Lithium scale-making and extractivist counter-futurities in Bolivia.

This article uses the ethnography of the prelives of lithium industrialization in Bolivia to contribute to wider debates - in anthropology and beyond - about the essentially contested nature of the green energy transition. Based on research conducted between 2019 and 2023, the article examines the topographies of production and sociopolitical mobilization that are entangled with Bolivia's state-controlled lithium project but which resist the various pressures to reorient social and productive worlds around arguably the most important 'critical' mineral for climate policy-making. The article develops a theoretical framework for understanding these localized counter-futurities, one in which the image of scale-making takes on both vertical and horizontal dimensions. An anthropology of energy, climate justice, and resource imaginaries that is critically attuned to these inter-scalar frictions is one that must also be able to project itself through the kaleidoscope of competing energy narratives as a form of both demystification and ethnographic truth-telling.

Understanding the cumulative socioenvironmental impacts of energy transition-induced extractivism in Mozambique: The role of mixed methods.

The global energy transition is very resource intense, and scholarship is rapidly increasing to show its impacts in various resource extraction frontiers in the global South. These emerging studies are clarifying the social and environmental impacts of extracting particular energy transition resources (ETRs). However, there is still limited attention on the cumulative socioenvironmental impacts of extracting multiple ETRs from the same region. This paper proposes to mix geospatial and qualitative research methods to examine the cumulative socioenvironmental impacts of ETR extraction. We apply these mixed methods to study the impacts of an expanding frontier of graphite and natural gas extraction in Mozambique. The geospatial results show that patterns in socioenvironmental changes, including a surge in built-up and bare areas and water-covered surfaces, and a shrinkage of vegetated areas - some of which are ecologically sensitive, are starting to emerge in the project areas. In combination with qualitative methods, we identified additional impacts including an increase in solid waste and air and noise pollution, and an inception of extractivism-associated conflict in certain project areas. When single commodities are analyzed, using single methods, some of these impacts may be overlooked or underestimated. In order to fully understand the sustainability implications of the energy transition process, it is instrumental to combine geospatial and qualitative research methods to monitor the cumulative socioenvironmental impacts at its upstream end.

How and why buy-in for health in all policies was facilitated in Ecuador: a realist case study of Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir.

BACKGROUND: In 2008, Ecuador introduced Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir (PNBV; National Plan for Good Living), which was widely recognized as a promising example of Health in All Policies (HiAP) due to the integration of policy sectors on health and health equity objectives. PBNV was implemented through three successive plans (2009-2013, 2013-2017, 2017-2021). In a time of widening global health inequities, there is growing interest in understanding how politics and governance shape HiAP implementation. The objective of this study was to test specific hypotheses about how, why, to what extent, and under what circumstances HiAP was implemented in Ecuador. METHODS: An explanatory case study approach (HiAP Analysis using Realist Methods on International Case Studies-HARMONICS) was used to understand the processes that hindered or facilitated HiAP implementation. Realist methods and systems theory were employed to test hypotheses through analysis of empirical and grey literature, and 19 key informant interviews. This case study focused on processes related to buy-in for a HiAP approach by diverse policy sectors, particularly in relation to the strong mandate and transformative governance approach that were introduced by then-President Rafael Correa's administration to support PNBV. RESULTS: The mandate and governance approach of the HiAP approach achieved buy-in for implementation across diverse sectors. Support for the hypotheses was found through direct evidence about buy-in for HiAP implementation by policy sectors; and indirect evidence about allocation of governmental resources for HiAP implementation. Key mechanisms identified included: influence of political elites; challenges in dealing with political opposition and 'siloed' ways of thinking; and the role of strategies and resources in motivating buy-in. CONCLUSION: In Ecuador, political elites were a catalyst for mechanisms that impacted buy-in and government funding for HiAP implementation. They raised awareness among policy sectors initially opposed to PNBV about the rationale for changing governance practices, and they provided financial resources to support efforts related to PNBV. Specific mechanisms help explain these phenomena further. Future studies should examine ways that PNBV may have been an impediment to health equity for some marginalized groups while strengthening HiAP implementation.

Beyond the "weakness of the state": Canada's intervention in post-agreement Colombia.

