[Implementation of Recommendations and Clinical Practice Guidelines by residents: the role of the Multiprofessional Family and Community Care Teaching Units in Spain]. / Implementación de recomendaciones y guías de práctica clínica por residentes: el papel de las unidades docentes multiprofesionales de atención familiar y comunitaria en España.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the role of Family and Community Care Trainig Units as facilitators of the implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) and the factors associated with a greater effort in this task. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study with analytical approach. PARTICIPANTS: Training Units in Spain (N=94). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Variables were collected through a self-completed survey into five domains: characteristics of Training Units, training activity directed at evidence-based clinical practice (EBPP), importance attributed to this activity, responsibility for EBPP implementation, perception of barriers and facilitators to its use. Descriptive and multivariate analysis with the dependent variable being the perceived effort of the training unit to implement CPG. RESULTS: 45 Training Units responded (47.9%). 42.2%(CI 95%: 27.8-56.6) of their coordinators have directed research projects and 31.1% (CI 95%:17.6-44.6) have participated in elaborating CPG. They organized an average of 51hours (SD 47.2) of training in PCBP. 97.7% (CI95%:93.3-100) considered it fundamental that the residents ow and apply PCBP and 93.3% (CI95%:86.0-100) considered that tutors are responsible for the implementation. The participation of the coordinator in CPG (coef: 0.58; IC 95%: 0.00-1.16), awareness of how important is that residents know about CPG (coef: 0.89; IC 95%: 0.24-1.54) and that CPG appear to be widely applicable. applicable (coef: 0.35; IC 95%: -0.01-0.70) were related to a greater effort by the training units. CONCLUSIONS: The training units recognize the importance of CPGs and consider that tutors are responsible for their implementation. Training Units effort to implement CPG was related to unit coordinators previous experience, the perception of applicability and residents needs.

[Empathy, inter-professional collaboration, and lifelong medical learning in Spanish and Latin-American physicians-in-training who start their postgraduate training in hospitals in Spain. Preliminary outcomes]. / Empatía, habilidades de colaboración interprofesional y aprendizaje médico permanente en residentes españoles y latinoamericanos que inician los programas de formación médica especializada en España. Resultados preliminares.

OBJECTIVE: To identify similarities and differences in empathy, abilities toward inter-professional collaboration, and lifelong medical learning, between Spanish and Latin-American physicians-in-training who start their posgraduate training in teaching hospitals in Spain. DESIGN: Observational study using self-administered questionnaires. SETTINGS: Five teaching hospitals in the province of Barcelona, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Spanish and Latin-American physicians-in-training who started their first year of post-graduate medical training. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Empathy was measured using the Jefferson scale of empathy. Abilities for inter-professional collaboration were measured using the Jefferson scale attitudes towards nurse-physician collaboration. Learning was measured using the Jefferson scale of medical lifelong learning scale. RESULTS: From a sample of 156 physicians-in-training, 110 from Spain and 40 from Latin America, the Spanish group showed the highest empathy (p<.05). On the other hand, Latin-American physicians had the highest scores in lifelong learning abilities (p<.001). A positive relationship was found between empathy and inter-professional collaboration for the whole sample (r=+0.34; p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm previous preliminary data and underline the positive influence of empathy in the development of inter-professional collaboration abilities. In Latin-American physicians who start posgraduate training programs, lifelong learning abilities have a positive influence on the development of other professional competencies.

[Medical empathy of physicians-in-training who are enrolled in professional training programs. A comparative intercultural study in Spain]. / Empatía médica en médicos que realizan el programa de formación médica especializada. Estudio comparativo intercultural en España.

OBJECTIVE: To characterise some of the environmental factors that are sensitive to cultural influence, and are involved in the development of medical empathy in Spanish and Latin American physicians-in-training. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using questionnaires. SETTING: Primary care and specialized medicine centres of the Healthcare System of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians-in-training MAIN MEASUREMENTS: : Empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, version for healthcare professionals (JSE-HP). Socio-demographic, academic, and professional background information was collected. RESULTS: A total of 104 residents (67 from Spain and 32 from Latin America) answered and returned the questionnairess. The JSE-HP showed adequate psychometric properties. The empathy mean score of Spanish group was higher than that of the Latin American group (P=.01). Differences in the development of empathy were associated with: the development of professional models (P<.001), the positive encounter with other professionals (P=.001), and with a continuing medical education (P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: Some factors involved in the development of empathy that are sensitive to cultural influence have been characterised. The development of future research areas is suggested.

Do primary health centres and hospitals contribute equally towards achievement of the transversal clinical competencies of medical students? Performance on the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in competency acquisition.

OBJECTIVES: The adaptation of the educational programmes of European faculties of medicine to the European Higher Education Area guidelines has focused curricula design on competence acquisition. Competencies are defined as the achievements of a predetermined level of efficacy in real-world scenarios. Our objective was to assess whether performance on a common competence evaluation test, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), resulted in different scores for second-year students after a practical medical training course took place in a primary health centre (PHC) or in a hospital. DESIGN: A descriptive study was conducted during the 2010-2014 academic year of the OSCE test scores obtained by all second-year students. LOCATION: Faculty of Medicine at the University of Lleida (Catalonia, Spain). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: We performed a correlation analysis between students who completed their practical medical training at the PHC and hospitals utilising Student's t-test for comparison of means. RESULTS: 423 students who completed internships at the PHC and at hospitals obtained OSCE mean scores of 7.32 (SD; IC) (0.82; 7.18-7.47) points and 7.17 (0.83; 6.07-7.26) points, respectively (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Second-year medical students acquired similar competency levels in the two analysed training scenarios. The two areas both serve their teaching purpose.

Teaching methodologies in the undergraduate teaching of radiology.

