Cataloging natural sialic acids and other nonulosonic acids (NulOs), and their representation using the Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans.

Nonulosonic acids or non-2-ulosonic acids (NulOs) are an ancient family of 2-ketoaldonic acids (α-ketoaldonic acids) with a 9-carbon backbone. In nature, these monosaccharides occur either in a 3-deoxy form (referred to as "sialic acids") or in a 3,9-dideoxy "sialic-acid-like" form. The former sialic acids are most common in the deuterostome lineage, including vertebrates, and mimicked by some of their pathogens. The latter sialic-acid-like molecules are found in bacteria and archaea. NulOs are often prominently positioned at the outermost tips of cell surface glycans, and have many key roles in evolution, biology and disease. The diversity of stereochemistry and structural modifications among the NulOs contributes to more than 90 sialic acid forms and 50 sialic-acid-like variants described thus far in nature. This paper reports the curation of these diverse naturally occurring NulOs at the NCBI sialic acid page (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/glycans/sialic.html) as part of the NCBI-Glycans initiative. This includes external links to relevant Carbohydrate Structure Databases. As the amino and hydroxyl groups of these monosaccharides are extensively derivatized by various substituents in nature, the Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans (SNFG) rules have been expanded to represent this natural diversity. These developments help illustrate the natural diversity of sialic acids and related NulOs, and enable their systematic representation in publications and online resources.

Analysis of null deletion polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT-1), associated with anti-GSTT-1 antibodies development in transplantation.

Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) is an enzyme involved in phase II biotransformation processes and a member of a multigene family of detoxifying and clearing reactive oxygen species. GSTT1 is polymorphic like other biotransforming enzymes, allowing variability in hepatic conjugation processes. Immunological recognition of the GSTT1 alloantigen, as evidenced by donor-specific antibodies formation, has previously been observed in recipients lacking GSTT1 protein (called GSTT1-, GSTT*0, null phenotype or homozygous for the GSTT1 deletion) who receive liver or kidney transplants from GSTT1+ donors and is a risk factor for the development of de novo hepatitis following liver transplants from a GSTT1 expressing donor. Antibodies against GSTT1 are demonstrated in patients who are GSTT1 null and received a transplant from a GSTT1+ donor. Understanding the local population frequency of the GSTT1 deletion is of value in understanding the potential clinical risk of developing post-transplant complications, which can be attributed to the nonexpression of GSTT1. A population of 173 healthy donors of the Murcia Region in Southeast Spain was evaluated for a null allele of GSTT1 (n = 173). DNA was extracted, and GSTT-1 null allele detection was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of the null GSTT1 genotype (nonexpression or deletion of the homozygous polymorphism of the GSTT1 protein) was 17.9% (n = 31 null allele GSTT1/173 total individuals). Our data suggest that the frequency of null GSTT1 mutations in our population in Southeast Spain is 17.9%, lower than in other Caucasoid populations. This would convert our recipient population into more susceptible to nonlocal potential organ donors and less susceptible to local donors. All recipients bearing this GSTT1 deletion homozygous would be without the protein and triggering an alloantigen in the case of transplantation with a donor without deletion.

[Large cell carcinoma of the lung with null immunophenotype: Case report & brief review]. / Carcinoma de células grandes de pulmón con inmunofenotipo nulo: reporte de caso y revisión breve de la literatura.

Large cell carcinoma of the lung with null-immunophenotype (LCC-NI) is a diagnostic entity that is especially uncommon now as it does not have any type of cell differentiation or its own molecular alterations. It presents an exceptional diagnostic challenge; indeed, the diagnosis is only possible with complete surgical excision and adequate immunohistochemical and molecular studies. We report the case of a 69-year-old male, with a history of long-term smoking who presented with pleuritic pain. A tumor in the upper lobe of the right lung was detected and removed by lobectomy. Histopathology revealed a neoplasm with large cell morphology without any specific immunophenotype, molecular or genomic rearrangements through next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies, which was diagnosed as LCC-NI.

Description of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with PI*Q0ourém allele in La Palma Island (Spain) and a genotyping assay for its detection.

By analysis of a case of discrepancy between serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) level and genotype for the most common defective alleles associated with AAT deficiency (PI*S and PI*Z), a patient carrying the allele PI*Q0ourém has been identified for the first time outside of Portugal. This null allele has been implicated in cases of severe pulmonary emphysema. After developing a clinical assay for detection of c.1130insT mutation, based on fluorescent probes (HybProbe®), another 4 carriers of PI*Q0ourém allele were identified among 43 patients with abnormally low serum AAT levels based on their genotypes for PI*S and PI*Z alleles. Since 4 out 5 cases are from the same locality (La Palma Island, Spain), it is advisable to conduct genetic analyses of affected families and, possibly, a focused population screening.