During the 2021 mass protests in Colombia, and while international calls for the Colombian government to respect human rights were intensifying, Canada's position remained somewhat ambiguous. Part of Canada's ambiguity can be explained by a simplistic characterization of Colombia as a "weak state." This article assesses Canada's bilateral relationship by historizing the development of Colombia's governance in the key overlapping sectors of security, human rights, and natural resources. From extensive fieldwork, we distinguish two competing rationalities based on the articulation of the notions of "conflict" and "dissent" with the notion of the "rule of law." We believe that Canada's bilateral relation with Colombia in the last decades has overlooked the contradictions that exist between democratizing rationalities and antipolitical rationalities. As a result, Canada's foreign policy has been based on an overly simplistic conception of the relationship between development, security, and the rule of law.

Let's Reclaim Our Food Sovereignty and Reject the Industrial Food System!

African food systems are a rich and varied tapestry of production systems, crops, seed, territorial markets, cultures, biodiversity and ecologies. As the UN Food Systems Summit worked to retrench the many pathologies that have systematically eroded African food systems, African civil society organizations mobilized to push back. In the African regional people's countermobilization, participatory dialogues opened space for continent-wide articulations of a future built on peoples' choices and control of natural resources, territorially-embedded solutions, the human rights of all, family farming, and peasant agroecology.

Organic pollutants in indoor dust from Ecuadorian Amazonia areas affected by oil extractivism.

Fifty-five household dust samples collected within six settlements surrounding oil production complexes along the Ecuadorian Amazonia were analysed to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, alkylphenols (APs), bisphenol A (BPA), nicotine, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and organophosphorus pesticides. Studied areas are mainly affected by gas flares emissions and oil spilling coming from extractivist operations and pesticides used in agriculture. Median ΣPAHs values ranged from 739 to 1182 ng g-1 and up to 52% of the PAH dust concentrations were associated to petrogenic activities from crude oil extraction, according to diagnostic ratios. ΣPAHs and toxic equivalents based on benzo[a]pyrene concentration (ΣTEQBaP, ng g-1) suggested similar toxicities among the different areas. Individual lifetime cancer risk (ILCRdust) was calculated for ingestion and dermal contact exposure routes and a non-acceptable total carcinogenic risk of up to 10-4 (one case per ten thousand people) was found for newborns from 0 to 3 years-old in Pimampiro area. Plasticisers and OPFRs were present in dust at maximum median concentrations of 332,507 ng g-1 (DEHP), 5,249 ng g-1 (DBP), 1,885 ng g-1 (BPA), 871 ng g-1 (TBOEP) and 122 ng g-1 (TEHP). Some dust samples from Ecuadorian houses had high maximum levels of legacy and modern pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (up to 44,176 ng g-1), 4,4'-DDT (12,958 ng g-1), malathion (34,748 ng g-1) and α+ß-endosulfan (10,660 ng g-1) attributed to inappropriate use and storage of the pesticides. Finally, nicotine was seldom detected (36 ng g-1). The sources and risks of these compounds are discussed based on the activities carried out in the study areas and attending to an additional non-cancer risk assessment which showed high hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard indexes (HI) for DEHP, DBP, 4,4'-DDT, malathion, chlorpyrifos, naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene in newborns and children up to 16 years-old.

Ethnobotany and Management of Dimorphandra gardneriana in a Protected Area of Chapada do Araripe Semiarid Ceará, Northeastern Brazil.

The development of conservation strategies for nontimber forest products requires the characterization of the management systems and ethnoecological knowledge of the used species, as well as the analysis of the biological impacts of these processes. This study aimed to evaluate management systems and extractivist areas and related ethnoecological knowledge of Dimorphandra gardneriana (fava d'anta) in the semiarid region of Ceará, Northeast of Brazil. Fava d'anta produces fruits with high concentration of bioflavonoids, substances with various pharmacological properties, being exploited by extractivist communities in the mosaic of protected areas in Chapada do Araripe, Ceará. Ethnoecological knowledge has been concentrated on collectors who have been in activity for a longer time and/or plant the species. We identified three management systems that can impact in different ways on fava d'anta populations, depending on the area and level of human interference with the species. The extractivists respect the zoning of protected areas and do not enter in the full protection area, choosing areas with the highest tree density. The different systems produce a mosaic that creates different extraction opportunities and modifications to the local landscape and to fava d'anta populations. Factors that may have effects on the conservation of the species are the lack of supervision and overexploitation of the resource in native areas, while the factors that affect the health of extractivists are the infrastructure of the work and exposure to wild environments.