After introducing what is understood by teaching innovation and its requirements, various methodologies that can be applied in university and radiological teaching are presented, such as: the flipped classroom focuses on the student's previous study and the teacher's subsequent contribution to resolve doubts or highlight important aspects. Team learning or cooperative teaching allows learning among the students themselves. Problem-based or case-based learning encourages students, in teams or individually, to carry out structured learning based on learning objectives. Teaching based on games or simulation can facilitate knowledge acquisition playfully and practically. Personalized tutoring allows the transmission of knowledge in an individualized way. Various evaluation modalities that can be used for training purposes are also shown.

[The Spanish Association of Surgeon's audited teaching programme for rectal cancer. Results after six years]. / Resultados del proyecto docente y auditado del cáncer de recto de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos. Seis años desde su inicio.

BACKGROUND: The Spanish Rectal Cancer Project of the Spanish Association of Surgeons was established in 2006. The main objective of this observational study was to assess the results obtained by the hospitals trained in the period 2006-2011, in order to evaluate whether this initiative has allowed acheivement of the observed quality standards in the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Project. METHODS: Between March 2006 and June 2012 a cohort of 10,006 patients treated during 2006-2011 in 79 hospitals were included in the project registry. In 8.706 (94.5%) patients a rectal resection was performed. In 1.156 patients diagnosed with metastases or an R2-resection, the resection was considered palliative. The number of rectal resections with curative intent analyzed was 7.396 (80.3%). The outcome measures of the program effectiveness were local recurrence, metastases and survival. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 19.0 months (interquartile range [8.00-33.0]), local recurrence rate was 7.7 (9.1-6.2); metastases, 23.4 (25.6-21.1), and mortality 25.9 (28.1-23.7). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the oncological results achieved by the Spanish hospitals participating in the Rectal Cancer Project of the Spanish Association of Surgeons are similar to those observed in the Norwegian Colon and Rectal Cancer Project.

The value of andrology medical-surgical training programs for Urology residents. / Importancia de la formación médico-quirúrgica andrológica para los residentes de Urología.

Nowadays, sub-specialty expertise in andrology is required within the Urology training program. These practices -during the MIR (Medical Intern Residency) program and once the specialty studies are over- should be performed under supervision and have a multidisciplinary nature. In fact, the urologist's andrology training program does not finish with his residency period. The unceasingly increasing knowledge related to infertility, reproduction, sexual medicine and reconstructive surgery require a high level of dedication and engagement with continuing education. The field of Andrology has evolved significantly in Europe and in the United States in the past 30 years. Although the andrology training programs in these 2regions share some common aspects, there are also substantial differences between them. This chapter includes a review of the Spanish training programs and those in our international environment, with the objective to comprehend the importance of andrology medical-surgical training for Urology residents.

Missives for learning communities: training and counter-colonial practices / Missivas para comunidades de aprendizagem: educação e práticas contracoloniais / Misivas para comunidades de aprendizaje: educación y prácticas contra-coloniales

Abstract The present article is about a bet on conceptual tools that can break with the great heroic narratives of origins and authors. It is about delineating other psi and research practices that propose ruptures in the forms and acts established by the reigning social mandate, which asks psychologists to speak for others. The bet of the article is to affirm clinical gestures that refuse imposed models of thinking and to propose ways of research-working as makers-of-interiors-in-turn. It aims to refuse practices based on a "colonial matrix of power" that is expressed in precarious work relations and exploitation. It asks itself: what is the nature of our present? What are we becoming? What have we been doing in confronting the colonial matrix of power? Contrary to colonial frameworks and crossings, the article considers that necropolitical practices are intolerable, and it is based on the ethical-political and aesthetic principle of investing in other practices of research and thinking, which corroborate counter-colonial crossings.

Resumo O presente artigo trata de uma aposta em ferramentas conceituais que possam romper com as grandes narrativas heróicas de origens e autores. Debruça-se em delinear outras práticas psi e de pesquisa que proponham rupturas nas formas e atos estabelecidos pelo mandato social reinante, que solicita que psicólogas falem pelos outros. A aposta do artigo é afirmar gestos clínicos que recusem modelos impostos de pensamento e propor modos de pesquisar-trabalhar como fabricantes-de-interiores-em-revolta. Ambiciona recusar práticas pautadas em uma "matriz colonial de poder" que se expressa nas relações de trabalho precárias e de exploração. Interroga-se: qual a natureza do nosso presente? O que estamos nos tornando? O que temos feito no enfrentamento da matriz colonial de poder? Contrário aos marcos e atravessamentos coloniais, o artigo considera intoleráveis as práticas necropolíticas e se situa a partir do princípio ético-político e estético de investidas por outras práticas de pesquisa e de pensamento, que corroborem travessias-navegantes contra-coloniais.

Resumen Este artículo trata de una apuesta por herramientas conceptuales que puedan romper con las grandes narrativas heroicas de orígenes y autores. Se trata de delinear otras prácticas psi y de investigación que propongan rupturas en las formas y actos establecidos por el mandato social imperante, que pide a los psicólogos hablar por los otros. La apuesta del artículo es afirmar gestos clínicos que rechacen modelos de pensamiento impuestos y propongan formas de investigar-trabajar como fabricantes-de-interiores-en-vuelta. Pretende rechazar prácticas basadas en una "matriz colonial de poder" que se expresa en la precariedad de las relaciones laborales y la explotación. Se pregunta: ¿cuál es la naturaleza de nuestro presente? ¿En qué nos estamos convirtiendo? ¿Qué hemos hecho frente a la matriz colonial de poder? Frente a los marcos y cruces coloniales, el artículo considera que las prácticas necropolíticas son intolerables y se basa en el principio ético-político y estético de los ataques a otras prácticas de investigación y pensamiento, que corroboran los cruces contracoloniales.

