Vascular diseases of the liver. Clinical Guidelines from the Catalan Society of Digestology and the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver. / Enfermedades vasculares del hígado. Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Catalana de Digestología y de la Asociación Española para el Estudio del Hígado.

Despite their relatively low prevalence, vascular diseases of the liver represent a significant health problem in the field of liver disease. A common characteristic shared by many such diseases is their propensity to cause portal hypertension together with increased morbidity and mortality. These diseases are often diagnosed in young patients and their delayed diagnosis and/or inappropriate treatment can greatly reduce life expectancy. This article reviews the current body of evidence concerning Budd-Chiari syndrome, non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis, idiopathic portal hypertension, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, hepatic vascular malformations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis and other rarer vascular diseases including arterioportal fistulas. It also includes a section on the diagnostic imaging of vascular diseases of the liver and their treatment from a haematological standpoint (study of thrombotic diathesis and anticoagulation therapy). All recommendations are based on published studies extracted from PubMed. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated in accordance with the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment Development and Evaluation). In the absence of sufficient evidence, recommendations were based on the opinion of the committee that produced the guide.

Segmental arterial mediolysis: findings at computed tomography angiography. / Hallazgos de angiografía por tomografía computarizada de la mediólisis arterial segmentaria.

OBJECTIVE: To review the principal findings on computed tomography angiography for segmental arterial mediolysis, and to emphasize the points that help to differentiate it from other vasculopathies such as vasculitis. We also review the protocols for follow-up and the various treatment options. CONCLUSION: Segmental arterial mediolysis is a rare disease that is defined as a non-atherosclerotic, non-hereditary, and non-inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by lysis of the medial layer of the arterial wall. It should be suspected in middle-aged patients with aneurysms, dissections, or spontaneous ruptures of visceral arteries of unknown etiology who do not fulfill the clinical and laboratory criteria for vasculitis. The arteries of the abdominal organs are the most commonly affected, including the arteries of the celiac trunk and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Radiologically, segmental arterial mediolysis can present as arterial dilation; single or multiple, saccular or fusiform aneurysms; stenoses; or dissections.

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm-SCORE2, SCORE-OP- is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (< 50, 50-69, ≥70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. / Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021.

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global cardiovascular disease risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (steps 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year cardiovascular disease risk, lifetime cardiovascular disease risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm ?SCORE2, SCORE2-OP? is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according to different age groups (<50, 50-69, ≥70 years). Different flow charts of cardiovascular disease risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

[Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention]. / Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021.

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm-SCORE2, SCORE-OP- is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (< 50, 50-69 ≥ 70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

[Influence of prior ischemic events on the nutritional status of patients hospitalized for stroke]. / Influencia de la historia de isquemia sobre el estado nutricional en pacientes ingresados por accidente cerebrovascular.

INTRODUCTION: Background and aims: a poor nutritional status may worsen the prognosis of stroke. We assessed which factors were associated with a worse nutritional status in patients with stroke at the time of hospitalization. Methods: a cross-sectional study in patients with stroke needing enteral nutritional support, from January 2014 to September 2016. Nutritional status was evaluated by the Mini-Nutritional Assessment tool, and the Subjective Global Assessment. We performed a multivariate regression analysis including demographic, baseline disability (modified Rankin scale), and clinical and anthropometric variables, and we stratified the sample based on median age. Results: we included 226 patients, 58.3 % male, with a median age of 77 (66.7-83) years. Forty-four percent were at risk of malnutrition, and 24 % were malnourished. The factors that were associated with a worse nutritional status were age (odds ratio (OR): 1.03; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.08) and modified Rankin scale score (OR: 1.96; 95 % CI: 1.32-2.67). In the stratified analysis, associated factors were, in the subgroup of patients older than 77 years, the baseline degree of disability (OR: 1.88; 95 % CI: 1.26-2.80), whereas in the subgroup of patients younger than 77 years, it was a prior history of ischemic events (OR: 2.86; 95 % CI: 1.01-8.16). Conclusion: in patients hospitalized due to stroke, older age and worse functional status were associated with a worse nutritional status at the time of hospitalization. In elderly patients, the main factor was prior functional status, while in younger patients it was a prior history of ischemic events.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción y objetivos: el mal estado nutricional empeora el pronóstico del ictus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar qué factores se asociaban a una mala situación nutricional en pacientes con ictus en el momento del ingreso. Material y método: estudio transversal de pacientes hospitalizados con ictus que precisaron soporte nutricional enteral, desde enero de 2014 hasta septiembre de 2016. Determinamos el estado nutricional mediante el Mini-Nutritional Assesment y la valoración global subjetiva. Se realizó un análisis de regresión multivariante, incluyendo variables demográficas, situación funcional (escala de Rankin) y variables clínicas y antropométricas, estratificándose por la edad mediana de la muestra. Resultados: se incluyeron 226 pacientes, el 58,3 % varones, con una edad mediana de 77 (66,7-83) años. El 44 % presentaban riesgo de malnutrición y el 24 % desnutrición. Los factores asociados a una mala situación nutricional fueron la edad (odds ratio (OR): 1,03, IC 95 %: 1,01-1,08) y la puntuación en la escala de Rankin (OR: 1,96; IC 95 %: 1,32-2,67). En el análisis estratificado, los factores asociados a una mala situación nutricional fueron, en el subgrupo de los mayores de 77 años, la capacidad funcional previa (OR: 1,88; IC 95 %: 1,26-2,80), y en el subgrupo de los menores de 77 años, la historia de eventos isquémicos previos (OR: 2,86; IC 95 %: 1,01-8,16). Conclusiones: en pacientes hospitalizados por ictus, la mayor edad y la peor situación funcional previa se asociaron a una peor situación nutricional. En los pacientes de mayor edad, el factor principal fue la situación funcional previa, mientras que en los pacientes más jóvenes, fue el antecedente de patología isquémica.

