DII, the adjusted ORs for the highest quintile were 1.12 (95% CI 1.02-1.24; P = .022), 1.05 (95% CI 1.00-1.09; P = .030), 1.26 (95% CI 1.17-1.36; P < .001), and 1.10 (95% CI 1.00-1.20; P = .044) for chronic abdominal pain, abdominal pain in the past three months, severity of abdominal pain, and frequency of abdominal pain, respectively. In NHANES, compared to participants in the lowest quintile of E-DII, the adjusted ORs for the highest quintile were 1.46 (95% CI 1.20-1.77;P < .001), 1.75 (95% CI 1.20-2.60; P = .005), 1.45 (95% CI 1.14-1.87; P = .003), and 1.18 (95% CI 0.82-1.72; P = .380) for abdominal pain in the past year, upper left abdominal pain, upper middle abdominal pain, and upper right abdominal pain. Additionally, there was a nonlinear correlation between E-DII score and DHQ-3Q (P nonlinear <.001). CONCLUSION: Following a pro-inflammatory diet is linked to a higher likelihood of experiencing abdominal pain, as well as increased severity and frequency of such pain. Therefore, further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate this relationship.

Association of dietary inflammatory index and the SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, severity or mortality of COVID-19, however, the outcomes remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine whether a dose-response association of DII and SARS-CoV-2 infection exists. DESIGN: A dose-response meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association of DII and SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to March 15th, 2023. The odds ratios (OR) of DII and COVID-19 risk and severity were computed. RESULTS: Totally, 5 studies were included (1 from UK and 4 from Iran), consisting of 197,929 participants with 12,081 COVID-19 cases. Although there was heterogeneity among studies, the results indicated that higher DII was independently related to higher SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.17) and COVID-19 severity (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.15) but not COVID-19 mortality (risk ratio = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.27). The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection increased by 31% for each 1-point increase in the E-DII (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.43). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that an elevated DII score is associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infectious risk and severity of COVID-19. There were not enough studies on COVID-19 mortality. Further large prospective studies in different countries are warranted to validate our results.

Association between dietary inflammation index and inflammatory bowel disease in adults: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010.

Previous study has demonstrated that the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) played a role in the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the prevalence and risk factors for IBD are distinct across locations and groups, and therefore, the findings are debatable and warrant further investigation. A total of 4363 participants were calculated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009 to 2010, of whom 1.21% self-reported a history of IBD. DII values were performed as a good predictor of dietary inflammation based on data from two 24-h dietary reviews in the NHANES database. Comparing the multifarious effects along with variations of the whole population by grouping populations according to DII quartiles, dietary inflammation levels increased progressively from DII quartile 1(Q1) to quartile 4(Q4). The association between DII and IBD was tested with multi-variable logistic regression models, subgroup analyses and weighted generalized additive models. Participants in the Q4 group showed the highest levels of C-reactive protein and reduced haemoglobin and albumin levels. Logistic regression confirmed the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of IBD for DII were 0.99 (0.86, 1.15), 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) and 0.80 (0.66, 0.98) in models 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The negative correlation between DII and IBD among United States adults from the NHANES database became increasingly apparent as covariates were adjusted. Subgroup analyses and smoothed curve fitting confirmed the inverse results. The study revealed that DII was correlated with the overall physical well-being of participants. However, there was no significant association between DII and IBD.