Inclusão Escolar e Formação de Professores no Estado da Paraíba: Percepções dos Egressos de uma Formação Lato Sensu em Atendimento Educacional Especializado / School Inclusion and Teacher Training in the State of Paraíba: Perceptions of Graduates of a Lato Sensu Training Course in Specialized Educational Service

RESUMO Apesar do progressivo acesso de estudantes público da Educação Especial às escolas regulares, um dos maiores desafios à oferta de uma educação de qualidade relaciona-se às lacunas na formação docente. Assim, este artigo objetiva identificar as contribuições de um curso de especialização lato sensu na perspectiva da atuação docente junto aos estudantes público da Educação Especial no estado da Paraíba. Para tanto, a partir da aplicação de um questionário online, esta pesquisa analisou as percepções de 64 professores de diferentes regiões paraibanas egressos do curso de especialização em Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) oferecido pela Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), no período de novembro de 2022 a novembro de 2023, financiado pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC). Os resultados obtidos apontaram que a participação dos docentes na formação continuada contribuiu no enfretamento dos desafios cotidianamente experienciados em sala de aula. A adoção de metodologias colaborativas, inovadoras, acolhedoras e inclusivas, além de ser um processo de autoafirmação e valorização da identidade do professor do AEE, também emerge como benefício resultante da especialização. Com esta pesquisa, espera-se fortalecer o debate acerca da formação docente em uma perspectiva inclusiva, ressignificando concepções sobre a deficiência e estimulando a construção de ambientes escolares anticapacitistas.

ABSTRACT Despite the progressive access of Special Education students to mainstream schools, one of the biggest challenges to providing quality education is related to gaps in teacher training. Thus, this article aims to identify the contributions of a lato sensu specialization course from the perspective of teacher performance with special education students in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. To this end, using an online questionnaire, this study analyzed the perceptions of 64 teachers from different regions of Paraíba who graduated from the specialization course in Specialized Educational Service (SES) offered by the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), from November 2022 to November 2023, funded by the Ministry of Education (MEC). The results showed that the teachers' participation in continuing education helped them to face the challenges they experience in the classroom on a daily basis. The adoption of collaborative, innovative, welcoming and inclusive methodologies, in addition to being a process of self-affirmation and appreciation of the SES teacher's identity, also emerges as a benefit resulting from the specialization. With this research we hope to strengthen the debate on teacher training from an inclusive perspective, re-signifying conceptions about disability and encouraging the construction of anti-capacity school environments.

Definición de calidad en salud en el contexto de los laboratorios clínicos docentes

El término calidad en los servicios de salud ha sido estudiado por múltiples autores, su conceptualización varía según el desarrollo de la humanidad y el momento histórico concreto, sin embargo, no se accede a información documentada en la cual se establezca su concepto para los laboratorios clínicos docentes, por lo cual el objetivo del artículo consistió en definir el término de calidad para los laboratorios clínicos docentes. Se realizó una revisión documental, con la utilización de descriptores del MeSH y DeCS, se accedió a un total de 87 artículos. Luego del análisis de 37 definiciones, se elaboró una base de datos con las 73 variables identificadas en las mismas. Se construyó una matriz, y a partir de un análisis clúster se confeccionó un dendograma. Las variables objeto de estudio se asociaron en seis grupos, lo que permitió enunciar el referido concepto.

The term quality in health services has been studied by multiple authors, its conceptualization varies according to the development of humanity and the specific historical moment, however, there is no access to documented information in which its concept is established for clinical laboratories. The objective of the article was to define the term quality for teaching clinical laboratories. A documentary review was carried out, using MeSH and DeCS descriptors, a total of 87 articles were accessed. After the analysis of 37 definitions, a database was created with the 73 variables identified therein. A matrix was constructed, and a dendrogram was created based on a cluster analysis. The variables under study were associated into six groups, which allowed the aforementioned concept to be stated.

Preceptor: o profissional de saúde-educador do século XXI / Preceptor: the 21st century educator healthcare provider

Resumo Introdução: É fato que os avanços pedagógicos na formação profissional em saúde não resultaram em melhor qualidade do cuidado, entretanto o trabalho em saúde como fonte para a formação e para a conscientização do preceptor como profissional de saúde-educador aparece como um caminho. Desenvolvimento: Tendo como base o envolvimento nas atividades cotidianas do trabalho, o preceptor oferece oportunidades de ensinagem; planeja, controla e guia o processo; estimula o raciocínio e a postura ativa do aluno; realiza procedimentos técnicos; modera a discussão de casos; observa, avalia o aluno executando suas atividades e analisa o seu desempenho; aconselha e cuida do crescimento profissional e pessoal do acadêmico; colabora na identificação de problemas éticos e em suas possíveis soluções; e estabelece os limites e cria possibilidades do uso da inteligência artificial. Conclusão: O preceptor - docente-clínico - transforma o ambiente de trabalho em momentos educacionais propícios, objetivando oferecer melhor cuidado à saúde da população.

Abstract Introduction: It is a fact that the pedagogical advancements in professional healthcare education have not resulted in better quality of care. However, healthcare work as a source for a preceptor's education and awareness as an educator-healthcare provider rises as a path to follow. Design: Based on the involvement in daily work activities, a preceptor offers teaching opportunities; plans, controls and guides the process; stimulates the student's reasoning and active attitude; performs technical procedures; moderates case discussions; observes, assesses a student performing their activities and analyzes their performance; advises and supervises a student's professional and personal growth; collaborates in the identification of ethical problems and their possible solutions; and sets limits and creates possibilities for the use of artificial intelligence. Conclusion: A preceptor - a clinical teacher - turns the work environment into appropriate educational moments to provide better healthcare to the population.