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. / Comentario del CEIPV a la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular en la Práctica Clínica.

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention.

[Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines]. / Comentario del CEIPV a la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular en la Práctica Clínica.

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention.

Does mean platelet volume (MPV) have a role in evaluation of erectile dysfunction and its severity?

PURPOSE: The mean platelet volume (MPV) has important role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases as a marker of the platelet activity. To investigate the association between mean platelet volume and erectile dysfunction (ED) and to search whether this marker can be used for diagnosis of ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 312 patients with ED of various degrees, 122 patients without ED (IIEF-5>21) were included in this prospective study. Severity of ED was determined according to IIEF-5 questionnaire. MPV, fasting serum glucose, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and serum testosterone levels are also recorded. The mean platelet volume was calculated by the Coulter counter technique and sexual function was determined by International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain (IIEF-5). RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 58.4 years. The mean MPV value of patients with ED was significantly higher compared to the non-ED patients (8.91 vs. 8.22, p=0.0001). The severity of ED was shown to have a positive strong correlation with MPV values (r=0.719, p=0.001). Mean serum triglyceride, glucose, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were noted higher in patients with ED. MPV values were found to be significantly higher in patients with ED. CONCLUSION: MPV level shows significant correlation with severity of ED. This cheap laboratory test can have potential to be a marker of ED. Further prospective larger studies with vascular wall thickness measurements should be conducted.

Usefulness of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a population with high cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is considered a disease and at the same time a cardiovascular risk factor, mainly involved in ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and kidney failure, causing high mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to follow up with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with high blood pressure belonging to a population with high cardiovascular risk. METHOD: Descriptive, observational, retrospective study, which analyzes 24-hour outpatient pressure controls of 1858 patients, in Cartagena, Colombia. RESULTS: 1173 exams were validated and included in the study. The median age was 66 years. 66.8% (783) were women and 33.2% (390) were men. The main changes occurred during the night, when 79.1% of the patients had high systolic pressure loads, 65.6% recorded diastolic pressure averages and 83.7% had abnormal circadian patterns. Only 11% of the studies were normal in all parameters. CONCLUSIONS: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring proved to be a useful tool to identify uncontrolled hypertensive patients, detect nocturnal hypertension and abnormal circadian patterns, which are risk markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión arterial es considerada una enfermedad y al mismo tiempo un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, involucrada principalmente en la cardiopatía isquémica, la enfermedad cerebrovascular y la insuficiencia renal, causando una elevada mortalidad. OBJETIVO: Realizar seguimiento con monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial de 24 horas en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pertenecientes a una población con alto riesgo cardiovascular. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron los monitoreos ambulatorios de presión de 24 horas de 1858 pacientes, en Cartagena, Colombia. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1173 registros. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años. El 66.8% (783) fueron mujeres y el 33.2% (390) fueron hombres. Las principales alteraciones ocurrieron durante la noche, cuando el 79.1% de los pacientes tuvieron cargas elevadas de presión sistólica, el 65.6% registraron promedios elevados de presión diastólica y el 83.7% tuvieron patrones circadianos anormales. Solo el 11% de los estudios fueron normales en todos los parámetros. CONCLUSIONES: El monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial de 24 horas demostró ser una herramienta útil para identificar a los pacientes hipertensos no controlados, detectando hipertensión nocturna y patrones circadianos anormales, los cuales son marcadores de riesgo para morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular.