New extractivism in European rural areas: How twentieth first century mining returned to disturb the rural transition.

In this article we aim to explore the still incipient first steps of the return of extractivism to Europe, examining the geopolitical context that led to a reemergence of metal mining in rural areas. Previous emphasis on nature conservation and tourism promotion, equally fostered from European stances since the 70s on, are nowadays being confronted with a renewed focus on the strengthening of self-provision of certain raw materials. We will go through the most relevant regulations as key tools for grasping the contradiction within the new legal frameworks. Despite the urgent need to understand the changing scenario of European rural areas, the staggering reality of critical mineral extractivism, together with its environmental, ecological and social threats, is only now starting to be analyzed by social scientists.

What are the socioeconomic implications of the value chain of biodiversity products? A case study in Northeastern Brazil.

The trade in biodiversity products has gained increasing importance in conservation and livelihood strategies. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the socioeconomic aspects and dynamics of the production and commercialization of two important products of Brazilian biodiversity from the fruits of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. and Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul. Interviews were conducted with who were involved in the various stages of value chains. Data were analyzed under an analytical/descriptive approach. It was found that the two value chains under study, although they share the same production environment and workforce, are different models of the commercial appropriation of the forest environment: one is related to local traditions, whereas the other seeks to meet an industry-related demand originating from a multinational pharmaceutical company. Harvesters become highly dependent on the trends imposed by these markets. Thus, it is clear that promoting these products as a conservation strategy requires an understanding of how their value chains arise, are established, and operate.

Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile.

Introduction: Brazil nuts (BNs) result from sustainable extraction and are widely exploited in the Amazon region. Due to the production characteristics in the forest and the nutritional characteristics of these nuts, the occurrence of fungal contamination and the presence of aflatoxins are extensively discussed in the literature as a great aspect of interest and concern. This study aims to evaluate the microbial profile through DNA sequencing and amplification of 16S and ITS genes for bacterial and fungal analysis, respectively, and the presence of mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) from different fractions of the nuts processed. Methods: The BN samples, harvest A (HA) and harvest B (HB), from two different harvests were collected in an extractive cooperative in the Amazon region for microbiological analysis (from DNA extraction and amplification of 16S genes, bacteria analysis, and ITS for fungi) and mycotoxins (aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) using HPLC-FD/KobraCell®. Results and discussion: The samples showed a very different microbiome and aflatoxin profile. Genera such as Rothia (HA) and Cronobacter (HB) were abundant during the analysis of bacteria; as for fungi, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria were also considered prevalent in these samples. Soil microorganisms, including those pathogenic and related to inadequate hygienic-sanitary production practices, as well as aflatoxins, were found in the samples. However, they were within the established limits permitted by Brazilian legislation. Nuts have a diverse microbiota and are not restricted to fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The microbiological and toxicological profile can vary significantly within the same nut in the same extraction region and can be exacerbated by global climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to advance sanitary educational actions by applying good production practices and inspection programs to ensure the sustainability and quality of the BN production chain.

Implications of Extractivism and Environmental Pollution in Mapuche Territories of the Araucania Region.

Chile is facing an environmental crisis and the territory of the Mapuche people is no exception. This is largely due to extractivism, which refers to the massive extraction and exploitation of natural resources in an indiscriminate manner. The objective of this study was to reveal the implications of extractivism and environmental pollution in Mapuche territories in the Araucanía region. The methodology used was qualitative, based on constructivist grounded theory. In-depth interviews and participant observation were used to collect data. The participants were 46 kimeltuchefes. The main results revealed extensive monocultures of non-native trees: pine and eucalyptus, which consume large amounts of water. They also revealed environmental pollution and indiscriminate forestry extractivism related to these trees, which generate soil degradation and water pollution. These consequences reduce biodiversity and disturb the ngenh (spiritual beings and protectors of nature). They also affect the Mapuche's agricultural activities and, in turn, their health and subsistence. In addition, non-native tree monocultures, environmental pollution and forestry extractivism transgress the az mapu (Mapuche code of ethics and behaviour), which disturbs the ethical, moral and spiritual relationship between the Mapuche and nature. They also have negative implications for the küme mogen (good living of the Mapuche), since they violate the balance and harmony between the Mapuche and all living beings, elements and spiritual beings that are part of nature. This also violates the reciprocity between the Mapuche and nature. It was concluded that there have been violations of the human rights of the Mapuche people, given that they are exposed to harmful environmental conditions that put their health and subsistence at considerable risk. In this sense, the Mapuche are experiencing a spiritual, physical, cognitive, attitudinal, affective and material imbalance. Ultimately, the state of Chile must generate intercultural environmental public and educational policies aimed at generating environmental awareness and creating actions to solve environmental problems in order to protect Mapuche and non-Mapuche territories.