La superación profesional de los tutores de alumnos ayudantes de la carrera de Estomatología / The professional improvement of the student assistant tutors of the Stomatology studies

El proceso de superación profesional de los tutores de alumnos ayudantes de la carrera de Estomatología, constituye un eslabón esencial en la educación médica. Después del triunfo de la Revolución cubana, el proceso formativo de posgrado comenzó a germinar. Actualmente, la educación exhorta la preparación constante del profesional, debido a que la población demanda la presencia de un personal altamente calificado en los centros educativos, con elevado compromiso social con su país y una adecuada preparación político-ideológica. El objetivo se centró en fundamentar la importancia de la superación profesional de los tutores de alumnos ayudantes de la carrera de Estomatología. Se revisaron artículos originales y de revisión publicados entre 2000 y 2023, en español e inglés. La búsqueda fue realizada en la base de datos SciELO y a través del motor de búsqueda Google Académico. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: superación profesional, tutor de alumno ayudante, componente investigativo. La superación del tutor de alumno ayudante se orientó a la transformación del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y, en la misma medida, contribuyó a su propio cambio. Desde este referente, se delinean los desafíos de este importante proceso en las instituciones universitarias, como es el caso de las universidades de ciencias médicas, específicamente en la carrera de Estomatología. La superación profesional debe estar encaminada a las nuevas demandas de la sociedad, donde la preparación, el desarrollo y el intercambio de conocimientos deben integrar al profesional(AU)

The process of professional improvement of the tutors of assistant students in the Stomatology studies is an essential linkage in Medical Education. After the triumph of the Cuban revolution, the postgraduate training process began to develop. Currently, education urges the constant training of professionals, because the population demands the presence of highly qualified personnel in educational centers, with a high social commitment to their country and adequate political-ideological preparation. The objective focused on substantiating the importance of the professional improvement of the tutors of assistant students in the Stomatology courses. Original and review articles published between 2000 and 2023 in English and in Spanish were reviewed. The search was carried out in the SciELO database and through the Google Scholar search engine. The keywords used were: professional improvement, assistant student tutor, research component. The improvement of the assistant student tutor was aimed at the transformation of the teaching-learning process and, to the same extent, contributes to its own transformation. From this point of reference, the challenges of this important process in university institutions are outlined, as it is the case of the universities of medical sciences, specifically, in the studies of Stomatology. Professional improvement must be aimed at the new demands of society, where training, development and exchange of knowledge must integrate the professional(AU)

Factores asociados al liderazgo docente / Factors asociated to teacher leadership

Abstract: El liderazgo docente resulta ser una variable importante debido al papel que juega en la mejora de la calidad del profesorado y su relación positiva con los resultados escolares; sin embargo, en las realidades institucionales persisten situaciones que obstaculizan o desalientan al magisterio a asumir estos roles. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el de describir cuáles son los factores que facilitan o inhiben el desarrollo del liderazgo docente en una escuela primaria de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Se siguió un estudio de caso con métodos mixtos. Para el análisis cualitativo, se trabajó con los datos recabados mediante las técnicas de observación participante y la entrevista semi-estructurada. Para el análisis de datos cuantitativos se utilizó la técnica de la administración de encuestas online, y se llevaron a cabo inferenciales no paramétricos: Ji cuadrada y prueba U de Mann Whitney. Se encontró que tener un liderazgo docente alto está relacionado positivamente con tener iniciativa para emprender proyectos innovadores escolares; a diferencia, el nivel bajo de liderazgo se asoció con la incomodidad con roles de liderazgo. Se detectaron diferencias en los resultados de las técnicas cualitativas y las cuantitativas. En el estudio cualitativo se obtuvo que ser docente de apoyo, la figura del director, el individualismo, la disponibilidad de tiempo, la carga administrativa, los grupos numerosos, entre otros, fueron categorías que pueden influir en el hecho de actuar o no con liderazgo. Es indispensable conocer todas las situaciones por la que atraviesan los profesores para poder tomar las decisiones de manera informada, así como encontrar las raíces reales de los problemas que están estrechamente relacionadas con las decisiones sobre po lítica pública.

Abstract: Teacher leadership is an important variable due to the role it plays in improving teacher quality and its positive relationship with school results. However, contextual situations exist within institutions that hinder or discourage teachers from assuming these roles. The objective of this research was to describe the characteristics and factors that foster or inhibit the development of teacher leadership in a primary school in Mérida, Yucatán. A case study with mixed methods was followed. For the qualitative phase data were collected employing participant observation and semi-structured interviews. For the quantitative phase of the study online surveys were administered and the following non-parametric inferential tests were carried out: chisquare and Mann-Whitney U test; Findings suggest that high levels of leadership are positively correlated to having the initiative to undertake innovative school projects. In contrast, low levels of leadership were associated to discomfort with leadership roles. Significant differences were identified in the results of the qualitative and quantitative phase. The qualitative phase revealed that being a support teacher, the principal's role, individualism, the availability of time, the administrative burden, large groups, among others, were categories that can influence teacher's intentions to act or not with leadership. It is essential to know the situations that all teachers go through in order to make decisions in an informed manner, as well as to find the real roots of the problems that are closely related to decisions on public policy.

