Pathfinders in oncology from the time the causal relation between tobacco use and lung cancer was established to publication of the first Cancer Staging Manual by the American Joint Committee on Cancer.

During the period from 1962 to 1977, several antigens, notably carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate-specific antigen, were discovered and entered clinical use. Ultrasonography, positron emission tomography scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging were introduced, and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy after limited surgery became routine procedures. Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry techniques were standardized. The announcement in England and the United States that tobacco is a potent lung carcinogen was long delayed, important news. The US Cancer Act of 1971 made it possible to experiment with newly discovered drugs, transfer promising therapeutic agents from the laboratory to the clinic, and finance randomized clinical trials. Oncologists achieved a series of successes with combination chemotherapy in childhood cancers, adult lymphomas, and testis tumors. Clinical trials demonstrated that breast-conserving therapy is as effective as mastectomy. The discovery of retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, and vascular endothelial growth factor was coupled with learning about oncogenes. The 2-hit theory and the reciprocal translocation of chromosomes helped to solve some of the riddles of oncogenesis. The staging classification of cancers by the American Joint Committee on Cancer unified clinical and pathologic handling and prognostication of malignant tumors. The progress made in oncology between 1962 and 1977 came about through the dedicated work of many individuals. However, there were 9 pathfinders (3 medical oncologists, 2 surgeons, 1 medical nuclear physicist, 1 pediatrician geneticist, 1 hematologist geneticist, and 1 virologist) who, despite their diverse backgrounds, personalities, and interest, made extraordinary contributions to oncology.

Charcot, Janet, and French Models of Psychopathology.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), thanks to his insight as a clinician can be said to be one of the precursors of scientific psychology. Charcot's 30 years of activity at La Salpêtrière hospital display an intellectual trajectory that decisively changed the idea of human psychology by favouring the emergence of two concepts: the subconscious and the unconscious. It was his collaboration with Pierre Janet (1859-1947), a philosopher turned physician, that led to this evolution, relying on the search for hysteria's aetiology, using hypnosis as a method of exploration. Focusing on clinical psychology that was experimental and observational, Janet built a theory of psychic automatism, "the involuntary exercise of memory and intelligence" leading to "independence of the faculties, freed from personal power." From all that came the idea of the subconscious, a functioning as a passive mental mechanism, resulting from a more or less temporary dissociation of previously associated mental content.

Janet-Schwartz-Ellenberger: the history of a triangular relationship through their unpublished correspondence (1926-48).

Leonhard Schwartz's importance in the history of psychology has probably not been fully appreciated, and this article is dedicated to the life and work of the Basel neurologist. It highlights the triangular relationship he maintained for 20 years with Pierre Janet, of whom he was a disciple, and Henri F. Ellenberger, to whom he passed on his passion for Janet's oeuvre.

"I-ness" and the dissociative process. Working with defensive and creative dissociations in the analytic process.

We suggest that the analytic dialogue develops as a continuous movement that we call "Dissociative Process", and that this process is the continuous oscillation between defensive positions (repression) and creative positions. Dissociation, as a defense, is a Freudian theoretical stance, while Dissociation, as a possibility for new and creative solutions, is a theory emanating from Janet and was adopted, especially, by relational and inter-subjective psychoanalysis. Through a clinical vignette we suggest how the attitude of an analyst, who is attentive to the Dissociative Process, will respect the Defensive Dissociations of the patient. But, at the same time, the analyst will be particularly careful to support potential solutions, never made real before, that emerge as new associative aggregates (Janet's Reaggrégation psychique) deriving from the dissociation of the frustrating or traumatic experience, which we propose calling "Creative Dissociations". The dissociative solutions (defensive and creative) are not sequential but simultaneous.

What Kind of Dignity?

We tend to think that "dignity" means that someone is sophisticated and well-mannered or that human dignity points to great achievements. There is, though, a special dignity in those who are vulnerable for they provide a focal point for love and generally respond enthusiastically to that love; they draw love out of others.

Why did Sigmund Freud refuse to see Pierre Janet? Origins of psychoanalysis: Janet, Freud or both?

Pierre Janet and Joseph Breuer were the true originators of psychoanalysis. Freud greatly elaborated on their findings. Freud initially admitted these facts but denied them in later life. Janet discovered the concept transference before Freud.

Pierre Janet and Auguste Forel: Two Historical Contributions.

This paper discusses two 19th century French-speaking authors, Pierre Janet and Auguste Forel, who both employed hypnosis and in various ways were early influences on psychoanalysis. To acquaint the reader with the clinical works of these pioneers, a long case history by Janet, and a case history by Forel are presented. The connections between these two authors and modern developments are discussed. Both historical figures were contemporaries of Freud and their at times contentious relationships became part of their legacy.