Threatened sustainability: extractivist tendencies in the forest-based bioeconomy in Finland.

Bioeconomy is portrayed by the EU and several national governments as a central element contributing to sustainability strategies and a post-fossil transformation. This paper critically engages with extractivist patterns and tendencies in the forest sector as one of the main bio-based sectors. It argues that despite the official endorsement of circularity and renewability in the forest-based bioeconomy, current developments of modern bioeconomy might threaten sustainability prospects. The Finnish forest-based bioeconomy and one of its well-known showcase projects, the bioproduct mill (BPM) in the municipality of Äänekoski, serve as a case study in this paper. The forest-based bioeconomy in Finland is scrutinized as a potential continuation or consolidation of extractivist patterns, rather than an alternative to these tendencies. The lens of extractivism is applied to identify possible extractivist and unsustainable characteristics of the case study which are discussed along the following dimensions: (A) degree of export orientation and processing, (B) the scale, scope, and speed of extraction, (C) socio-economic and environmental impacts, and (D) subjective relations to nature. The extractivist lens provides analytical value to scrutinizing practices, principles, and dynamics of the contested political field and vision of bioeconomy in the Finnish forest sector. The analysis results in a discussion of latent and manifest social, political, and ecological contradictions within the forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. Based on its analytical lens and the empirical case of the BPM in Äänekoski, it can be concluded that extractivist patterns and tendencies are perpetuated within the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy.

Just Transition for Healthy People on a Healthy Planet.

The definition of Just Transition in recent years has been shaped by the political and ideological leanings of multiple stakeholders. Labor movements look at a Just Transition that secures workers' rights and jobs; environmental justice groups include whole communities impacted by fossil fuel in their description; multilateral institutions, investors, and transnational corporations see it through lenses of economics, financial support, and investment. However, a perspective on health is missing in all these approaches. The COVID-19 pandemic has established the importance of health-based planning, making evident the co-dependence of ecological health and human well-being. The debilitating post-pandemic economic crisis has reiterated the interlinkage between economics, public health, and the environment. This document posits that health is the overlapping but missing link between the different movements' dream for Just Transition into an equitable world, and to heal people and the planet damaged by fossil fuels. We need Just Transition that has holistic health systems and accessible healthcare services at its core.

Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. (Caryocaraceae): Botany, Ethnomedicinal Uses, Biological Activities, Phytochemistry, Extractivism and Conservation Needs.

Caryocar coriaceum is an endemic tree of Brazil, occurring mainly in the northeast region in the Cerrado environment. The species, popularly known as "pequi", produces fruits that are used in the manufacture of oil for food and medicinal purposes. This work reviewed studies conducted with the species, highlighting its ethnomedicinal use, its pharmacological potential, including its chemical constituents, and its cultural and socioeconomic importance. Information was obtained through the main scientific research platforms. The keyword "Caryocar coriaceum" was used as the main index for searching the following platforms: PubMed®, PubMed Central®, SciElo, Scopus® and Web of ScienceTM. The compiled papers demonstrate that C. coriaceum has great medicinal, economic and cultural importance for northeastern Brazil. Popularly, the fruits of C. coriaceum are used to treat broncho-pulmonary diseases (bronchitis, colds and flu). The fixed oil is widely used to relieve pain from various causes in the treatment of inflammation, flu, eczema, burns, fever, rickets, indigestion, heart murmurs, fatigue and erectile dysfunction. Some of these uses are corroborated by pharmacological trials, which have demonstrated the antioxidant, healing, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, antinociceptive and antimicrobial properties of the species. Chemically, fatty acids and phenolic compounds are the main constituents recorded for the species. Due to its medicinal properties, the fruits and oil of C. coriaceum have a high commercial demand and are one of the main forms of subsistence activities for local populations. On the other hand, the extractive practice of the fruits, associated with anthropic factors and its physiological nature, makes the species threatened with extinction. Thus, public management policies are highly necessary in order to avoid its extinction.