Segmental arterial mediolysis. / Mediolisis arterial segmentaria.

This article reports the case of a 51-year-old woman in whom brain MRI to follow up multiple sclerosis incidentally discovered an intramural hematoma in the extracranial internal carotid artery. MR angiography of the supra-aortic trunks and CT angiography of the aorta showed arterial dilations, aneurysms, dissections, and intramural hematomas in the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and arteries in the splanchnic territory. These findings raised suspicion of segmental arterial mediolysis. After 6 months of treatment with antiplatelet drugs, the arterial involvement resolved. Segmental arterial mediolysis is an uncommon disease; low clinical suspicion and radiologists' lack of knowledge about this entity mean that it can go undetected or be confused with other vasculitides. This report describes the most relevant pathophysiological findings and correlates them with the imaging findings.

Factores de riesgo de trombosis venosa profunda en el personal administrativo de una universidad ecuatoriana / Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in the administrative staff of an ecuadorian university / Fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda no pessoal administrativo de uma universidade equatoriana

Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo de trombosis venosa profunda en el personal administrativo de una universidad ecuatoriana. Método: investigación cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva, con una muestra censal de 71 trabajadores del área administrativa, en Ambato, Ecuador. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el test que evalúa el manejo de la insuficiencia venosa crónica entre los niveles de atención a la salud. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y el método multivariante de análisis de componentes principales para definir nuevos factores asociados. Resultados: los factores a la TVP son la bipedestación, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, sedestación, coagulación sanguínea, várices congénitas, enfermedades catastróficas, edema, algia, cirugía, anticonceptivos y uso de corticoesteroides. Conclusión: el riesgo de estos pacientes para desarrollar TVP está relacionado con el lugar de trabajo, la movilidad, signos y síntomas que la enfermedad puede causar. En el caso del personal administrativo los factores más asociados a la TVP se relacionan con la posición por largas jornadas de trabajo, no obstante factores de coagulación, patologías previas, signos notorios de la patología, consumo de alcohol y tabaco y el uso de corticoesteroides también aportan en un menor porcentaje al desarrollo.

Objective: to describe the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in the administrative staff of an ecuadorian university. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research, with a census sample of 71 workers in the administrative area, in Ambato, Ecuador. For data collection, the test that evaluates the management of chronic venous insufficiency between levels of health care was used. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the multivariate method of principal component analysis to define new associated factors. Results: risk factors for DVT are standing, smoking and drinking alcohol, sitting, blood clotting, congenital varicose veins, catastrophic disease, edema, pain, surgery, contraceptives, and use of corticosteroids. Conclusion: the risk of these patients to develop DVT is related to the workplace, mobility, signs and symptoms that the disease can cause. In the case of administrative staff, the factors most associated with DVT are related to the position due to long working hours, however coagulation factors, previous pathologies, notorious signs of the pathology, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and the use of corticosteroids also contribute to development in a lower percentage.

Programa de superación profesional para angiólogos sobre tratamiento de enfermedades vasculares periféricas con técnicas novedosas

Introducción: La superación profesional es un conjunto de acciones de carácter educativo vinculadas con la actualización de conocimientos y el desarrollo de habilidades y actitudes profesionales en correspondencia con la identificación de problemas profesionales. En Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, los especialistas de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular carecen de actividades de superación profesional de forma general, sistemática y de participación colectiva, dirigidas u orientadas desde la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas. Objetivo: Elaborar un programa de superación profesional del especialista en Angiología y Cirugía Vascular para el tratamiento de las enfermedades vasculares periféricas con técnicas novedosas, a partir de insuficiencias identificadas. Método: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con un estudio descriptivo en especialistas de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular de la provincia de Ciego de Ávila, vinculada directamente con la atención a pacientes, en el año 2020. Se trabajó con toda la población compuesta por 19 especialistas. Fue aplicada una encuesta y se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para organizar y clasificar los indicadores cuantitativos obtenidos. Resultados: La preparación para la aplicación de tratamiento con técnicas novedosas en las enfermedades vasculares periféricas se encontró como insuficiencia en nivel de Poco adecuado y No adecuado en más del 90 % de los especialistas. Conclusiones: Se aporta un programa de superación profesional como sistema abierto, de carácter flexible, que facilita su rediseño constante para adaptarse a condiciones específicas de los contextos de aplicación.