Genomic dissection of a 'Fuji' apple cultivar: re-sequencing, SNP marker development, definition of haplotypes, and QTL detection.

'Fuji' is one of the most popular and highly-produced apple cultivars worldwide, and has been frequently used in breeding programs. The development of genotypic markers for the preferable phenotypes of 'Fuji' is required. Here, we aimed to define the haplotypes of 'Fuji' and find associations between haplotypes and phenotypes of five traits (harvest day, fruit weight, acidity, degree of watercore, and flesh mealiness) by using 115 accessions related to 'Fuji'. Through the re-sequencing of 'Fuji' genome, total of 2,820,759 variants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions or deletions (indels) were detected between 'Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' reference genome. We selected mapping-validated 1,014 SNPs, most of which were heterozygous in 'Fuji' and capable of distinguishing alleles inherited from the parents of 'Fuji' (i.e., 'Ralls Janet' and 'Delicious'). We used these SNPs to define the haplotypes of 'Fuji' and trace their inheritance in relatives, which were shown to have an average of 27% of 'Fuji' genome. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on 'Fuji' haplotypes identified one quantitative trait loci (QTL) each for harvest time, acidity, degree of watercore, and mealiness. A haplotype from 'Delicious' chr14 was considered to dominantly cause watercore, and one from 'Ralls Janet' chr1 was related to low-mealiness.

Pastoral Group Counselling at a High Security Prison in Israel: Integrating Pierre Janet's Psychological Analysis with Fritz Perls' Gestalt Therapy.

This is a report of a short-term, pastoral counselling group conducted with Jewish internees in a high security prison in Israel. It was held as an adjunct to daily secular individual and group counselling and rehabilitation run by the Department of Social Work. Pastoral counselling employed spiritual and psychosocial methodologies to reduce anger, improve prisoner frustration tolerance, and develop a sense of self-efficacy and communal identity. It combined semi-didactic scriptural input with Pierre Janet's personality model, Fritz Perls' gestalt therapy, and analysis of the group process.

The Debate Between Janet and Freud Revisited: Trauma and Memory (1892-1895/1913-1914).

The relationship between trauma and memory disorders is not an essential one; in fact, its origins can be traced back to the 1890s, to the works of Janet and Freud. In this article, we focus on two brief but fundamental periods in the works of both of these authors (1892-1895 and 1913-1914). Against most contemporary literature on the subject, we argue that Freud's works gave much more importance than Janet's to the relationship between trauma, memory, and pathology. Furthermore, we reconstruct two essential parts of their debate: the discussion about the relevance of hereditary and accidental factors and the one about the function of memory within the framework of treatment. As bibliographic sources, we use theoretical and clinical works-allowing for a better appreciation of the relationship between trauma and memory in both authors' theories and practices.

Dissociation as a disorder of integration - On the footsteps of Pierre Janet.

At the end of the 19th century Pierre Janet described dissociation as an altered state of consciousness manifested in disrupted integration of psychological functions. Clinically, such disruption comprises compartmentalization symptoms like amnesia, detachment symptoms like depersonalization/derealization, and structural dissociation of personality with changes in the sense of self. The exact neuronal mechanisms leading to these different symptoms remain unclear. We here suggest to put Janet's original account of dissociation as disrupted integration of psychological functions into a novel context, that is, a neuronal context as related to current brain imaging. This requires a combined theoretical and empirical approach on data supporting such neuronal reframing of Janet. For that, we here review (i) past and (ii) recent psychological and neuronal views on dissociation together with neuroscientific theories of integration, which (iii) are supported and complemented by preliminary fMRI data. We propose three neuronal mechanisms of dynamic integration operating at different levels of the brain's spontaneous activity - temporo-spatial binding on the regional level, temporo-spatial synchronization on the network level, and temporo-spatial globalization on the global level. These neuronal mechanisms, in turn, may be related to different symptomatic manifestation of dissociation operating at different levels, e.g., compartmentalization, detachment, and structural, which, as we suggest, can all be traced to disrupted integration of neuronal and psychological functions as originally envisioned by Janet.