Data on accumulative allocation of water rights in the Atacama Desert (Antofagasta Region, northern Chile), 1905-2018.

This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year between 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights (Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency's website (Dirección General de Aguas, DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofagasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the absence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905-2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In doing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and compare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and surface water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.

Social Sciences in One Health: Insights From Multiple Worlds Perspectives on the Dam Rupture in Brumadinho-Brazil.

Concepts that integrate human, animal, and ecosystem health - such as One Health (OH) - have been highlighted in recent years and mobilized in transdisciplinary approaches. However, there is a lack of input from the social sciences in OH discussions. This is a gap to overcome, including in Latin America. Therefore, this paper incorporates recent studies from economics and anthropology to the debate, contributing to the opening of transdisciplinary dialogues for the elaboration of OH theory and practice. As a starting point, we explore the recent case of a tailings dam breach, making considerations about how and why this event was experienced in different ways by the affected Indigenous and non-Indigenous worlds. From economics, we show how different theories perceive and impact these different worlds, presenting some existing alternatives to the hegemonic thinking of domination and exploitation. From anthropology, we present the perspectivism concept, deriving from the field of relational ontologies, suggesting there are significant and inevitable disagreements-equivocations-among different worlds. Thus, we discuss how the social sciences can help address challenging factors that need to be considered in health approaches that intend to deal with complex global problems. In conclusion, OH should incorporate social science discussions, considering relating practice to the multiple realities in which a particular problem or conflict is inserted. Overcoming the barriers that hinder transdisciplinary dialogue is fundamental and urgent for an effective approach to the multiple and distinct interconnections among humans, animals and environments.

Endangered Salares: micro-disasters in Northern Chile.

This article emerges from a transdisciplinary collaboration between a micro-biologist and an anthropologist deeply concerned with the protection of endangered salares (saltpans) in northern Chile. Our aim is to establish the concept of "micro-disaster" as a tool for examining how extractivism is disrupting salares and their "deep-time" microbial ecologies. These ecologies are key for understanding early events on Earth, as their evolution enabled the oxygenation of the planet 2.5 billion years ago and caused the biodiversity explosion. By considering how being human involves being microorganismal - and how human time is entangled with microorganismic time -, this article connects neoliberal extractivist history with geo-biological evolutionary history. "Micro-disasters" therefore affect us deeply as complex humans, and oblige us to develop further a planet-centered mode of collaborating, thinking, feeling, and acting. In the context of this special issue on extinction, we insist that concerns over extinction must be considered in continuity with deep-time ecologies. We propose to rethink humans as an "environmentally complex we" simultaneously entangled with historical experiential time and microbial "deep-time."

Este artigo surge de uma colaboração transdisciplinar entre uma microbióloga e um antropólogo profundamente preocupados com a proteção de salares (salinas) em perigo no norte do Chile. Nosso objetivo é estabelecer o conceito de "microdesastre" como uma ferramenta para examinar como o extrativismo está perturbando os salares e suas ecologias microbianas de 'tempo-profundo'. Essas ecologias são fundamentais para compreender os primeiros eventos na Terra, pois sua evolução permitiu a oxigenação do planeta há 2,5 bilhões de anos e causou a explosão da biodiversidade. Ao considerar como ser humano envolve ser microorganísmico ­ e como o tempo humano está enredado com o tempo microorganísmico, este artigo conecta a história extrativista neoliberal com a história evolutiva geo-biológica. Os "microdesastres," portanto, nos afetam profundamente como humanos complexos, e nos obrigam a desenvolver ainda mais um modo de colaboração, pensamento, sentimento e ação centrado no planeta. No contexto desta edição especial sobre a extinção, insistimos que as preocupações com a extinção devem ser consideradas em continuidade com as ecologias do tempo profundo. Propomos repensar o ser humano como um "nós ambientalmente complexo" simultaneamente emaranhados com o tempo histórico experiencial e o "tempo profundo" microbiano.