Introduction: Professional development is a set of educational actions linked to update knowledge and professional skills and attitudes in correspondence with the professional problems met. In Ciego de Avila, Cuba, specialists in Angiology and Vascular Surgery lack professional improvement activities in general, systematic and collective participation way, straightly performed or oriented from the University of Medical Sciences. Objective: To design a professional development program for specialists in Angiology and Vascular Surgery on the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases with the use of novel techniques based on the professional problems met. Method: A qualitative research with descriptive study was carried out in Angiology and Vascular Surgery specialists linked directly to the patient care service in 2020. It worked with the whole population comprised of 19 specialists. A survey was applied and descriptive statistics were used to organize and classify the quantitative indicators obtained. Results: Knowledge on how to use the novel techniques in peripheral vascular diseases treatment proved to be inadequate at a pointed level of Less adequate and Inadequate in more than 90% of studied specialists. Conclusions: The professional development program is provided with characteristics of an open system and flexibility, which facilitates its constant redesign to adapt to the specific conditions of the contexts required.

Introdução: O aperfeiçoamento profissional é um conjunto de ações educativas vinculadas à atualização de conhecimentos e desenvolvimento de habilidades e atitudes profissionais em correspondência com a identificação de problemas profissionais. No Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, os especialistas em Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular carecem de atividades de aperfeiçoamento profissional de forma geral, sistemática e de participação coletiva, dirigidas ou orientadas pela Universidade de Ciências Médicas. Objetivo: Desenvolver um programa de aperfeiçoamento profissional do especialista em Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular para tratamento de doenças vasculares periféricas com técnicas inovadoras, a partir das insuficiências identificadas. Método: Foi realizada uma investigação qualitativa com estudo descritivo em especialistas de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular na província de Ciego de Ávila, diretamente vinculados ao atendimento ao paciente, no ano de 2020. Trabalhamos com toda a população composta por 19 especialistas. Aplicou-se um survey e utilizou-se estatística descritiva para organizar e classificar os indicadores quantitativos obtidos. Resultados: A preparação para a aplicação do tratamento com novas técnicas nas doenças vasculares periféricas revelou-se insuficiente ao nível de Pouco adequado e Pouco adequado em mais de 90% dos especialistas. Conclusões: Um programa de aperfeiçoamento profissional é fornecido como um sistema aberto, de natureza flexível, o que facilita seu redesenho constante para se adaptar às condições específicas dos contextos de aplicação.

Prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 em um hospital público* / Prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital público / Prevalence of vascular events associated with COVID-19 patients in a public hospital

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência dos principais eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos em um hospital público do Recife. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, realizado por meio das bases de dados epidemiológicos e prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes, no período de março de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: analisaram-se 1122 pacientes, (58,8%) com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Os principais eventos vasculares evidenciados foram: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusão Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Membro Inferior a mais prevalente, sendo 17,64% dos casos. Conclusão: foi possível apontar a prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19, admitidos em um hospital público do Recife, tal como classificar os principais eventos vasculares, sua repercussão e evolução. Assim, o conhecimento acerca do perfil desses pacientes no contexto da pandemia pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área de saúde.

Objective: to verify the prevalence of the main vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital in Recife. Method: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out through epidemiological databases and electronic patient records, from March 2020 to August 2021. Results: 1122 patients (58.8%) with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19 were analyzed. The main vascular events evidenced were: Deep Venous Thromboembolism (4.55%); Pulmonary Thromboembolism (2.5%); Acute Arterial Occlusion (0.98%) and Critical Lower Limb Ischemia, the most prevalent, being 17.64% of the cases. Conclusion: it was possible to point out the prevalence of vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19, admitted to a public hospital in Recife, as well as to classify the main vascular events, their repercussion and evolution. Thus, knowledge about the profile of these patients in the context of the pandemic can contribute to the development of new research in the health area.