A psicologia da conduta de Pierre Janet: Uma síntese de um projeto de psicologia esquecido / Pierre Janet's Psychology of Conduct: A synthesis of a forgotten psychology project

Pierre Janet (1859-1947) foi bastante debatido no início do século XX. A historiografia valoriza suas contribuições para a psicopatologia e, em menor grau, seu debate com Freud, com pouco espaço à sua Psicologia da Conduta, mencionada e discutida por personagens importantes. O presente trabalho recupera fontes primárias e secundárias, apresentando características do seu projeto psicológico. O pensamento psicológico janetiano tem caráter genético e funcionalista, apresentando as partes do funcionamento da mente como recapitulação da história evolutiva da espécie humana. O centro de sua teoria são as condutas, ações que incorporam elementos da vida mental, divididas em animais, intelectuais, médias e superiores. Outro conceito são as tendências, disposição do organismo vivo a efetuar uma ação determinada. Apesar da influência de suas ideias em teorias psicológicas, sua falta de interesse em fundar uma escola e atrair discípulos, junto de seu debate com Freud, levara as ideias de Janet a perpetuarem principalmente por via indireta.

Pierre Janet's (1859-1947) ideas were very much debated at the beginning of the 20th century. The historiography values his contributions to psychopathology and, to a lesser extent, his debate with Freud. Few spaces approach his Psychology of Conduct, debated by important figures. This paper retrieves primary and secondary sources, presenting characteristics of his psychological project. Janetian psychological thought has a genetic and functionalist character, demonstrating the parts of the functioning of the mind as a recapitulation of the evolutionary history of the human species. The center of his theory is the behaviors, actions that incorporate elements of mental life, divided into animal, intellectual, average, and superior. Another concept is tendency, the disposition of the living organism to do a certain action. Despite the influence of his ideas on psychological theories, his lack of interest in founding a school and attracting pupils, coupled with his debate with Freud, led to Janet's ideas being perpetuated mainly indirectly.

Trauma y amnesia disociativa: la visión de Pierre Janet / Trauma and dissociative amnesia: Pierre Janet's vision

RESUMEN Se señala la importancia de reconsiderar el trabajo de Pierre Janet en trauma y amnesia disociativa, como elementos importantes en el estudio actual del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Los objetivos de esta revisión histórica no sistemática y comparativa son: a) explicar, desde la perspectiva de Janet: el concepto de Idea Fija, que hoy denominamos trauma b) describir los diferentes tipos de amnesia en las cuales se basa el DSM para su clasificación actual y c) a través de un caso clínico descrito por Janet, mostrar su concordancia con lo que actualmente diagnosticamos como TEPT complejo, que denominó en su época: "una de las formas que puede tomar la histeria después de un accidente emocional". Esta revisión se basa principalmente en algunos capítulos originales de Janet publicados en Francés.

The present article gives emphasis in reconsidering the work of Pierre Janet in trauma and dissociative amnesia, as important aspects for the contemporary study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this non systematic historical review is to explain the following ideas under Janet´s perspective: a) the concept of fixed idea, denominated in our contemporary nomenclature as trauma, b) to describe the different types of amnesia described by Janet and its relation with DSM clasiffication for this penomenon, and c) to show through the analysis of a clinical case described by Janet, how a concordance exists between the current denomination of complex PTSD and what Janet nominated "one of the forms in which hysteria can presents after an emotional accident". This article is mainly based in some original chapters from Janet´s work published in French.

The possessions at Loudun: tracking the discourse of dissociation.

Embedded in the history of dissociation is the best known case of possession in European history, the 17th century possessions at Loudun, France (1632-1638). The exorcisms and the trial drew crowds from all over Europe, the outcome prefiguring the direction in which the Western science of mind would be carried. The published debate about the possessed and obsessed Ursuline nuns of Loudun spans four centuries. One can track how theorizing about dissociation changed over time, with psychological contributions by Jean Martin Charcot, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Pierre Janet, Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau. Freud's psychoanalytic notion of demonological neurosis emphasized defensive strategies and a diabolic parody of adulthood. Jung's concepts of demonism and possession highlighted dissociated complexes that assimilate the ego and unseat the self, rendering a life 'provisional'. Dissociation as possession provides a through-line in Jung's Collected Works, from his 1902 dissertation to one of the last essays he wrote, in 1961. Within the context of psychotherapy, therapists and patients work towards psychological containment, consciously reorienting themselves to the presence of unconscious factors, personifying, embodying and thereby incorporating images of dissociated Otherness into the experience of selfhood.

Hypnosis as a model of functional neurologic disorders.