Mapas mentais e cartilhas no ensino remoto emergencial: uma proposta educacional inovadora frente à pandemia da Covid-19 / Mind maps and primers in emergency remote teaching: an innovative educational proposal in the face of the Covid-19 pandemicMapas mentales y primers en la enseñanza a distancia de emergencia: una propuesta educativa inovadora ante la pandemia Covid-19 / Mind maps and primers in emergency remote teaching: an innovative educational proposal in the face of the Covid-19 pandemicMapas mentales y primers en la enseñanza a distancia de emergencia: una propuesta educativa inovadora ante la pandemia Covid-19

Objetivo: Na perspectiva da formação continuada de professores universitários, o presente trabalho visa discutir os resultados obtidos através da aplicação de um tutorial virtual, com vistas à inovação da prática pedagógica docente. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência envolvendo a utilização de mapas mentais e cartilhas educativas em ambientes virtuais, no contexto do Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE), na Universidade Pública na Bahia. Resultados: Para tanto, por meio de trabalho colaborativo, foram realizadas atividades síncronas e assíncronas. Dois ambientes de aprendizagem foram utilizados, Google Classroom e Meet. Diferentes possibilidades para utilização dos mapas mentais e das cartilhas educativas foram apresentadas, considerando estudos anteriores da equipe proponente. Ademais, foram discutidas possibilidades para uso destas ferramentas didáticas durante o ERE. A atividade de capacitação docente envolveu doze professores universitários, os quais foram estimulados a inovarem as suas práticas pedagógicas, por meio da utilização das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDICs). Conclusão: Diante da capacitação, os participantes atuaram como sujeitos reflexivos e ativos na vivência do processo de ensino-aprendizagem em ambientes virtuais. O tutorial, por meio de um processo educativo participativo, proporcionou ações de trabalho em equipe, com foco na inovação da prática pedagógica docente e na melhoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Objective:From the perspective of the continued training of university teachers, this work aims to discuss the results obtained through the application of a virtual tutorial, with a view to innovating teaching pedagogical practice. Method: This is an experience report involving the use of mind maps and educational booklets in virtual environments, in the context of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERE), at the Public University in Bahia. Results: To this end, through collaborative work, synchronous and asynchronous activities were carried out. Two learning environments were used, Google Classroom and Meet. Different possibilities for using mental maps and educational booklets were presented, considering previous studies by the proposing team. Furthermore, possibilities for using these teaching tools during the ERE were discussed. The teaching training activity involved twelve university professors, who were encouraged to innovate their pedagogical practices, through theuse of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (TDICs). Conclusion: During the training, participants acted as reflective and active subjects in experiencing the teaching-learning process in virtual environments. The tutorial, through a participatory educational process, provided teamwork actions, focusing on innovation in teaching pedagogical practice and improving the teaching-learning process.

Objetivo: Desde la perspectiva de la formación continua de docentes universitarios, este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir los resultados obtenidos mediante la aplicación de una tutoría virtual, con miras a innovar la práctica pedagógica docente. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia sobre el uso de mapas mentales y folletos educativos en ambientes virtuales, en el contexto de la Enseñanza Remota de Emergencia (ERE), en la Universidad Pública de Bahía. Resultados: Para ello, a través del trabajo colaborativo, se realizaron actividades sincrónicas y asincrónicas. Se utilizaron dos entornos de aprendizaje, Google Classroom y Meet. Se presentaron diferentes posibilidades de uso de mapas mentales y folletos educativos, considerando estudios previos del equipo proponente. Además, se discutieron las posibilidades de utilizar estas herramientas didácticas durante el ERE. La actividad de formación docente involucró a doce profesores universitarios, quienes fueron incentivados a innovar en sus prácticas pedagógicas, mediante el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación Digital (TDIC). Conclusión: Durante la capacitación, los participantes actuaron como sujetos reflexivos y activos al vivir el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en ambientes virtuales. La tutoría, a través de un proceso educativo participativo, brindó acciones de trabajo en equipo, enfocando la innovación en la práctica pedagógica docente y la mejora del proceso deenseñanza-aprendizaje.

Through screens and windows: remote work of university professors / Pela tela, pela janela: trabalho remoto de professores universitários / A través de pantallas y ventanas: trabajo remoto de profesores universitarios

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift to remote education, significantly impacting teachers and students. This study, the second phase of a longitudinal research project, examines the work context of university professors during the pandemic. Focusing on changes in their work environment, the study involved interviews with three professors, analyzed from a constructivist-interpretative perspective. Key findings indicate a merging of home and work spaces, overlapping professional and personal time, and new costs associated with remote work. The findings also showed increased administrative responsibilities and a lack of institutional support. Furthermore, the study observed reduced work-related interactions and rest periods, counterbalanced by improved flexibility and institutional communication. These insights deepen the understanding of teaching dynamics during the pandemic and its broader life impacts. However, limitations included the study's small participant number and their single-course affiliation. Future research could expand to diverse courses and a larger pool of participants. Investigating female teachers' reproductive work to address gender inequality in higher education is also an important goal.

Resumo A pandemia da COVID-19 exigiu uma mudança para o ensino remoto, impactando significativamente professores e alunos. Este estudo, segunda fase de um projeto de pesquisa longitudinal, examina o contexto de trabalho de professores universitários durante a pandemia. Com foco nas mudanças no ambiente de trabalho, o estudo envolveu entrevistas com três professores, analisadas sob uma perspectiva construtivo-interpretativa. As principais conclusões indicam uma fusão dos espaços de casa e de trabalho, sobreposição de tempo profissional e pessoal e novos custos associados ao trabalho remoto. As conclusões também mostraram maiores responsabilidades administrativas e falta de apoio institucional. Além disso, o estudo observou uma redução nas interações relacionadas ao trabalho e nos períodos de descanso, contrabalançada pela melhoria da flexibilidade e da comunicação institucional. Estas percepções aprofundam a compreensão da dinâmica do ensino durante a pandemia e dos seus impactos mais amplos na vida. No entanto, as limitações incluíram o pequeno número de participantes do estudo e sua afiliação a um único curso. Pesquisas futuras poderiam se expandir para diversos cursos e um grupo maior de participantes. Investigar o trabalho reprodutivo das professoras para abordar a desigualdade de gênero no ensino superior também é um objetivo importante.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 llevó a un cambio a la educación a distancia, impactando a docentes y estudiantes. Este estudio es la segunda fase de una investigación longitudinal sobre el contexto laboral de los profesores universitarios en este periodo. Mediante entrevistas a tres profesores y un enfoque constructivo-interpretativo, se identificó la fusión de espacios de trabajo y hogar, la mezcla de tiempos profesionales y personales y costos adicionales del trabajo remoto. Se notó un aumento en tareas administrativas y falta de apoyo de las instituciones. Hubo una disminución en las interacciones laborales y descansos, aunque se ganó en flexibilidad y comunicación institucional. Esto aporta a entender la dinámica docente en pandemia y sus efectos en la vida. Las limitaciones del estudio incluyen el número reducido de participantes y su concentración en una sola área académica. Futuras investigaciones podrían diversificar cursos y participantes, y estudiar la carga de trabajo doméstico de las docentes para enfrentar la desigualdad de género en la educación superior.

