Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong Province, China.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and was first reported in central China in December 2019. Extensive molecular surveillance in Guangdong, China's most populous province, during early 2020 resulted in 1,388 reported RNA-positive cases from 1.6 million tests. In order to understand the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in China, we generated 53 genomes from infected individuals in Guangdong using a combination of metagenomic sequencing and tiling amplicon approaches. Combined epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses indicate multiple independent introductions to Guangdong, although phylogenetic clustering is uncertain because of low virus genetic variation early in the pandemic. Our results illustrate how the timing, size, and duration of putative local transmission chains were constrained by national travel restrictions and by the province's large-scale intensive surveillance and intervention measures. Despite these successes, COVID-19 surveillance in Guangdong is still required, because the number of cases imported from other countries has increased.

Characterizing the Major Structural Variant Alleles of the Human Genome.

In order to provide a comprehensive resource for human structural variants (SVs), we generated long-read sequence data and analyzed SVs for fifteen human genomes. We sequence resolved 99,604 insertions, deletions, and inversions including 2,238 (1.6 Mbp) that are shared among all discovery genomes with an additional 13,053 (6.9 Mbp) present in the majority, indicating minor alleles or errors in the reference. Genotyping in 440 additional genomes confirms the most common SVs in unique euchromatin are now sequence resolved. We report a ninefold SV bias toward the last 5 Mbp of human chromosomes with nearly 55% of all VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats) mapping to this portion of the genome. We identify SVs affecting coding and noncoding regulatory loci improving annotation and interpretation of functional variation. These data provide the framework to construct a canonical human reference and a resource for developing advanced representations capable of capturing allelic diversity.

Heterotrimeric G Protein Subunit Gαq Is a Master Switch for Gßγ-Mediated Calcium Mobilization by Gi-Coupled GPCRs.

Mechanisms that control mobilization of cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i are key for regulation of numerous eukaryotic cell functions. One such paradigmatic mechanism involves activation of phospholipase Cß (PLCß) enzymes by G protein ßγ subunits from activated Gαi-Gßγ heterotrimers. Here, we report identification of a master switch to enable this control for PLCß enzymes in living cells. We find that the Gαi-Gßγ-PLCß-Ca2+ signaling module is entirely dependent on the presence of active Gαq. If Gαq is pharmacologically inhibited or genetically ablated, Gßγ can bind to PLCß but does not elicit Ca2+ signals. Removal of an auto-inhibitory linker that occludes the active site of the enzyme is required and sufficient to empower "stand-alone control" of PLCß by Gßγ. This dependence of Gi-Gßγ-Ca2+ on Gαq places an entire signaling branch of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) under hierarchical control of Gq and changes our understanding of how Gi-GPCRs trigger [Ca2+]i via PLCß enzymes.

Genomics in the long-read sequencing era.

Long-read sequencing (LRS) technologies have provided extremely powerful tools to explore genomes. While in the early years these methods suffered technical limitations, they have recently made significant progress in terms of read length, throughput, and accuracy and bioinformatics tools have strongly improved. Here, we aim to review the current status of LRS technologies, the development of novel methods, and the impact on genomics research. We will explore the most impactful recent findings made possible by these technologies focusing on high-resolution sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes and the direct detection of DNA and RNA modifications. We will also discuss how LRS methods promise a more comprehensive understanding of human genetic variation, transcriptomics, and epigenetics for the coming years.

Quantification of tRNA m1A modification by templated-ligation qPCR.

N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a widespread modification in all eukaryotic, many archaeal, and some bacterial tRNAs. m1A is generally located in the T loop of cytosolic tRNA and between the acceptor and D stems of mitochondrial tRNAs; it is involved in the tertiary interaction that stabilizes tRNA. Human tRNA m1A levels are dynamically regulated that fine-tune translation and can also serve as biomarkers for infectious disease. Although many methods have been used to measure m1A, a PCR method to assess m1A levels quantitatively in specific tRNAs has been lacking. Here we develop a templated-ligation followed by a qPCR method (TL-qPCR) that measures m1A levels in target tRNAs. Our method uses the SplintR ligase that efficiently ligates two tRNA complementary DNA oligonucleotides using tRNA as the template, followed by qPCR using the ligation product as the template. m1A interferes with the ligation in specific ways, allowing for the quantitative assessment of m1A levels using subnanogram amounts of total RNA. We identify the features of specificity and quantitation for m1A-modified model RNAs and apply these to total RNA samples from human cells. Our method enables easy access to study the dynamics and function of this pervasive tRNA modification.