In the 19th century it was recognized that neurologic symptoms could be caused by "morbid ideation" as well as organic lesions. The subsequent observation that hysteric (now called "functional") symptoms could be produced and removed by hypnotic suggestion led Charcot to hypothesize that suggestion mediated the effects of ideas on hysteric symptoms through as yet unknown effects on brain activity. The advent of neuroimaging 100 years later revealed strikingly similar neural correlates in experiments matching functional symptoms with clinical analogs created by suggestion. Integrative models of suggested and functional symptoms regard these alterations in brain function as the endpoint of a broader set of changes in information processing due to suggestion. These accounts consider that suggestions alter experience by mobilizing representations from memory systems, and altering causal attributions, during preconscious processing which alters the content of what is provided to our highly edited subjective version of the world. Hypnosis as a model for functional symptoms draws attention to how radical alterations in experience and behavior can conform to the content of mental representations through effects on cognition and brain function. Experimental study of functional symptoms and their suggested counterparts in hypnosis reveals the distinct and shared processes through which this can occur.

Hypnosis as therapy for functional neurologic disorders.

Suggestion in hypnosis has been applied to the treatment of functional neurologic symptoms since the earliest descriptions of hypnosis in the 19th century. Suggestion in this sense refers to an intentional communication of beliefs or ideas, whether verbally or nonverbally, to produce subjectively convincing changes in experience and behavior. The recognition of suggestion as a psychologic process with therapeutic applications was closely linked to the derivation of hypnosis from earlier healing practices. Animal magnetism, the immediate precursor of hypnosis, arrived at a psychologic concept of suggestion along with other ideas and practices which were then incorporated into hypnosis. Before then, other forms of magnetism and ritual healing practices such as exorcism involved unintentionally suggestive verbal and nonverbal stimuli. We consider the derivation of hypnosis from these practices not only to illustrate the range of suggestive processes, but also the consistency with which suggestion has been applied to the production and removal of dissociative and functional neurologic symptoms over many centuries. Nineteenth-century practitioners treated functional symptoms with induction of hypnosis per se; imperative suggestions, or commands for specific effects; "medical clairvoyance" in hypnotic trance, in which patients diagnosed their own condition and predicted the time and manner of their recovery; and suggestion without prior hypnosis, known as "fascination" or "psychotherapeutics." Modern treatments largely involve different types of imperative suggestion with or without hypnosis. However, the therapeutic application of suggestion in hypnosis to functional and other symptoms waned in the first half of the 20th century under the separate pressures of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. In recent decades suggestion in hypnosis has been more widely applied to treating functional neurologic symptoms. Suggestion is typically applied within the context of other treatment approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral, rehabilitative, or psychodynamic therapy. Suggestions are generally symptom-focused (designed to resolve a symptom) or exploratory (using methods such as revivification or age regression to explore experiences associated with symptom onset). The evidence base is dominated by case studies and series, with a paucity of randomized controlled trials. Future evaluation studies should allow for the fact that suggestion with or without hypnosis is a component of broader treatment interventions adapted to a wide range of symptoms and presentations. An important role of the concept of suggestion in the management of functional neurologic symptoms is to raise awareness of how interactions with clinicians and wider clinical contexts can alter expectancies and beliefs of patients in ways that influence the onset, course, and remission of symptoms.

Jung, Winnicott and the divided psyche.

In his review of Memories Dreams Reflections, Winnicott diagnosed Jung as suffering from a psychic split, and characterized the content and the structure of analytical psychology as primarily moulded and conditioned by Jung's own defensive quest for a 'self that he could call his own'. This pathologizing analysis continues to be endorsed by contemporary Jungian writers. In this paper I attempt to show that Winnicott's critique is fundamentally misguided because it derives from a psychoanalytic model of the psyche, a model that regards all dissociation as necessarily pathological. I argue that Jung's understanding of the psyche differs radically from this model, and further, that it conforms by and large to the kind of dissociative model that we find in the writings of Frederic Myers, William James and Theodor Flournoy. I conclude that a fruitful relationship between psychoanalysis and analytical psychology must depend upon an awareness of these important differences between the two psychic models.

Pierre Janet: La Perdida De La Función De Lo Real En El Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo, Psicosis Y Trauma / Pierre Janet And The Loss Of Reality Function In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Psychosis And Trauma

Resumen En el presente reporte se destaca la importancia de explicar y conocer los orígenes del concepto de "Función de lo real" en la perspectiva de Janet. Esto, dadas sus aplicaciones actuales en el estudio del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, las psicosis, el trastorno por estrés postraumático y los síntomas disociativos. Se define la "Función de lo real" como la aprehensión de la realidad en todas sus formas, por percepción y acción, que modifica todas las demás operaciones psicológicas. Es entonces el resultados de tres operaciones psicológicas principales, que se encuentran dentro de una jerarquía de funciones organizadas y unidas por la tensión psicológica. Como eje teórico central, es la debilidad de dicha tensión lo que provoca un deterioro de estas operaciones y una pérdida de la función de lo real, originando variados síntomas. El deterioro de dichas operaciones y los síntomas derivados son: La acción voluntaria que lleva a conductas compulsivas. La percepción con creencia reflexiva conduce a síntomas obsesivos y la creencia aseverativa a síntomas psicóticos. Personificación y presentificación, relacionada con lo que actualmente denominamos trauma y síntomas disociativos.