Este artículo es fruto de la colaboración transdisciplinaria entre una microbióloga y un antropólogo fuertemente preocupados por la protección de salares del norte de Chile que actualmente corren peligro de extinción. Nuestro objetivo es proponer el concepto de "micro-desastre" como herramienta que examina los modos en que el extractivismo está alterando a estos salares y a sus ecologías microbianas de tiempo-profundo. Estas ecologías son clave para entender eventos tempranos en la Tierra, en tanto la evolución de ellas hizo posible la oxigenación del planeta hace 2500 millones de años, causando así la explosión de la biodiversidad. Considerando como el ser humano implica un ser microorganísmico ­ y como el tiempo humano está enredado con un tiempo micro-organísmico ­ este artículo conecta la historia extractivista neoliberal chilena con la historia de la evolución geo-biológica. Por lo tanto, los "micro-desastres" nos afectan fuertemente como humanos complejos, y nos obligan a desarrollar, una y otra vez, un modo de colaborar, pensar, sentir y actuar fuertemente centrado en el planeta. En el contexto de este número especial focalizado en extinción, insistimos en la necesidad de considerar los problemas puestos por la posibilidad de extinción en continuidad con ecologías de tiempo-profundo. Proponemos repensarnos como humanos como un "nosotros ambientalmente complejo," simultáneamente enredado en el tiempo histórico experiencial y el tiempo microbiano profundo.

O protagonismo do Estado (capitalista-neoextrativista minerário): incursões pela sociedade civil e pela (des)regulamentação em Minas Gerais / The protagonism of the expanded State (mineral-neoextractivist capitalist): incursions by civil society and by (de)regulation in Minas Gerais / El protagonismo del Estado ampliado (capitalista mineral-neoextractivista): incursiones de la sociedad civil y de la (des)regulación en Minas Gerais

Este artigo ocupa-se de um debate sobre o neoextrativismo minerário em Minas Gerais, a partir de dois aspectos: o primeiro diz respeito ao Estado e sua relação com o capital minerário e o direcionamento de (des)regulações recentes em benefício das mineradoras; o segundo relaciona-se às empresas minerárias e sua inserção nas sociedades civis no plano local, tendo como caso a Anglo-Gold Ashanti. As atividades de responsabilidade social ou de investimento social privado nos territórios minerados são aqui entendidas como ampliação de sua hegemonia e de (re)organização de interesses e apaziguamento de resistências. Para tanto, o artigo se sustenta nos conceitos de hegemonia e Estado ampliado de Antonio Gramsci, no uso de uma pesquisa documental e de marcos legais, sem deixar de localizar o neoextrativismo no contexto do Estado brasileiro

This article tackles a significant debate on mining neoextractivism in Minas Gerais, examining it from two angles: the first is the State's relationship with mining capital and the recent (de)regulations that appear to favor mining companies; the second is the role of mining companies in local civil societies, with a specific focus on the case of AngloGold Ashanti. The concept of social responsibility or private social investment in the mined territories is critiqued here as a means of expanding hegemony, reorganizing interests, and pacifying resistance. The article draws on Antonio Gramsci's notions of hegemony and the expanded State, using documentary research and laws to situate neo-extractivism within the Brazilian State's context

Este artículo aborda un debate sobre el neoextractivismo minero en Minas Gerais, desde dos aspectos: el primero está relacionado con el Estado y su relación con el capital minero y la dirección de las recientes (des)regulaciones en beneficio de los mineros; el segundo se relaciona con las empresas mineras y su inserción en las sociedades civiles a nivel local, siendo el caso de Anglo-Gold Ashanti. Las actividades de responsabilidad o inversión sociales privada en territorios minados se entienden aquí como una expansión de su hegemonía y (re)organización de intereses y apaciguamiento de resistencias. Para ello, el artículo se basa en los conceptos de hegemonía y Estado ampliado de Antonio Gramsci, utilizando investigaciones documentales y marcos legales, ubicando el neoextractivismo en el contexto del Estado brasileño

