[Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with an occult abdominal neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome]. / Resonancia magnética de cuerpo entero en un caso de neuroblastoma abdominal oculto con síndrome opsoclonus-myoclonus.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. In children, the etiology varies, although it is a paraneoplastic manifestation (mainly of neuroblastoma) in 40% to 80% of cases. Whole-body MRI promises to be a powerful tool in the search for a possible primary tumor in this condition for which the diagnostic algorithm is yet to be established. We present the case of a two-year-old boy with signs of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in whom a retroperitoneal neuroblastoma was detected by whole-body MRI.

An unusual case of early onset opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: Case report and literature review.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, irritability, and sleep disturbances. In pediatric patients, symptoms usually start between 16 and 18 months of age; opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome presentation in children under 6 months is rare. Approximately 50% of cases are associated with neuroblastoma. We report an early onset presentation of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in a previously healthy, 3-month-old female infant. The diagnostic workup revealed no abnormalities. The patient underwent monthly cycles of dexamethasone pulses and intravenous immunoglobulin with a favorable response. After a few months, the patient presented intermittent opsoclonus before the next scheduled pulse so from the 9th cycle onwards, the intravenous immunoglobulin dose was increased to 2 g/kg. After 9 months of treatment, she was diagnosed with a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Due to this infection, dexamethasone pulses were discontinued, and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment was maintained with clinical improvement The patient received 18 intravenous immunoglobulin cycles, leaving her with a score of one on the Mitchell-Pike scale. Developmental milestones have been attained according to age. Despite the range of therapeutic options for managing opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome described in the literature, the efficacy of these available therapies needs to be better established. A modified upfront approach with dexamethasone and intravenous immunoglobulin could be an option in settings where rituximab is unavailable.

Characteristics of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome in Patients of the Largest Pediatric Hospital in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by ataxia, opsoclonus, and myoclonus. Clinical diagnosis of OMS has been challenging; therefore, we sought to determine the clinical and treatment profiles of patients with OMS at the largest pediatric hospital in Latin America. METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients diagnosed with OMS between 2010 and 2020 at Pequeno Principe Hospital (Brazil) to determine the corresponding clinical profile more accurately. RESULTS: Of the approximately 50,000 visitors to our pediatric neurology department from 2010 to 2020, 10 patients with OMS were observed. Five nontumor cases included three parainfectious and two idiopathic cases. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 34 days. All patients with diagnostic OMS criteria in the idiopathic, nontumor group underwent whole-exome sequencing, with potentially pathogenic mutations identified in two cases. Nine patients were treated with methylprednisolone pulse, followed by oral steroids; eight received one or more intravenous immunoglobulin treatments; and six received azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Complete symptomatic recovery was observed in only one patient. CONCLUSIONS: OMS diagnosis remains challenging. Diagnostic suspicion is necessary to improve the management of these patients and allow early immunosuppressive treatment. Paraneoplastic etiology is the most prevalent. In idiopathic patients who do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment, tests, such as whole-exome sequencing, may reveal a differential diagnosis. Genetic alterations that increase the risk of tumors may be an important clue to the pathophysiology of OMS.

Review of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome in Pediatric Patients.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS), also known as Kinsbourne syndrome, is a rare disorder that presents with myoclonus, ataxia, abnormal eye movements, irritability, and sleep disruptions, often in young children. We report a case of an infant barely 6 months old, with no significant past medical history, who presented to the emergency department with tremors, jerking motions of the head and arms, and rapid eye movements. After an extensive workup, she was found to have a neuroblastoma, which was subsequently surgically removed via thoracotomy. Despite an initial improvement in symptoms post-resection, the patient's symptoms recurred. She was subsequently treated with dexamethasone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and rituximab. After treatment, the patient was noted to have mild global developmental delays but was otherwise well. This case report highlights the rare occurrence of OMAS in an infant barely 6 months old at diagnosis. Using the PubMed database, a systematic review was conducted to highlight the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of OMAS.

A Rare Case of Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome Post Viral Illness.

Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is a rare inflammatory neurological disorder characterized by ocular, motor, behavioral, language, and sleep disturbances. It usually affects infants and young children but may affect adults. A 28-year-old male was brought to our emergency ward with complaints of involuntary spontaneous eye movements and jerky movements of limbs with imbalance while walking. He had a history of short febrile illness 10 days prior. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and other routine investigations were normal. The patient was treated with injectable methylprednisolone (1 g) given for five days along with other supportive therapy. A significant reduction in the opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia was seen on a six-month follow-up. OMAS should be identified early to avoid the use of inappropriate medications, and immunotherapy must be provided as early as possible in order to prevent irreversible neurological damage.

Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome as a Rare Presentation of Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), also known as Kinsbourne syndrome or dancing eyes syndrome, is an extremely rare neurological condition that comprises a heterogenous constellation of symptoms including opsoclonus along with diffuse or focal body myoclonus. It is usually referred to as a paraneoplastic entity, but it may also be associated to an infectious, metabolic, or idiopathic cause. Small-cell carcinoma of the lung is the most commonly reported malignancy associated with OMS. The authors describe a case of a 69-year-old male that presented with ataxic gait, phono- and photophobia, vertigo, dizziness, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting. During examination, rapid, multidirectional eye movements; slight dysarthria; and facial myoclonus were noted. He was admitted to the hospital, and after a thorough study, a diagnosis of OMS was established. Intravenous corticosteroids were started, alongside physiotherapy, and a slight improvement of his symptoms was noted. Imaging revealed a suspicious lesion in the left lung, along with lymphadenopathies and bone metastases. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of stage IV small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Chemotherapy (ChT) with carboplatin and etoposide was started, and a gradual improvement of his neurological complaints was noted. After six cycles, the disease progressed, and second-line ChT with topotecan was started. After two cycles, the patient experienced significant clinical deterioration and eventually died. In conclusion, OMS is a poorly understood condition with uncertain neurological prognosis. The treatment of the primary neoplasm may improve neurological symptoms. The recognition of paraneoplastic syndromes is of utmost importance since early diagnosis of a malignancy relates to better outcomes.

Anesthesia in a child with Kinsbourne syndrome: Does anesthesia technique matters?

Kinsbourne syndrome is a rare neurological paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastic tumors. There are very few literatures on its anesthetic management and interaction with anesthetic agents. The epileptogenic potential of certain anesthetic agents such as ketamine, etomidate, and meperidine might trigger opsoclonus and myoclonus and have an impact on the long-term neurological outcome. The objective of this case report is to discuss the safety of anesthetic agents and their relationship in a patient with Kinsbourne syndrome. We discuss our experience in the anesthetic management of a child with Kinsbourne syndrome with ganglioneuroblastoma in the thoracic paravertebral space.

Síndrome de Kinsbourne: reporte de un caso / Síndrome de Kinsbourne: reporte de um caso / Kinsbourne syndrome: Report of a case

El síndrome de Kinsbourne, conocido también como “síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus” o “síndrome de los ojos danzantes”, es una enfermedad rara caracterizada por movimientos oculares rápidos, irregulares, multidireccionales (opsoclonus), movimientos mioclónicos en tronco, cara y/o extremidades y ataxia; se presenta entre los 6 y 36 meses de edad. Su etiología puede ser paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma), no paraneoplásica (infecciosa) o idiopática. Independientemente de la causa, se han utilizado inmunosupresores para reducir la formación de anticuerpos posiblemente involucrados en su fisiopatología. Presentamos el caso de una niña lactante de 21 meses con este síndrome secundario a un cuadro respiratorio viral. Tuvo ataxia, opsoclonus, mioclonías de miembros superiores, irritabilidad y alteración en el patrón de sueño. Se descartó el diagnóstico de neuroblastoma. El tratamiento inicial se hizo con pulsos de metilprednisolona seguida de prednisolona oral. Sus síntomas desaparecieron progresivamente y recuperó la marcha; actualmente está asintomática y sin secuelas. En estos pacientes se debe descartar siempre un síndrome paraneoplásico.

Kinsbourne syndrome, also known as “Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome” or “Dancing eyes syndrome” is a rare condition characterized by rapid, irregular, multi-directional eye movements (opsoclonus), myoclonic movements in the trunk, face and/or limbs and ataxia. It occurs in children aged between 6 and 36 months. Its etiology may be paraneoplasic (neuroblastoma), non-paraneoplasic (infectious processes) or idiopathic. Regardless of its etiology, immunosuppressive drugs have been used in order to reduce the formation of antibodies possibly involved in the pathophysiology. We report the case of a 21 month-old girl with this syndrome secondary to an infectious respiratory illness. She had ataxia, opsoclonus, upper limbs myoclonus, irritability and altered sleep pattern. Neuroblastoma was ruled out. Initial management was done with methylprednisolone pulses, followed by oral prednisolone. She had progressive clinical improvement, and is currently asymptomatic with no sequelae. In these patients a paraneoplasic syndrome should always be ruled out.