Earthquake alerting based on spatial geodetic data by spatiotemporal information transformation learning.

Alerting for imminent earthquakes is particularly challenging due to the high nonlinearity and nonstationarity of geodynamical phenomena. In this study, based on spatiotemporal information (STI) transformation for high-dimensional real-time data, we developed a model-free framework, i.e., real-time spatiotemporal information transformation learning (RSIT), for extending the nonlinear and nonstationary time series. Specifically, by transforming high-dimensional information of the global navigation satellite system into one-dimensional dynamics via the STI strategy, RSIT efficiently utilizes two criteria of the transformed one-dimensional dynamics, i.e., unpredictability and instability. Such two criteria contemporaneously signal a potential critical transition of the geodynamical system, thereby providing early-warning signals of possible upcoming earthquakes. RSIT explores both the spatial and temporal dynamics of real-world data on the basis of a solid theoretical background in nonlinear dynamics and delay-embedding theory. The effectiveness of RSIT was demonstrated on geodynamical data of recent earthquakes from a number of regions across at least 4 y and through further comparison with existing methods.

Synchronization of the circadian clock to the environment tracked in real time.

The circadian system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 relies on a three-protein nanomachine (KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC) that undergoes an oscillatory phosphorylation cycle with a period of ~24 h. This core oscillator can be reconstituted in vitro and is used to study the molecular mechanisms of circadian timekeeping and entrainment. Previous studies showed that two key metabolic changes that occur in cells during the transition into darkness, changes in the ATP/ADP ratio and redox status of the quinone pool, are cues that entrain the circadian clock. By changing the ATP/ADP ratio or adding oxidized quinone, one can shift the phase of the phosphorylation cycle of the core oscillator in vitro. However, the in vitro oscillator cannot explain gene expression patterns because the simple mixture lacks the output components that connect the clock to genes. Recently, a high-throughput in vitro system termed the in vitro clock (IVC) that contains both the core oscillator and the output components was developed. Here, we used IVC reactions and performed massively parallel experiments to study entrainment, the synchronization of the clock with the environment, in the presence of output components. Our results indicate that the IVC better explains the in vivo clock-resetting phenotypes of wild-type and mutant strains and that the output components are deeply engaged with the core oscillator, affecting the way input signals entrain the core pacemaker. These findings blur the line between input and output pathways and support our previous demonstration that key output components are fundamental parts of the clock.

Closed-loop network of skin-interfaced wireless devices for quantifying vocal fatigue and providing user feedback.

Vocal fatigue is a measurable form of performance fatigue resulting from overuse of the voice and is characterized by negative vocal adaptation. Vocal dose refers to cumulative exposure of the vocal fold tissue to vibration. Professionals with high vocal demands, such as singers and teachers, are especially prone to vocal fatigue. Failure to adjust habits can lead to compensatory lapses in vocal technique and an increased risk of vocal fold injury. Quantifying and recording vocal dose to inform individuals about potential overuse is an important step toward mitigating vocal fatigue. Previous work establishes vocal dosimetry methods, that is, processes to quantify vocal fold vibration dose but with bulky, wired devices that are not amenable to continuous use during natural daily activities; these previously reported systems also provide limited mechanisms for real-time user feedback. This study introduces a soft, wireless, skin-conformal technology that gently mounts on the upper chest to capture vibratory responses associated with vocalization in a manner that is immune to ambient noises. Pairing with a separate, wirelessly linked device supports haptic feedback to the user based on quantitative thresholds in vocal usage. A machine learning-based approach enables precise vocal dosimetry from the recorded data, to support personalized, real-time quantitation and feedback. These systems have strong potential to guide healthy behaviors in vocal use.

Ultrafast many-body bright-dark exciton transition in anatase TiO2.

The momentum-forbidden dark excitons can have a pivotal role in quantum information processing, Bose-Einstein condensation, and light-energy harvesting. Anatase TiO2 with an indirect band gap is a prototypical platform to study bright to momentum-forbidden dark exciton transition. Here, we examine, by GW plus the real-time Bethe-Salpeter equation combined with the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (GW + rtBSE-NAMD), the many-body transition that occurs within 100 fs from the optically excited bright to the strongly bound momentum-forbidden dark excitons in anatase TiO2. Comparing with the single-particle picture in which the exciton transition is considered to occur through electron-phonon scattering, within the GW + rtBSE-NAMD framework, the many-body electron-hole Coulomb interaction activates additional exciton relaxation channels to notably accelerate the exciton transition in competition with other radiative and nonradiative processes. The existence of dark excitons and ultrafast bright-dark exciton transitions sheds insights into applications of anatase TiO2 in optoelectronic devices and light-energy harvesting as well as the formation process of dark excitons in semiconductors.