A educação no retorno às aulas pós-pandemia: a visão de professores em exercício de direção sindical / Education upon returning to the classroom after the pandemic: the views of teachers working as union leaders / La educación en el retorno a las clases postpandemia: la visión de profesores en ejercicio de dirección sindical

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em problematizar mudanças ocorridas nos processos de trabalho docente com foco no retorno presencial às aulas, pós-pandemia e suas implicações para a saúde do professor. Trata-se de uma pesquisa social de caráter qualitativo e de natureza pedagógica, com ênfase em estratégias participativas de produção de conhecimento. Utilizou-se a metodologia da Comunidade Ampliada de Pesquisa adaptada para o ambiente virtual. Para coleta das informações, realizaram-se duas oficinas virtuais, cujas discussões foram analisadas conforme a técnica da análise de conteúdo temática, obtendo-se as seguintes categorias: "mudanças no trabalho em escolas"; "tempo tecnológico de trabalho e horas extraclasse não remuneradas"; "defasagens e cansaço pós-pandêmico"; "saúde nos rescaldos da pandemia"; e "o papel pedagógico da vigilância sindical pela saúde". Por fim, observou-se a importância do papel pedagógico da vigilância sindical pela saúde em contexto de adversidades social e política.

The aim of this study was to problematize changes in teaching work process, focusing on the return to face-to-face teaching after the pandemic and the implications for teacher health. We conducted a qualitative social and pedagogical study with emphasis on participatory knowledge production strategies. We used the expanded research community methodology adapted for virtual settings. The data were collected by means of two virtual workshops. The discussions held during these workshops were analyzed using thematic content analysis, resulting in the following categories: work changes in schools; technology working time and unpaid outside class hours; post-pandemic lag behind and tiredness; health in the aftermath of the pandemic; and the pedagogical role of union health surveillance. Finally, the findings revealed the importance of the pedagogical role of union health surveillance in a context of social and political adversities.

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en problematizar cambios habidos en los procesos de trabajo docente con enfoque en el retorno presencial a las clases, postpandemia, y sus implicaciones para la salud del profesor. Se trata de una investigación social de carácter cualitativo y de naturaleza pedagógica, con énfasis en estrategias participativas de producción de conocimiento. Se utilizó la metodología de la Comunidad Ampliada de Investigación adaptada para el ambiente virtual. Para la colecta de las informaciones se realizaron dos talleres virtuales, cuyas discusiones se analizaron conforme la técnica del análisis de contenido temático, obteniéndose las siguientes categorías: cambios en el trabajo en escuelas, tiempo tecnológico de trabajo y horas extra-clase no remuneradas, desfases y cansancio postpandémico, salud en los rescoldos de la pandemia, el papel pedagógico de la vigilancia sindical por la salud. Finalmente, se observó la importancia del papel pedagógico de la vigilancia sindical por la salud en contexto de adversidad social y política.

Medical faculty's perception of students' mental health: a qualitative survey study / Percepción de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de los estudiantes: un estudio cualitativo / Percepção dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental dos estudantes: um estudo qualitativo

This study sought to explore the perspective of medical faculty on the mental health of their students. This qualitative study based on a focus group is part of a longitudinal research that studied the mental health of Brazilian students. One group was conducted with faculty employed at a medical school. Topics discussed covered the concept of mental health and medical education. Six professors participated in one group. The mental health of medical students is a construct that encompasses emotional aspects, ability to solve problems and multiple facets of a human being, according to the participants. Artistic practices, moments of socialization and leisure were perceived as stimulating students' good mental health. Excessive demands generate competitiveness and the teacher's expectation of the student's good performance based on their own experience can harm the student's mental health. Participants also highlighted that a pedagogical reformulation that makes sense for the student's learning process is necessary to update traditional curricula. Medical students' mental health is influenced by experiences and exchanges during the medical school, mainly between professor and student, understood as necessary and inherent to the process of becoming physician. The findings of this study show the need for curriculum changes in the medical education process and updating teacher training for good practices that reinforce good mental health.

Este estudio buscó explorar la perspectiva de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de sus estudiantes. Este estudio cualitativo basado en un grupo focal es parte de una investigación longitudinal que estudió la salud mental de estudiantes brasileños. Un grupo se llevó a cabo con profesores empleados en una escuela de medicina. Los temas tratados abarcaron el concepto de salud mental y educación médica. Seis docentes participaron en un grupo. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina es un constructo que abarca aspectos emocionales, capacidad de resolución de problemas y múltiples facetas del ser humano, según los participantes. Las prácticas artísticas, los momentos de socialización y el ocio fueron percibidos como estimulantes de la buena salud mental de los estudiantes. Las exigencias excesivas generan competitividad y la expectativa del docente sobre el buen desempeño del estudiante basándose en su propia experiencia puede perjudicar la salud mental del estudiante. Los participantes también resaltaron que es necesaria una reformulación pedagógica que tenga sentido para el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante para actualizar los currículos tradicionales. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina está influenciada por las experiencias y los intercambios durante la carrera de medicina, principalmente entre profesor y estudiante, entendidos como necesarios e inherentes al proceso de convertirse en médico. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran la necesidad de cambios curriculares en el proceso de formación médica y de actualización de la formación docente hacia buenas prácticas que refuercen la buena salud mental.