In the following report the author remarks the importance of explaining and knowing the origins of the concept of "Function of the real" in Janet's perspective. The importance of shed some light on this concept derives from its current applications in the study of obsessive compulsive disorder, psychosis and post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative symptoms. The "Function of the real" or "Reality function" is defined as the apprehension of reality in all its forms. It is the result of three main psychological operations, which are within a hierarchy of functions organized and united by a property called "psychological tension". The weakness of this tension causes a deterioration of these operations and a loss of the reality function causing, as a consequence, various symptoms. The affected operations and the derived symptoms are: The voluntary action that leads to compulsive behaviors. Perception with reflective belief, which conduces to obsessive symptoms, assertive belief and psychotic symptoms. Personification and presentification, related to what we now call trauma and dissociative symptoms.

The politics of presidential medical care. The case of John F. Kennedy.

Political concerns often compromise the delivery of high quality medical care in ways that can be both problematic and dangerous for political leaders. President John F. Kennedy's medical care offers a particularly rich exposition of the many ways in which these dynamics can play out and how additional factors can complicate matters, such as when the patient is himself duplicitous, when family members try to intervene in care, and when public exposure risks political future. This article examines the politics and management of Kennedy's medical conditions by the various physicians involved in his care and explores how these considerations may have compromised not only the quality of his care but, in turn, exerted an influence on his behavior. This happened not only through the downstream effect of his treatment on his thoughts and behavior but also through the tremendous allocation of time and attention that his care required--attention a healthier man would have been able to direct toward problems of greater national concern.

Disociación y síntomas neurológicos funcionales en la perspectiva de Pierre Janet / Dissociation and functional neurological symptoms in the perspective of Pierre Janet

Resumen Se destaca la importancia de conocer los orígenes del concepto de disociación en la perspectiva de Janet, dadas sus aplicaciones actuales en el estudio y tratamiento del trauma y el trastorno por estrés postraumático, entre otros temas similares. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es explicar, desde la perspectiva de Pierre Janet, el concepto de disociación en relación a: ideas fijas; estrechamiento del campo de la conciencia y debilidad de la síntesis mental. Se resume, una breve biografía de Pierre Janet, mencionando el legado y aplicaciones actuales de su psicología y psicopatología. Se describen los síntomas neurológicos funcionales, denominados en su época como histeria, desde donde surge en parte el concepto de disociación, estos son: parálisis, contracturas y anestesias, describiendo el diagnóstico del síntoma histérico a diferencia del síntoma orgánico. Podemos condensar lo referido en la siguiente definición: "disociación, es la pérdida de síntesis y asociación de las funciones psicológicas, las que se alejan de la consciencia y son relegadas al subconsciente, situaciones que ocurren debido a un estado emotivo o en forma espontánea… esto permite alejar de la conciencia dicho estado, el que es representado en variados síntomas".

In the following article the author remark the importance of recognizing the ogirin of Pierre Janet's concept of dissociation. This, due to the relevance of these ideas for the study and treatment of trauma and post traumatic stress disorder, among other pathologies. The main objective of this text is explaining from Janet's perspective, the concept of dissociation and its relation with the following concepts: "fixed ideas", "narrowed field of consciousness" and "weakness of mental synthesis". The article include a brief biography of Pierre Janet, making special emphasis in his legacy and contemporary clinical applications of his psychology and psychopathology. Furthermore, functional neurological symptoms are described. Those clinical manifestations were named in Janet's time as "hysteria", concept that could be traced historically as the starting point for the concept of dissociation. These functional symptoms are (among others): paralysis, muscular contractures and body parts anesthesia; conceptually differentiating functional symptoms from organic symptoms. An interesting form of summarising the concepts of this article is using Janet's words: "Dissociation is the lost of synthesis and association of psychological functions, displacing them away from explicit consciousness and relegating these functions to the subconscious, situations that occurring due to an emotional state or in an spontaneous way … this process facilitates the separation of the emotional states from consciousness, making possible the representation of emotions in physical symptoms".