Inteligência artificial e saúde: ressituar o problema / Artificial intelligence and health: resituating the problem

Diante dos avanços recentes da inteligência artificial, a presente nota de conjuntura busca recolocar questões fundamentais que emergem nesse contexto. Deslocando-se tanto das leituras salvacionistas quanto apocalípticas, argumentamos que a perda do privilégio do excepcionalismo humano pode ser uma oportunidade para repensar a inteligência a partir de uma perspectiva relacional e co-produzida entre humanos e outros-que-humanos. Tal perspectiva, no entanto, deve ser acompanhada de um olhar atento às relações de poder que em grande medida definem os destinos da IA. Sobre esse aspecto, apontamos as implicações do modelo epistêmico e de negócios hegemônico da IA, um modelo preditivo aceleracionista dominado por grandes empresas de tecnologia. Finalmente, destacamos alguns riscos envolvidos na inclusão de máquinas inteligentes no campo da saúde, bem como os perigos da subordinação de valores e direitos públicos a interesses comerciais, o que demanda uma atenção e um cuidado coletivos e permanentes na construção dos arranjos sociotécnicos e políticos de implementação da IA nesse campo.

Inteligência artificial e saúde: ressituar o problema / Artificial intelligence and health: resituating the problem / Inteligencia artificial y salud: reubicar el problema

Diante dos avanços recentes da inteligência artificial, a presente nota de conjuntura busca recolocar questões fundamentais que emergem nesse contexto. Deslocando-se tanto das leituras salvacionistas quanto apocalípticas, argumentamos que a perda do privilégio do excepcionalismo humano pode ser uma oportunidade para repensar a inteligência a partir de uma perspectiva relacional e co-produzida entre humanos e outros-que-humanos. Tal perspectiva, no entanto, deve ser acompanhada de um olhar atento às relações de poder que em grande medida definem os destinos da IA. Sobre esse aspecto, apontamos as implicações do modelo epistêmico e de negócios hegemônico da IA, um modelo preditivo-aceleracionista dominado por grandes empresas de tecnologia. Finalmente, destacamos alguns riscos envolvidos na inclusão de máquinas inteligentes no campo da saúde, bem como os perigos da subordinação de valores e direitos públicos a interesses comerciais, o que demanda uma atenção e um cuidado coletivos e permanentes na construção dos arranjos sociotécnicos e políticos de implementação da IA nesse campo

In the face of artificial intelligence recent advances, this note seeks to reassess fundamental questions that emerge in this context. Moving away from both salvationist and apocalyptic readings, we argue that the human exceptionalism privilege loss can be an opportunity to rethink intelligence from a relational and co-produced perspective between humans and other-than-humans. Such an angle, however, must be accompanied by a careful examination of the power relations that largely define the fate of AI. On this aspect, we reflect on the implications of the hegemonic epistemic and business model of AI, a predictive accelerationist one dominated by large technology companies. Lastly, we highlight the risks involved in the inclusion of intelligent machines in the fields of health and care, as well as the dangers of subordinating public values and rights to commercial interests, which demands attentive, collective and permanent care in the construction of sociotechnical and political arrangements for the implementation of AI in this field.

Ante los recientes avances de la inteligencia artificial, el presente informe busca plantear cuestiones fundamentales que surgen en este contexto. Alejándose tanto de las lecturas salvacionistas como apocalípticas, argumentamos que la pérdida del privilegio del excepcionalismo humano puede ser una oportunidad para repensar la inteligencia desde una perspectiva relacional y co-producida entre humanos y otros-que-humanos. Sin embargo, tal perspectiva debe ir acompañada de una mirada atenta a las relaciones de poder que en gran medida definen el destino de la IA. En este aspecto, señalamos las implicaciones del modelo epistémico y de negocios hegemónico de la IA, un modelo predictivo-aceleracionista dominado por grandes empresas tecnológicas. Por último, destacamos algunos riesgos de la inclusión de máquinas inteligentes en el campo de la salud, así como los peligros de subordinar valores y derechos públicos a intereses comerciales, lo cual requiere una atención y un cuidado colectivos y permanentes en la construcción de los ensamblajes sociotécnicos y políticos de implementación de la IA en este campo