Este estudo buscou explorar a perspectiva dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental de seus alunos. Este estudo qualitativo baseado em grupo focal faz parte de uma pesquisa longitudinal que estudou a saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros. Um grupo foi conduzido com professores empregados em uma faculdade de medicina. Os temas discutidos abrangeram o conceito de saúde mental e educação médica. Seis professores participaram de um grupo. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é um construto que engloba aspectos emocionais, capacidade de resolução de problemas e múltiplas facetas do ser humano, segundo os participantes. As práticas artísticas, os momentos de socialização e de lazer foram percebidos como estimuladores da boa saúde mental dos estudantes. Exigências excessivas geram competitividade e a expectativa do professor pelo bom desempenho do aluno com base na própria experiência pode prejudicar a saúde mental do aluno. Os participantes destacaram também que é necessária uma reformulação pedagógica que faça sentido para o processo de aprendizagem do aluno para atualizar os currículos tradicionais. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é influenciada pelas experiências e trocas durante o curso de medicina, principalmente entre professor e aluno, entendidas como necessárias e inerentes ao processo de tornar-se médico. Os achados deste estudo mostram a necessidade de mudanças curriculares no processo de formação médica e de atualização da formação docente para boas práticas que reforcem a boa saúde mental.

Sistema de acciones dirigido al proceso docente en contingencias epidemiológicas: experiencia en Guantánamo / System of actions aimed at the teaching process in epidemiological contingencies: experience in Guantánamo / System of actions aimed at the teaching process in epidemiological contingencies: experience in Guantánamo / Sistema de ações voltadas ao processo de ensino em contingências epidemiológicas: experiência em Guantánamo

Introducción: La pasada contingencia epidemiológica causada por el SARS-CoV-2, representó una grave situación sanitaria que impactó todas las esferas de la vida con consecuencias negativas, incluida la educación. Objetivo: Proponer un sistema de acciones diseñado para garantizar los resultados académicos del año terminal de la carrera de Medicina (curso 2020-2021) durante el rebrote de COVID-19 como propuesta metodológica ante contingencias epidemiológicas. Método: Se partió de los resultados de una Investigación-acción participativa como estudio cualitativo previo, utilizada como mecanismo para generar ideas y como método principal de recolección de datos, donde, mediante modalidades de muestreo intencional fueron seleccionados informantes clave entre estudiantes y docentes a los que le fueron aplicadas como técnicas la observación participante y la entrevista abierta activa previamente concebida. Los datos obtenidos en el trabajo de campo, fueron exhaustivamente analizados, codificados. La confección del informe final permitió el diseño de las acciones. Resultados: La puesta en marcha del sistema de acciones diseñado, amparada por los documentos normativos, permitió efectuar la descentralización del 6to. año de la carrera de Medicina hacia sus municipios de residencia, con garantías para el afianzamiento de conocimientos y habilidades, confirmado por los resultados obtenidos en los exámenes estatales. Conclusiones: Se propone la utilización, como herramienta metodológica, del sistema de acciones, el cual contribuyó de manera eficaz a sistematizar conocimientos y habilidades por los estudiantes durante el curso 2020-2021, demostrado por sus resultados académicos, lo cual avala su pertinencia en contingencias epidemiológicas.(AU)

Introduction: The past epidemiological contingency caused by SARS-CoV-2 represented a serious health situation that impacted all spheres of life with negative consequences, including education. Objective: Propose a system of actions designed to guarantee the academic results of the final year of the Medicine degree (2020-2021 academic year) during the outbreak of COVID-19 as a methodological proposal in the face of epidemiological contingencies. Method: We started from the results of a participatory action research as a previous qualitative study, used as a mechanism to generate ideas and as the main method of data collection, where, through intentional sampling modalities, key informants were selected among students and teachers to whom that participant observation and the previously conceived active open interview were applied as techniques. The data obtained in the field work were exhaustively analyzed and coded. The preparation of the final report allowed the design of the actions. Results: The implementation of the designed system of actions, supported by the regulatory documents, allowed the decentralization of the 6th. year of the Medicine degree towards their municipalities of residence, with guarantees for the strengthening of knowledge and skills, confirmed by the results obtained in the state exams. Conclusions: A system of actions is presented that effectively contributed to systematizing knowledge and skills by students during the 2020-2021 academic year, demonstrated by their academic results, which supports its relevance in epidemiological contingencies.(AU)

Introdução: A contingência epidemiológica passada causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 representou uma grave situação de saúde que impactou todas as esferas da vida com consequências negativas, incluindo a educação. Objetivo: Propor um sistema de ações destinadas a garantir os resultados acadêmicos do último ano do curso de Medicina (ano letivo 2020-2021) durante o surto de COVID-19 como proposta metodológica diante das contingências epidemiológicas. Método: Partimos dos resultados de uma pesquisa-ação participante como um estudo qualitativo prévio, utilizado como mecanismo de geração de ideias e como principal método de coleta de dados, onde, por meio de modalidades de amostragem intencional, foram selecionados informantes-chave entre alunos e professores para a quem foram aplicadas como técnicas a observação participante e a entrevista aberta ativa previamente concebida. Os dados obtidos no trabalho de campo foram exaustivamente analisados e codificados. A elaboração do relatório final permitiu o desenho das ações. Resultados: A implementação do sistema de ações desenhado, apoiado nos documentos normativos, permitiu a descentralização do 6º. ano do curso de Medicina para os seus municípios de residência, com garantias de fortalecimento de conhecimentos e competências, confirmadas pelos resultados obtidos nos exames estaduais. Conclusões: Apresenta-se um sistema de ações que contribuiu efetivamente para a sistematização de conhecimentos e competências dos estudantes durante o ano letivo 2020-2021, demonstrado pelos seus resultados académicos, o que sustenta a sua relevância em contingências epidemiológicas.(AU)