Objetivo: verificar la prevalencia de los principales eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital público de Recife. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado a través de bases de datos epidemiológicas y registros electrónicos de pacientes, de marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: se analizaron 1122 pacientes (58,8%) con diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Los principales eventos vasculares evidenciados fueron: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusión Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Miembros Inferiores el más prevalente, con el 17,64% de los casos. Conclusión: fue posible señalar la prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19, ingresados en un hospital público de Recife, así como clasificar los principales eventos vasculares, sus repercusiones y evolución. Así, el conocimiento del perfil de estos pacientes en el contexto de la pandemia puede contribuir para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones en el área de salud.

Caracterización de los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en un período de cuatro años / Characterization of patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died in a period of four years

Introducción: Las enfermedades vasculares periféricas constituyen un problema de salud en el ámbito mundial por resultar causa importante de discapacidad y de invalidez. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en un período de cuatro años. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico en los pacientes fallecidos entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se estimaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, así como la tasa de mortalidad. Se identificó la asociación entre las variables con la causa directa de muerte. Resultados: El 42,7 por ciento de los diabéticos fallecieron; de estos, el 57,5 por ciento estaban descompensados. La hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. La tasa de mortalidad total resultó 0,171/1000 ingresos. Como enfermedades arteriales más frecuente aparecieron los AAA (28,1 por ciento ) y la angiopatía diabética (25 por ciento ); y, como parte de esta última, el pie (25,7 por ciento ). La aneurismectomía con injerto por sustitución representó la cirugía revascularizadora más realizada (58,8 por ciento ). El shock hipovolémico y el tromboembolismo pulmonar predominaron como complicaciones posquirúrgicas (15,7 por ciento ). El shock séptico (31,6 por ciento ) y la bronconeumonía bacteriana (25,7 por ciento) fueron las causas directas de muerte. Conclusiones: Se logró caracterizar a los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en los últimos cuatro años, por lo que estimaron la tasa de prevalencia y la tendencia anual de la mortalidad en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular en ese período; asimismo, las variables asociadas a las causas directas de muerte(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral vascular diseases are a global health problem because they are a major cause of disability. Objective: Characterize patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died over a period of four years. Method: A descriptive and analytical study was conducted in patients who died between January 2015 and December 2018. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were studied. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated, as well as the mortality rate. The association between the variables with the direct cause of death was identified. Results: 42.7 percent of diabetic patients died; of these, 57.5 percent were decompensated. High blood pressure, smoking and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent risk factors. The total mortality rate was 0.171/1000 admissions. The most frequent arterial diseases were AAA (28.1 percent) and diabetic angiopathy (25 percent); and, as part of the latter, foot angiopathy (25.7 percent). Aneurysmectomy with graft substitution represented the most performed revascularizing surgery (58.8 percent). Hypovolemic shock and pulmonary thromboembolism predominated as post-surgical complications (15.7 percent). Septic shock (31.6 percent) and bacterial bronchopneumonia (25.7 percent) were the direct causes of death. Conclusions: It was possible to characterize patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died in the last four years, so they estimated the prevalence rate and the annual trend of mortality at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery in that period; also, the variables associated with direct causes of death(AU)

Buerger's disease with cerebral involvement in a middle-aged woman with diabetes mellitus. a case report

Introduction: Buerger's disease (BD) generally affects men, young people, and smokers, but it can also affect women. Its incidence is rare in Latin America. Case report: A 40-year-old Colombian woman, active smoker and user of psychoactive substances, attended the emergency department of a tertiary care center due to symptoms of 3 days consisting of retraction of the corner of the mouth, drooling, and involuntary tongue movements. The patient, who had a history of uncontrolled diabetes and recent acute ischemia of the right upper limb due to acute thrombosis, required surgical management and subsequent use of oral anticoagulation. She later developed necrotic changes in the distal phalanges of the right hand that required ablative therapy. Since age, sex and limb involvement were not typical for BD, collagenosis, vasculitis or thrombophilia were ruled out, but after excluding these disorders, BD with atypical features was considered. The patient was discharged with oral anticoagulation, aspirin, combined analgesia, physiotherapy, and recommendation for smoking cessation. Conclusions: Age, sex, smoking and comorbidities such as diabetes are risk factors for BD. Imaging and histopathology are the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of this entity. Multidisciplinary management, lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, pain control, good wound healing and social support are key aspects for better clinical outcomes in patients with BD.