A síndrome de Kinsbourne, conhecida também como “síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus” a “síndrome dos olhos dançantes”, é uma doença rara caracterizada por movimentos oculares rápidos, irregulares, multidirecionais (opsoclonus), movimentos mioclônicos em tronco, cara e/ou extremidades e ataxia; se apresenta entre os 6 e 36 meses de idade. Sua etiologia pode ser paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma), não paraneoplásica (infecciosa) ou idiopática. Independentemente da causa, se há utilizado imunossupressores para reduzir a formação de anticorpos possivelmente envolvidos em sua fisiopatologia. Apresentamos o caso de uma criança lactante de 21 meses com esta síndrome secundária a um quadro respiratório viral. Teve ataxia, opsoclonus, mioclonias de membros superiores, irritabilidade e alteração no padrão de sono. Se descartou o diagnóstico de neuroblastoma. O tratamento inicial se fez com pulsos de metilprednisolona seguida de prednisolona oral. Seus sintomas desapareceram progressivamente e recuperou a marcha; atualmente está assintomática e sem sequelas. Nestes pacientes se deve descartar sempre uma síndrome paraneoplásico.

Causas no oncológicas del síndrome de Kinsbourne / Non oncologic causes of Kisbourne syndrome

Introducción. Kinsbourne en 1962, enmarca una tríada caracterizada por opsoclonos, mioclonos y ataxia cerebelosa. Su incidencia no está definida y es poco común; ocurre en su mayoría en la edad pediátrica. Se han propuesto diferentes etiologías, dentro de las más frecuentes se relaciona con entidades paraneoplásicas (50% asociado a neuroblastoma). Objetivo: analizar las causas del paciente con síndrome de Kinsbourne (SK) atendidos en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez en el período comprendido entre 1993-2004. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en pacientes de ambos sexos, menores de 16 años, atendidos en el período comprendido entre 1993 y 2004; estableciéndose la frecuencia de pacientes con SK en dicho período de tiempo estudiado; además de los síntomas más frecuentes y el seguimiento de estos pacientes. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 26 pacientes, la edad de presentación más frecuente fue de 21 meses de edad. El tiempo que transcurrió entre la presentación de los síntomas y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad fue en promedio de 3.8 meses. El signo inicial en 88.5% de los pacientes fue la ataxia. Dentro de las etiologías más frecuentes se encontró en primer lugar las causas infecciosas, seguidos de trauma craneoencefálico leve y procesos inflamatorios. En 27% de los casos no se consignó algún antecedente patológico relacionado al inicio de los síntomas. Sólo se encontró un caso asociado a neuroblastoma. Conclusión. La causa más frecuente encontrada en nuestra población fue la de origen infeccioso, lo cual da pauta a redefinir la búsqueda y los protocolos de estudio en estos pacientes, así como los tratamientos y pronósticos propuestos. Es interesante observar que a cinco años de seguimiento, únicamente se encontró un proceso neoplásico, lo cual también puede redefinir el pronóstico en general de estos pacientes.

Introduction. In 1962 Kinsbourne describes a triad characterized by opsoclonus, myoclonus and ataxia.The incidence is rare; it occurs predominantly in pediatric population. It may express different etiologies; the most frequently cause associated is with paraneoplasia (50% with neuroblastoma).The great variety of diagnosis proposed for the Kinsbourne syndrome (KS) implies a great number of treatments too. Besides KS is rarely seen, the dramatic presentation, sudden appear, characterized triad and torpid evolution that can be in relationship with a paraneoplasia makes the syndrome a entity of great interest for the medical doctors, making of great importance known the different etiologies of each community for establish standardized protocols for the clinical study and follow adequate for these patients. With this revision, we suspect to identify the different etiologies in the KS in the population attended in the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG). Objective: describe and analyze the different causes of KS attended in the HIMFG between 1990-2004. Material and methods. With a retrospective study, we include patients of both sexes, <16 years, seen between 1990 and 2004. We study the frequency of patients seen in that period, the most frequent etiologies and the evolution of these patients. Results. Of 26 patients, the most frequent age of presentation was 21 months of age. The time between the first symptoms and the diagnosis was approx. 3.8 months.The initial symptom in 88.5% was ataxia.The most frequent etiologies related were infections, craneoencephalic trauma and inflammatory process. In 27% of the patients there were no antecedents. Only one of the patients was associated with neuroblastoma. Conclusion. The infection was the most frequent cause in our series that results implies the necessity to make strategies in the search of these patients.