Efecto de la capacitación y el diseño del tarjetón sobre la comprensión y la validez del voto / Effect of Capacitation and the Ballot Design on Understanding and Validity of the Vote

Son limitadas las investigaciones acerca del impacto del diseño del tarjetón en las elecciones multipartidistas y el voto nulo, como también las que evalúan de manera general los efectos de la información o capacitación sobre los errores en el voto. El presente estudio buscó establecer el efecto de la capacitación y del diseño de tarjetón sobre el porcentaje de voto nulo y la compresión del mecanismo de voto. Se realizaron tres estudios específicos con diferentes muestras, el primer cuasiexperimento (60 participantes) constó de un diseño posprueba y un grupo control donde se rechazó la hipótesis de que la capacitación disminuye el porcentaje de voto nulo. En el segundo cuasiexperimento (172 participantes) con un diseño posprueba, un grupo control y dos grupos con diferentes tratamientos experimentales se rechazó la hipótesis de que la elaboración del encabezado del tarjetón disminuye la probabilidad de voto nulo. El tercer cuasiexperimento (60 participantes) con un diseño factorial 2x2, demostró que el priming obtenido a través del diseño didáctico de las instrucciones en cuartilla separada y gran tamaño disminuyó el porcentaje de voto nulo, aun en aquellos casos donde los electores no tuvieran experiencia con el sistema electoral. Se discute la importancia del diseño pedagógico del tarjetón y otras piezas que forman parte del sistema de voto a la luz de la psicología del consumidor y de la economía conductual.

There has been limited research about the impact of ballot paper design in multiparty elections and effects of information or training over the invalid vote and the vote mistakes. This study was to measure the effect of training and ballot paper design on the probability of invalid vote and vote mechanism compression. There has been applied three quasi-experimental designs with different samples, the first experiment (60 volunteers) to design a post test and control group were the hypothesis was rejected because the training doesn't reduces the likelihood of invalid ballots. The second experiment (172 volunteers) with a post-test design, a control group and two experimental treatments with different groups where the hypothesis of ballot paper decrease the likelihood of invalid ballots was also rejected. The third experiment (60 participants) with a 2x2 factorial design showed that the priming obtained through the instructional design of the on separate large sheet decreased the percentage of null vote even in cases where voters had no experience with the electoral system. The importance of the pedagogical ballot paper design and other items that are part of the voting system in the light of consumer psychology and behavioral economics are discussed.

Inland water microcrustacean assemblages in an altitudinal gradient in Aysen region (46° S, Patagonia Chile) / Crustáceos zooplâncton de águas continentais litorales na gradiente de altitude na região de Aysén (46 ° S, Patagônia Chile)

The Chilean Patagonia has numerous kinds of inland water ecosystems such as lakes, ponds, wetlands and rivers that have been poorly studied due to access difficulties. This study was carried out in Aysen region, in southern Chile, and it included different kinds of water bodies such as rivers, streams, ponds, lagoons and lakes distributed along an altitudinal gradient at 46° S. It was found a low species number, essentially cladocerans, copepods and amphipods. A null model was applied in order to determine the existence of regulator factors of species associations, and the results revealed that they are not random. The patterns would be influenced by geographical and limnological characteristics of the studied sites. Our results would agree with regional studies on habitat heterogeneity such as in Torres del Paine National Park and other zones in Tierra del Fuego island.

A Patagônia chilena apresenta numerosos tipos de ecossistemas aquáticos, como lagos, lagoas, pântanos e rios, os quais tem sido pouco estudados devido a dificuldades de acesso. Este estudo foi feito na região de Aysén, no sul do Chile, e inclui diferentes tipos de corpos d'água, tais como rios, córregos, lagos, lagoas e lagos distribuídos ao longo de um gradiente de altitude a 46° S. Constatou-se baixo número de espécies que inclui, essencialmente, cladóceros, copépodos e anfípodos. Um modelo nulo foi aplicado para determinar a existência de fatores reguladores das associações de espécies os resultados indicam que estes não são aleatórios. Os padrões poderiam ser influenciados pelas características geográficas e limnológicas do locais estudados. Os resultados expostos concordariam com estudos regionais sobre com habitats heterogeneidade como Torres del Paine Parque Nacional e outras zonas na ilha de Tierra del Fuego.

La formación de los docentes y su relación con la diversidad de curriculum nulo / The training of teachers and their relationship with the diversity of null curriculum / A formação de professores e sua relação com a diversidade do currículo nulo