The Volitional Control of Individual Motor Units Is Constrained within Low-Dimensional Neural Manifolds by Common Inputs.

The implementation of low-dimensional movement control by the central nervous system has been debated for decades. In this study, we investigated the dimensionality of the control signals received by spinal motor neurons when controlling either the ankle or knee joint torque. We first identified the low-dimensional latent factors underlying motor unit activity during torque-matched isometric contractions in male participants. Subsequently, we evaluated the extent to which motor units could be independently controlled. To this aim, we used an online control paradigm in which participants received the corresponding motor unit firing rates as visual feedback. We identified two main latent factors, regardless of the muscle group (vastus lateralis-medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis-medialis). The motor units of the gastrocnemius lateralis could be controlled largely independently from those of the gastrocnemius medialis during ankle plantarflexion. This dissociation of motor unit activity imposed similar behavior to the motor units that were not displayed in the feedback. Conversely, it was not possible to dissociate the activity of the motor units between the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles during the knee extension tasks. These results demonstrate that the number of latent factors estimated from linear dimensionality reduction algorithms does not necessarily reflect the dimensionality of volitional control of motor units. Overall, individual motor units were never controlled independently of all others but rather belonged to synergistic groups. Together, these findings provide evidence for a low-dimensional control of motor units constrained by common inputs, with notable differences between muscle groups.

The Effects of Free Breathing on Cerebral Venous Flow: A Real-Time Phase Contrast MRI Study in Healthy Adults.

Quantifying the effects of free breathing on cerebral venous flow is crucial for understanding cerebral circulation mechanisms and clinical applications. Unlike conventional cine phase-contrast MRI sequences (CINE-PC), real-time phase-contrast MRI sequences (RT-PC) can provide a continuous beat-to-beat flow signal that makes it possible to quantify the effect of breathing on cerebral venous flow. In this study, we examined 28 healthy human participants, comprising of 14 males and 14 females. Blood flows in the right/left internal jugular veins in the extracranial plane and the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and straight sinus in the intercranial plane were quantified using CINE-PC and RT-PC. The first objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of RT-PC in quantifying cerebral venous flow, relative to CINE-PC. The second, and main objective, was to quantify the effect of free breathing on cerebral venous flow, using a time-domain multiparameter analysis method. Our results showed that RT-PC can accurately quantify cerebral venous flow with a 2 × 2 mm2 spatial resolution and 75 ms/image time resolution. The mean flow rate, amplitude, stroke volume, and cardiac period of cerebral veins were significantly higher from the mid-end phase of expiration to the mid-end phase of inspiration. Breathing affected the mean flow rates in the jugular veins more than those in the SSS and straight sinus. Furthermore, the effects of free breathing on the flow rate of the left and right jugular veins were not synchronous. These new findings provide a useful reference for better understanding the mechanisms of cerebral circulation.

A real-time biochemical assay for quantitative analyses of APOBEC-catalyzed DNA deamination.

Over the past decade, the connection between APOBEC3 cytosine deaminases and cancer mutagenesis has become increasingly apparent. This growing awareness has created a need for biochemical tools that can be used to identify and characterize potential inhibitors of this enzyme family. In response to this challenge, we have developed a Real-time APOBEC3-mediated DNA Deamination assay. This assay offers a single-step set-up and real-time fluorescent read-out, and it is capable of providing insights into enzyme kinetics. The assay also offers a high-sensitivity and easily scalable method for identifying APOBEC3 inhibitors. This assay serves as a crucial addition to the existing APOBEC3 biochemical and cellular toolkit and possesses the versatility to be readily adapted into a high-throughput format for inhibitor discovery.

Tissue-like environments shape functional interactions of HIV-1 with immature dendritic cells.