Introducción. La enfermedad de Buerger (EB) afecta generalmente a hombres, jóvenes y fumadores, y aunque también puede afectar a mujeres, su incidencia es rara en Latinoamérica. Presentación del caso. Mujer colombiana de 40 años, fumadora activa y consumidora de sustancias psicoactivas, quien acudió al servicio de urgencias de una institución de tercer nivel por síntomas de 3 días de evolución consistentes en retracción de la comisura bucal, babeo y movimientos involuntarios de la lengua. La paciente, que tenía antecedente de diabetes no controlada y reciente isquemia aguda de miembro superior derecho por trombosis aguda, requirió manejo intervencionista y subsecuente uso de anticoagulación oral. Posteriormente, desarrolló cambios necróticos en falanges distales de mano derecha y requirió terapia ablativa. Dado que la edad, el género y la afectación de las extremidades no eran típicos para EB, se procedió a descartar colagenosis, vasculitis o trombofilia, pero tras excluir estas patologías se consideró EB con características atípicas. La paciente fue dada de alta con anticoagulación oral, aspirina, analgesia combinada, fisioterapia y recomendación de suspender el consumo de tabaco. Conclusiones. La edad, el género, el tabaquismo y las comorbilidades como diabetes son factores de riesgo para EB. La imagenología e histopatología son estándar de oro en el diagnóstico definitivo de esta entidad. El manejo multidisciplinario, los cambios en el estilo de vida, la cesación del tabaquismo, el control del dolor, la buena cicatrización de heridas y el apoyo social son aspectos importantes para obtener mejores resultados clínicos en pacientes con EB.

Caracterización de gestantes con enfermedad tromboembólica venosa atendidas en el Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" / Characterization of pregnant women with venous thromboembolic disease attended at the General Teaching Hospital "Abel SantamaríaCuadrado"

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa constituye una de lascomplicacionesdelembarazo, que puede evolucionar tórpidamente y causar la muerte. Objetivo: caracterizar a las gestantes con enfermedad tromboembólica venosa atendidas en el Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en gestantes atendidas en el Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" entre mayo de 2018 y marzo de 2021. La muestra quedó conformada por 26 pacientes. Se empleó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el 0,09 % de las 27 500 gestantes atendidas presentaronenfermedad tromboembólica venosa, conmayorincidenciaen el grupo etario de gestantes de 35 años o más (0,06 %). El 76,92 % desarrolló la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa durante elpuerperio, la mayor incidencia durante el puerperio se observó en pacientes sometidas a cesárea (80 %). El 57,69 % de las pacientes conenfermedad tromboembólica venosa durante la gestaciónpresentaronvárices en miembros inferiores y el 69,23 % refirieron antecedentes de trombosis venosa profunda. La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa fuecomún (57,69 %) en gestantes con un índice de masa corporal mayor de 28,6. Conclusiones: el tromboembolismo venoso presentó una baja incidencia, la cualfuemayor durante elpuerperio, se presentócomúnmente en esa etapa en aquellas que fuenecesariorealizarles cesárea. En las gestantes con antecedentes de trombosis venosa profunda fuecomún la recurrencia. La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa fue más frecuente en gestantes conun índice de masa corporal elevado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: venous thromboembolic disease constitutes one of the complications of pregnancy, which can evolve torpidly and cause death. Objective: to characterize pregnant women with venous thromboembolic disease attended at the "Abel SantamaríaCuadrado" General Teaching Hospital. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in pregnant women attended at the "Abel SantamaríaCuadrado" General Teaching Hospital between May 2018 and March 2021. The sample consisted of 26 patients. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: 0,09 % of the 27,500 pregnant women attended presented venous thromboembolic disease, with a higher incidence in the age group of pregnant women aged 35 years or older (0,06 %). A total of 76,92 % developed venous thromboembolic disease during the puerperium, with the highest incidence during the puerperium being observed in patients who underwent cesarean section (80 %). Of the patients with venous thromboembolic disease during pregnancy, 57,69% presented varicose veins in the lower limbs and 69,23 % reported a history of deep vein thrombosis. Venous thromboembolic disease was common (57,69 %) in pregnant women with a body mass index greater than 28,6. Conclusions: Venous thromboembolism presented a low incidence, which was higher during the puerperium, occurring commonly at that stage in those who had to undergo cesarean section. In pregnant women with a history of deep vein thrombosis, recurrence was common. Venous thromboembolic disease was more frequent in pregnant women with a high body mass index.