Concordancia entre docentes de Endodoncia de facultades de odontología de la Argentina en la evaluación radiográfica de tratamientos endodónticos / Agreement in the radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatments among teachers from dental schools in Argentina

Objetivo: Analizar la concordancia entre docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontolo- gía de universidades de la República Argentina en la evalua- ción radiográfica de tratamientos endodónticos realizados ex vivo por alumnos de grado. Materiales y métodos: Se envió a 13 docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontolo- gía de universidades públicas y privadas de la República Ar- gentina un email que contenía 54 tratamientos endodónticos realizados por alumnos de grado en dientes ex vivo para su evaluación radiográfica. Para uniformar la muestra, se selec- cionaron la mitad como correctos y la otra mitad incorrectos. Se solicitó a cada docente que determine cada tratamiento como correcto o incorrecto, sin ninguna rúbrica o pauta pre- via. Se obtuvieron 13 respuestas que fueron incluidas en una planilla Excel. La evaluación estadística fue realizada tenien- do en consideración el índice de concordancia expresado por el coeficiente de kappa. Resultados: El valor registrado para el índice kappa fue 0,28, con un intervalo de confianza de (95%) 0,20 - 0,37 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Puede considerarse que existe un nivel de concordancia aceptable con tendencia a leve entre los par- ticipantes del estudio (AU))

Aim: To analize the agreement between teachers from different departments of Endodontics from dentistry faculties of universities in the Argentine Republic in the radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatments performed ex vivo by un- dergraduate students. Materials and methods: An email containing 54 endo- dontic treatments performed by undergraduate students on ex vivo teeth for radiographic evaluation was sent to 13 profes- sors from different Endodontic departments of dental faculties of public and private universities in the Argentine Republic. To standardize the sample, half were selected as correct and the other half as incorrect. Each teacher was asked to deter- mine each treatment as correct or incorrect, without any prior rubric or guideline. 13 responses were obtained that were in- cluded in an Excel spreadsheet. The statistical evaluation was carried out taking into consideration the concordance index expressed by kappa's coefficient. Results: The value recorded for the kappa index was 0.28, with a confidence interval of (95%) 0.20 - 0.37 (p<0.001). Conclusions: It can be considered that there is an ac- ceptable level of agreement with a tendency towards slight agreement among the study participants (AU)

Estrategias metodológicas interactivas de la educación virtual en medicina: una revisión sistemática

Introducción: La pandemia ocasionada por la COVID - 19, ha provocado un cambio radical en la educación, siendo una de las más afectadas la educación médica. Los programas de esta carrera han realizado cambios para mantener el plan de estudios, surgiendo la necesidad de implementar nuevas estrategias metodológicas que permitan el mejor desempeño del estudiante. Objetivo: Describir estrategias metodológicas interactivas para la mejora de la práctica docente en el programa de medicina humana, teniendo en cuenta el contexto actual, a partir de evidencia publicada como resultado de investigaciones. Métodos: Esta revisión sistemática está basada en evidencia publicada como resultado de investigaciones en las bases de datos SCOPUS, Scielo, Latindex y DOAJ. Se eligieron artículos que hayan sido publicados entre los años 2017 y 2021 de acceso gratuito y que estén escritos en inglés o español. El estudio permitirá de manera importante mejorar la práctica docente en los programas de medicina humana. Desarrollo: En las tablas 1 y 2, son mostradas algunas estrategias metodológicas interactivas de la educación virtual (29,8%), que satisface las exigentes necesidades de la industria de la educación y con ayuda de la tecnología han transformado el sistema educativo en un modo en línea. De los resultados encontrados en la revisión de los artículos (tabla 3), se puede inferir que aplicar estrategias metodológicas donde exista una interacción activa entre el docente y alumno resultan beneficiosas en el aprendizaje. Conclusiones: Se determinó que implementar las estrategias metodológicas interactivas como la simulación virtual, trabajo colaborativo, aula invertida y ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje en la formación del programa de medicina colabora de manera importante en el aprendizaje y estimulación del estudiante.

Introduction: The pandemic caused by COVID - 19 has caused a radical change in education, one of the most affected being medical education. The programs of this career have made changes to maintain the study plan, arising the need to implement new methodological strategies that allow the best performance of the student. Objective: Describe interactive methodological strategies for the improvement of teaching practice in the human medicine program, taking into account the current context, based on evidence published as a result of research. Methods: This systematic review is based on evidence published as a result of research in the SCOPUS, Scielo, Latindex and DOAJ databases. Articles that have been published between the years 2017 and 2021 with free access and that are written in English or Spanish were chosen. The study will significantly improve teaching practice in human medicine programs. Development: In tables 1,2, some interactive methodological strategies of virtual education (29.8%) are shown, which satisfy the demanding needs of the education industry and with the help of technology have transformed the educational system into a mode in line. From the results found in the review of the articles (table 3), it can be inferred that applying methodological strategies where there is an active interaction between the teacher and student are beneficial in learning. Conclusions: It was determined that implementing interactive methodological strategies such as virtual simulation, collaborative work, flipped classroom and virtual learning environments in the training of the medicine program contributes significantly to student learning and stimulation.