Immature dendritic cells (iDCs) migrate in microenvironments with distinct cell and extracellular matrix densities in vivo and contribute to HIV-1 dissemination and mounting of antiviral immune responses. Here, we find that, compared to standard 2D suspension cultures, 3D collagen as tissue-like environment alters iDC properties and their response to HIV-1 infection. iDCs adopt an elongated morphology with increased deformability in 3D collagen at unaltered activation, differentiation, cytokine secretion, or responsiveness to LPS. While 3D collagen reduces HIV-1 particle uptake by iDCs, fusion efficiency is increased to elevate productive infection rates due to elevated cell surface exposure of the HIV-1-binding receptor DC-SIGN. In contrast, 3D collagen reduces HIV transfer to CD4 T cells from iDCs. iDC adaptations to 3D collagen include increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and reduced antiviral gene expression in response to HIV-1 infection. Adhesion to a 2D collagen matrix is sufficient to increase iDC deformability, DC-SIGN exposure, and permissivity to HIV-1 infection. Thus, mechano-physical cues of 2D and 3D tissue-like collagen environments regulate iDC function and shape divergent roles during HIV-1 infection.

Real-time imaging of Arc/Arg3.1 transcription ex vivo reveals input-specific immediate early gene dynamics.

The ability of neurons to process and store salient environmental features underlies information processing in the brain. Long-term information storage requires synaptic plasticity and regulation of gene expression. While distinct patterns of activity have been linked to synaptic plasticity, their impact on immediate early gene (IEG) expression remains poorly understood. The activity regulated cytoskeleton associated (Arc) gene has received wide attention as an IEG critical for long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. Yet, to date, the transcriptional dynamics of Arc in response to compartment and input-specific activity is unclear. By developing a knock-in mouse to fluorescently tag Arc alleles, we studied real-time transcription dynamics after stimulation of dentate granule cells (GCs) in acute hippocampal slices. To our surprise, we found that Arc transcription displayed distinct temporal kinetics depending on the activation of excitatory inputs that convey functionally distinct information, i.e., medial and lateral perforant paths (MPP and LPP, respectively). Moreover, the transcriptional dynamics of Arc after synaptic stimulation was similar to direct activation of GCs, although the contribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differed. Specifically, we observed an ER-mediated synapse-to-nucleus signal that supported elevations in nuclear calcium and, thereby, rapid induction of Arc transcription following MPP stimulation. By delving into the complex excitation-transcription coupling for Arc, our findings highlight how different synaptic inputs may encode information by modulating transcription dynamics of an IEG linked to learning and memory.

Highly multiplex PCR assays by coupling the 5'-flap endonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase and molecular beacon reporters.

Real-time PCR is the most utilized nucleic acid testing tool in clinical settings. However, the number of targets detectable per reaction are restricted by current modes. Here, we describe a single-step, multiplex approach capable of detecting dozens of targets per reaction in a real-time PCR thermal cycler. The approach, termed MeltArray, utilizes the 5'-flap endonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase to cleave a mediator probe into a mediator primer that can bind to a molecular beacon reporter, which allows for the extension of multiple mediator primers to produce a series of fluorescent hybrids of different melting temperatures unique to each target. Using multiple molecular beacon reporters labeled with different fluorophores, the overall number of targets is equal to the number of the reporters multiplied by that of mediator primers per reporter. The use of MeltArray was explored in various scenarios, including in a 20-plex assay that detects human Y chromosome microdeletions, a 62-plex assay that determines Escherichia coli serovars, a 24-plex assay that simultaneously identifies and quantitates respiratory pathogens, and a minisequencing assay that identifies KRAS mutations, and all of these different assays were validated with clinical samples. MeltArray approach should find widespread use in clinical settings owing to its combined merits of multiplicity, versatility, simplicity, and accessibility.

Identifying MiR-140-3p as a stable internal reference to normalize MicroRNA qRT-PCR levels of plasma small extracellular vesicles in lung cancer patients.

Exploration of a stably expressed gene as a reference is critical for the accurate evaluation of miRNAs isolated from small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). In this study, we analyzed small RNA sequencing on plasma sEV miRNAs in the training dataset (n = 104) and found that miR-140-3p was the most stably expressed candidate reference for sEV miRNAs. We further demonstrated that miR-140-3p expressed most stably in the validation cohort (n = 46) when compared to two other reference miRNAs, miR-451a and miR-1228-3p, and the commonly-used miRNA reference U6. Finally, we compared the capability of miR-140-3p and U6 as the internal reference for sEV miRNA expression by evaluating key miRNAs expression in lung cancer patients and found that miR-140-3p was more suitable as a sEV miRNA reference gene. Taken together, our data indicated miR-140-3p as a stable internal reference miRNA of plasma sEVs to evaluate miRNA expression profiles in lung cancer patients.