El currículum es la concreción de los fines sociales y culturales, es reflejo de un modelo educativo y al ponerse en marcha, puede ser totalmente diferente a como se planeó. Al impartirse el programa, los contenidos planeados son modificados por diversas situaciones, una de éstas, es la formación disciplinar y pedagógica del docente, propiciando la interpretación del programa desde su perspectiva personal. Lo que llevó a plantearse la pregunta: ¿La formación del docente es un factor relacionado con la diversidad de las dimensiones del currículum nulo en el programa de Enfermería pediátrica de la carrera de Enfermería de la FES-Zaragoza?. Teniendo como objetivo general: Describir la diversidad de variantes del currículum nulo que caractericen al módulo de Enfermería Pediátrica. Metodología. Investigación cuantitativa, realizada en FES "Zaragoza", tipo de estudio: descriptivo, exploratorio, prolectivo y transversal, con muestra de 107 alumnos y 14 docentes de la disciplina de Enfermería en el ciclo escolar 2007. Procedimiento: Elaboración de cuestionarios para docentes y alumnos desde la perspectiva del curriculum nulo, _(retomando 5 dimensiones de Posner: omisión, preferencia del docente, reducción cronológica, falta de preparación y falta de coordinación), y los contenidos del programa del módulo de Enfermería pediátrica, evaluando los contenidos del mismo como proceso. Resultados: Un punto álgido, es la formación pedagógica de los docentes, debido a que sólo el 50% de estos la desarrolla, en cuanto ala formación disciplinar, ésta se da en tres áreas: un 46% se forma en otras áreas diferentes a pediatría, otro 46% en ambas áreas (pediatría y otras áreas), y un 14%, en pediatría. Las dimensiones identificadas por docentes y alumnos con un 86% son: Preferencia docente y redacción cronológica. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que no existe relación entre la formación docente y la diversidad de curriculum nulo. Conclusiones: El curriculum nulo es una estrategia de evaluación que permitió seguir la instrumentación del programa de Enfermería Pediátrica, como proceso

The curriculum is the concretion of the social and cultural purposes, it is a reflection of an educational model and when it is put into operation, it can be totally different from what was planned. When the program is delivered, the planned contents are modified by different situations, one of these is the teacher's pedagogical and disciplinary training, favoring the interpretation of the program from a persfonal perspective. What led us to ask the question: Is teacher training a factor related to the diversity of the dimensions of the null curriculum in the pediatric nursing program of the nursing career of the FES-Zaragoza ?. Having as a general objective: Describe the diversity of variants of the null curriculum that characterize the Pediatric Nursing module. Methodology. Quantitative research, carried out in FES "Zaragoza", type of study: descriptive, exploratory, prolective and transversal, with sample of 107 students and 14 teachers of the Nursing discipline in the 2007 school year. Procedure: Preparation of questionnaires for teachers and students from the perspective of the null curriculum, _ (taking up 5 Posner dimensions: omission, teacher preference, chronological reduction, lack of preparation and lack of coordination), and the contents of the Pediatric Nursing module program, evaluating the contents of the same as process. Results: A high point is the pedagogical training of teachers, because only 50% of them develop it, in terms of disciplinary training, this occurs in three areas: 46% is formed in other areas than pediatrics , another 46% in both areas (pediatrics and other areas), and 14%, in pediatrics. The dimensions identified by teachers and students with 86% are: Teaching preference and chronological writing. Discussion: The results obtained showed that there is no relationship between teacher training and the diversity of the null curriculum. Conclusions: The null curriculum is an evaluation strategy that allowed to follow the intrumentation of the Pediatric Nursing program, as a process

O currículo é a concretização dos propósitos sociais e culturais, é um reflexo de um modelo educacional e, quando é colocado em operação, pode ser totalmente diferente do planejado. Quando o programa é entregue, os conteúdos planejados são modificados por diferentes situações, uma delas é a formação pedagógica e disciplinar do professor, favorecendo a interpretação do programa a partir de uma perspectiva persponal. O que nos levou a fazer a pergunta: A formação de professores é um fator relacionado à diversidade das dimensões do currículo nulo no programa de enfermagem pediátrica da carreira de enfermagem da FES-Zaragoza ?. Tendo como objetivo geral: Descrever a diversidade de variantes do currículo nulo que caracteriza o módulo de Enfermagem Pediátrica. Metodologia pesquisa quantitativa, realizado na FES "Zaragoza" tipo de estudo: descritivo, prolective exploratório e transversal com amostra de 107 alunos e 14 professores da disciplina de escola de enfermagem ano de 2007. Procedimento: Preparação de questionários para professores e alunos a partir da perspectiva do currículo nulo _ (retomando cinco dimensões Posner: preferência professor padrão de redução cronológica, falta de formação e falta de coordenação), e o conteúdo do programa de módulo de enfermagem pediátrica, avaliando o seu conteúdo como processo Resultados: Um ponto alto é a formação pedagógica dos professores, pois apenas 50% deles desenvolvem, em termos de formação disciplinar, isso ocorre em três áreas: 46% é formado em outras áreas além da pediatria , outros 46% em ambas as áreas (pediatria e outras áreas) e 14% em pediatria. As dimensões identificadas pelos professores e alunos com 86% são: preferência de ensino e escrita cronológica. Discussão: Os resultados obtidos mostraram que não há relação entre a formação de professores e a diversidade do currículo nulo. Conclusões: O currículo nulo é uma estratégia de avaliação que permitiu acompanhar a instrumentalização do programa de Enfermagem Pediátrica, como um processo