Estrategias para enseñar sobre autocuidado a personas con úlceras vasculares venosas: una revisión integrativ / Strategies for Teaching Self-care to People with Venous Ulcers: An Integrative Review / Estratégias para o ensino do autocuidado a pessoas com úlceras vasculares venosas: uma revisão integrativa

Introducción: las úlceras vasculares son lesiones que se desarrollan principalmente en miembros inferiores, se acompañan de dolor continuo e incapacitante, dificultan la movilidad, alteran la propia imagen corporal y pueden interferir en las actividades de la vida diaria. Las úlceras venosas son graves, ocasionadas por insuficiencia venosa crónica e hipertensión venosa permanente, y la persona que las padece debe recibir cuidados de enfermería integrales, que contribuyan al autocuidado. Objetivo:describir las estrategias que debe tener en cuenta el profesional de enfermería para la promoción del autocuidado en personas con úlceras vasculares venosas. Metodología: revisión integrativa de la literatura. Se realizó búsqueda en bases de datos y recursos electrónicos: Medline a través de PubMed Health, Epistemonikos y SciELO. Se incluyeron artículos de investigación y de revisión relacionados con el problema en estudio, publicados en inglés, portugués o español en el periodo 2010-2020. Estudio sin riesgo, se respetan los derechos de autor. Resultados: se analizó una muestra constituida por 41 publicaciones. Los temas principales producto del análisis fueron: proceso de atención de enfermería y autocuidado, familiarizándose con la úlcera venosa y las opciones terapéuticas, conocimiento de la terapia de compresión, práctica de los estilos de vida saludables. Conclusiones: el cuidado de enfermería al paciente con úlcera venosa debe comenzar por reconocer a la persona desde una perspectiva holística y en reciprocidad con su entorno, lo que implica un proceso de atención integral que va más allá de la úlcera y valora al paciente como un sujeto activo en el cuidado, para que se familiarice con su herida y esté en capacidad de detectar señales de mejoría o de alarma, así como de conocer la terapia de compresión y opciones terapéuticas y de llevar a su cotidianidad la práctica de estilos de vida saludables

Introduction: Venous ulcers are lesions developed mainly on the lower limbs. They cause continuous and disabling pain, impair mobility, alter self-image, and interfere with daily life activities. Venous ulcers are serious. They are caused by chronic venous insufficiency and permanent venous hypertension. People suffering from venous ulcers should receive comprehensive nursing care that contributes to self-care. Objective: To describe the strategies nursing professionals should consider for promoting self-care in people with venous ulcers. Method: Integrative review of the literature. Databases and electronic resources were searched: Medline using PubMed, Health, Epistemonikos, and SciELO. Research and review articles related to the study problem, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 2010 and 2020, were included. This is a risk-free study, and copyrights were respected. Results: A sample of 41 publications was analyzed. The main themes derived from the analysis were the nursing care process and self-care, getting familiar with venous ulcers and therapeutic options, knowledge of compression therapy, and practice of healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: Nursing care for patients with venous ulcers should begin by recognizing a person from a holistic perspective and reciprocally with their environment. This approach implies a comprehensive care process that goes beyond the ulcer and values patients as active subjects of care so that they become familiar with their wounds and detect signs of improvement or warning. They can also know about compression therapy and therapeutic options and take the practice of healthy lifestyles into their daily lives.

Introdução: As úlceras vasculares são lesões que se desenvolvem principalmente nos membros inferiores, são acompanhadas de dor contínua e incapacitante, dificultam a mobilidade, alteram a própria imagem corporal e podem interferir nas atividades da vida diária. As úlceras venosas são graves, causadas pela insuficiência venosa crônica e hipertensão venosa permanente, e a pessoa que as sofre deve receber cuidado de enfermagem integral que contribua para o autocuidado. Objetivo: Descrever as estratégias que o profissional de enfermagem deve levar em consideração para promover o autocuidado em pessoas com úlceras vasculares venosas. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura. Realizou-se busca nas bases de dados e recursos eletrônicos: Medline por meio do PubMed Health, Epistemonikos SciELO. Foram incluídos artigos de pesquisa e revisão relacionados ao problema em estudo, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, no período 2010-2020. Estudo sem risco, os direitos autorais são respeitados. Resultados: Foi analisada uma amostra de 41 publicações. Os principais tópicos resultantes da análise foram: processo de atenção de enfermagem e autocuidado, familiarização com a úlcera venosa e as opções terapêuticas, conhecimento da terapia compressiva, prática de estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: O cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente com úlcera venosa deve começar por reconhecer à pessoa desde uma perspectiva holística e em reciprocidade com seu meio, o que implica um processo de atendimento integral que vai além da úlcera e valoriza ao paciente como sujeito ativo no cuidado para que ele se familiarize com sua ferida e seja capaz de detectar sinais de melhora ou alarme, bem como aprender sobre terapia compressiva e as opções terapêuticas e praticar estilos de vida saudáveis em sua vida diária.

Infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular / Infections associated with health care at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery

Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria constituyen un problema de salud. Objetivo: Caracterizar las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en los tres servicios del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular durante 2019. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal de epidemiología clínica en 89 pacientes ingresados en 2019, a los que se les diagnosticó una infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, meses del año, servicio asistencial, enfermedades asociadas, gérmenes más frecuentes y principales localizaciones. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: Se encontró una tasa porcentual acumulada de 6,6 por cada 100 egresos, con predominio del sexo masculino y mayor frecuencia en los pacientes de la quinta década de vida. La herida quirúrgica contribuyó con 43 casos de los 89 reportados, seguida por la bronconeumonía bacteriana con 18. La principal enfermedad asociada fue la diabetes mellitus y los gérmenes más frecuentes aislados resultaron Stafilococus aureus, Pseudomona sp y Acinetobacter bawmani. Conclusiones: La tasa de incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular durante 2019 no difiere de las presentadas en años anteriores y se corresponden con los reportes internacionales(AU)

Introduction: Health care associated infections are a health problem. Objective: Characterize healthcare associated infections in the three services of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery during 2019. Methods: Longitudinal study of clinical epidemiology in 89 patients admitted in 2019, who were diagnosed with an infection associated with health care. The study variables were: age, sex, months of the year, care service, associated diseases, more frequent germs and main locations. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. Results: A cumulative percentage rate of 6.6 per 100 discharges was found, with male predominance and higher frequency in patients in the fifth decade of life. The surgical wound was present in 43 of the 89 cases reported, followed by bacterial bronchopneumonie with 18. The main associated disease was diabetes mellitus and the most common isolated germs were Stafilococus aureus, Pseudomonasp and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions: The incidence rate of healthcare associated infections at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery during 2019 does not differ from those presented in previous years and corresponds to international reports(AU)

Síntomas neurológicos motores de inicio súbito en el síndrome de Leriche / Sudden onset motor neurological symptoms in Leriche's syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Leriche es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con gran morbilidad y mortalidad, que ocurre debido a oclusión de las ramas principales de la aorta abdominal por debajo de la bifurcación de las arterias renales. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por la tríada de claudicación, impotencia y disminución de los pulsos femorales. El diagnóstico se confirma por ecografía Doppler abdominal o angiografía por tomografía computarizada y el tratamiento se basa en el restablecimiento del flujo por debajo del nivel de la oclusión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con cuadro clínico atípico de dolor lumbar, paraparesia y livideces de miembros inferiores de inicio súbito, con rápido deterioro de su estado general que requirió intervención endovascular urgente. En esta ocasión, los síntomas neurológicos pueden ser explicados por la reducción del flujo sanguíneo de la arteria espinal magna, que en el 25 % de la población se origina en L1 o por debajo de ella y puede generar isquemia de la médula espinal. La presentación atípica de este reporte lo convierte en un desafío clínico de gran importancia.

Abstract Leriche syndrome is a rare disease with high morbidity and mortality that occurs due to occlusion of the main branches of the abdominal aorta below the bifurcation of the renal arteries. Clinically, it is characterized by the triad of claudication, impotence and decreased femoral pulses. Diagnosis is confirmed by abdominal Doppler ultrasound or computed tomography angiography and treatment is based on restoration of arterial flow below the level of occlusion. We present the case of a patient with an atypical clinical presentation of sudden onset of low back pain, paraparesis and lividity of the lower limbs, with rapid deterioration of his general condition that required urgent endovascular intervention. On this occasion, the neurological symptoms can be explained by reduced blood flow in the magna spinal artery, which in 25% of the population originates at or below L1 and can generate spinal cord ischemia. The atypical presentation of this report makes it a clinical challenge of great importance.