Real-Time Simulation of the Reaction Kinetics of Supported Metal Nanoparticles.

A common issue with supported metal catalysts is the sintering of metal nanoparticles, resulting in catalyst deactivation. In this study, we propose a theoretical framework for realizing a real-time simulation of the reactivity of supported metal nanoparticles during the sintering process, combining density functional theory calculations, microkinetic modeling, Wulff-Kaichew construction, and sintering kinetic simulations. To validate our approach, we demonstrate its feasibility on α-Al2O3(0001)-supported Ag nanoparticles, where the simulated sintering behavior and ethylene epoxidation reaction rate as a function of time show qualitative agreement with experimental observation. Our proposed theoretical approach can be employed to screen out the promising microstructure feature of α-Al2O3 for stable supported Ag NPs, including the surface orientation and promoter species modified on it. The outlined approach of this work may be applied to a range of different thermocatalytic reactions other than ethylene epoxidation and provide guidance for the development of supported metal catalysts with long-term stability.

Charge Transfer Mechanisms of Adaptive Multicomponent Solutions at Solid-Liquid Interfaces for Real-Time Coolant State Monitoring.

Charge-transfer mechanisms in adaptive multicomponent solutions at liquid-solid interfaces with triboelectric probes are crucial for understanding chemistry dynamics. However, liquid-solid charge transfer becomes unpredictable, due to the components or interactions in solutions, restricting its potential application for precise monitoring of liquid environments. This study utilizes triboelectric probes to investigate the charge transfer of chemicals, applying this approach to real-time coolant state monitoring. Analysis of electrical signal dynamics induced by ethylene glycol and its oxidation byproduct, oxalic acid, in ethylene glycol solutions reveals that hydrogen bond and ion adsorption diminishes the efficiency of electron transfer at the liquid-solid interface. These findings promote the engineering of the triboelectric probe that enhances coolant quality with remarkable sensitivity (detection limit: 0.0001%) and a broad freezing point operational range (0 to -49 °C). This work advances the precise control of the charge dynamics and demonstrates the potential of triboelectric probes for interdisciplinary applications.

Unveiling the Dynamic Electrocatalytic Activity of Online Synthesized Bimetallic Nanocatalysts via Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy.

Effective bimetallic nanoelectrocatalysis demands precise control of composition, structure, and understanding catalytic mechanisms. To address these challenges, we employ a two-in-one approach, integrating online synthesis with real-time imaging of bimetallic Au@Metal core-shell nanoparticles (Au@M NPs) via electrochemiluminescence microscopy (ECLM). Within 120 s, online electrodeposition and in situ catalytic activity screening alternate. ECLM captures transient faradaic processes during potential switches, visualizes electrochemical processes in real-time, and tracks catalytic activity dynamics at the single-particle level. Analysis using ECL photon flux density eliminates size effects and yields quantitative electrocatalytic activity results. Notably, a nonlinear activity trend corresponding to the shell metal to Au surface atomic ratio is discerned, quantifying the optimal surface component ratio of Au@M NPs. This approach offers a comprehensive understanding of catalytic behavior during the deposition process with high spatiotemporal resolution, which is crucial for tailoring efficient bimetallic nanocatalysts for diverse applications.

Controlling Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics via Coherent Phonon Excitation in a Ferromagnet Monolayer.

Exploring ultrafast magnetization control in 2D magnets via laser pulses is established, yet the interplay between spin dynamics and the lattice remains underexplored. Utilizing real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) coupled with Ehrenfest dynamics and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations, we systematically investigate the laser-induced spin-nuclei dynamics with pre-excited A1g and E2g coherent phonons in the 2D ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) monolayer. Selective pre-excitation of coherent phonons under ultrafast laser irradiation significantly alters the local spin moment of FGT, consequently inducing additional spin loss attributed to the nuclear motion-induced asymmetric interatomic charge transfer. Excited spin-resolved charge undergoes a bidirectional spin-flip between spin-down and spin-up states, characterized by a subtle change in the spin moment within approximately 100 fs, followed by unidirectional spin-flip, which will further contribute to the spin moment loss of FGT within tens of picoseconds. Our results shed light on the coupling of coherent phonons with magnetization dynamics in 2D limit.