Boron-doped carbon dots with time-resolved room temperature phosphorescence for detection of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and information encryption applications.

Novel boron-doped carbon dots (BCDs) with extended afterglow characteristics were synthesized via a one-step solvothermal method using acrylamide, sulfosalicylic acid, and sodium tetraborate as protective matrices. The presence of boron from sodium tetraborate introduced an empty orbital, allowing it to form a more extended conjugated system with adjacent oxygen atoms, thereby lowering the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in the system. The phosphorescence emission of these BCDs exhibits a red shift over time from 450 to 500 nm. These BCDs have been effectively utilized to produce anti-counterfeit phosphorescent powder. Additionally, the BCDs display optimal fluorescence excitation at 330 nm and optimal emission at 420 nm. They demonstrate a detection limit for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride of 37 nM in the 1-100 µM concentration range and 26 nM in the 100-210 µM range. This fluorescence detection is governed by an inner filter effect. Real sample testing further confirms that these BCDs serve as excellent sensors for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride.

Microscale Lateral Perovskite Light Emitting Diode Realized by Self-Doping Phenomenon.

High-definition near-eye display technology has extremely close sight distance, placing a higher demand on the size, performance, and array of light-emitting pixel devices. Based on the excellent photoelectric performance of metal halide perovskite materials, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have high photoelectric conversion efficiency, adjustable emission spectra, and excellent charge transfer characteristics, demonstrating great prospects as next-generation light sources. Despite their potential, the solubility of perovskite in photoresist presents a hurdle for conventional micro/nano processing techniques, resulting in device sizes typically exceeding 50 µm. This limitation impedes the further downsizing of perovskite-based components. Herein, we propose a plane-structured PeLED device that can achieve microscale light-emitting diodes with a single pixel device size < 2 µm and a luminescence lifetime of approximately 3 s. This is accomplished by fabricating a patterned substrate and regulating ion distribution in the perovskite through self-doping effects to form a PN junction. This breakthrough overcomes the technical challenge of perovskite-photoresist incompatibility, which has hindered the development of perovskite materials in micro/nano optoelectronic devices. The strides made in this study open up promising avenues for the advancement of PeLEDs within the realm of micro/nano optoelectronic devices.

Surface Superconductivity with High Transition Temperatures in Layered CanBn+1Cn+1 Films.

Proposed by Ginzberg nearly 60 years ago, surface superconductivity refers to the emergent phenomenon that the electrons on or near the surface of a material becomes superconducting despite its bulk is nonsuperconducting. Here, based on first-principles calculations within density functional theory, we predict that the superconducting transition temperature Tc at the surfaces of CanBn+1Cn+1 (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) films can be drastically enhanced to ∼90 K from 8 K for bulk CaBC. Our detailed analyses reveal that structural symmetry reduction at surfaces induces pronounced carrier self-doping into the surface B-C layer of the films and shifts the σ-bonding states toward the Fermi level; furthermore, the in-plane stretching modes of the surface layers experience significant softening. These two effects work collaboratively to strongly enhance the electron-phonon coupling, which in turn results in much higher Tc values than the McMillian limit. These findings point to new material platforms for realizing unusually high-Tc surface superconductivity.

Removal of tetracycline in the water by a kind of S/N co-doped tea residue biochar.

Tetracycline (TC) is widely present in the environment, and adsorption technology is a potential remediation method. S/N co-doped tea residue biochar (SNBC) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal carbonization method using tea residue as raw material. S was doped by Na2S2O3·5H2O, and N was doped by N in tea residue. The adsorption efficiency of SNBC could reach 94.16% when the concentration of TC was 100 mg L-1. The adsorption effect of SNBC on TC was 9.38 times more than that of unmodified biochar. Tea biochar had good adsorption effect at pH 4-9. The maximum adsorption capacity of 271 mg g-1 was calculated by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption mechanism involved many mechanisms such as pore filling, π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The adsorbent prepared in this study could be used as an effective adsorbent in the treatment of TC wastewater.

An n-Type Open-Shell Conjugated Polymer with High-Spin Ground-State and High Intrinsic Electrical Conductivity.

Open-shell conjugated polymers with a high intrinsic conductivity and high-spin ground state hold considerable promise for applications in organic electronics and spintronics. Herein, two novel acceptor-acceptor (A-A) conjugated polymers based on a highly electron-deficient quinoidal benzodifurandione unit have been developed, namely DPP-BFDO-Th and DPP-BFDO. The incorporation of the quinoidal moiety into the polymers backbones enables deeply aligned lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of below -4.0 eV. Notably, DPP-BFDO exhibits an exceptionally low LUMO (-4.63 eV) and a high-spin ground state characterized by strong diradical characters. Moreover, a self-doping through intermolecular charge-transfer is observed for DPP-BFDO, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. The high carrier concentration in combination with a planar and linear conjugated backbone yields a remarkable electrical conductivity (σ) of 1.04 S cm-1 in the "undoped" native form, ranking among the highest values reported for n-type radical-based conjugated polymers. When employed as an n-type thermoelectric material, DPP-BFDO achieves a power factor of 12.59 µW m-1 K-2. Furthermore, upon n-doping, the σ could be improved to 65.68 S cm-1. This study underscores the great potential of electron-deficient quinoidal units in constructing dopant-free n-type conductive polymers with a high-spin ground state and exceptional intrinsic conductivity.

An n-Doping Cross-Linkable Quinoidal Compound as an Electron Transport Material for Fully Stretchable Inverted Organic Solar Cells.

The photocatalytic activity and inherent brittleness of ZnO, which is commonly used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs), have impeded advancements in device stability and the development of fully stretchable OSCs. In this study, an intrinsically stretchable ETL for inverted OSCs through a side-chain cross-linking strategy has been developed. Specifically, cross-linking between bromine atoms on the side chains of a quinoidal compound and the amino groups in polyethylenimine resulted in a film, designated QBr-PEI-50, with high electrical conductivity (0.049 S/m) and excellent stretchability (crack-onset strain>45 %). When used as the ETL in inverted OSCs, QBr-PEI-50 was markedly superior to ZnO in terms of device performance and stability, yielding a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.27 % and a T80 lifetime exceeding 10000 h. Moreover, incorporation of QBr-PEI-50 in fully stretchable inverted OSCs yielded a PCE of 14.01 %, and 80 % of the initial PCE was maintained after 21 % strain, showcasing its potential for wearable electronics.

N-Type Small Molecule Electron Transport Layers with Excellent Surface Energy and Moisture Resistance Siloxane for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells.

Electron transport layers (ETLs) generally contain polar groups for enhancing performance and reducing the work function. Nevertheless, the polar group with high surface energy may cause inferior interfacial compatibility, which challenges the ETLs to balance stability and performance. Here, two conjugated small molecules of ETLs with low surface energy siloxane, namely PDI-Si and PDIN-Si, are synthesized. The siloxane with low surface energy not only enhances the interfacial compatibility between ETLs and active layers but also improves the moisture-proof stability of the device. Impressively, the amine-functionalized PDIN-Si can simultaneously exhibit conspicuous n-type self-doping properties and outstanding moisture-proof stability. The optimization of interfacial contact and morphology enables the PM6:Y6-based OSC with PDIN-Si to achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.87%, which is slightly superior to that of classical ETL PDINO devices (15.27%), and when the PDIN-Si film thickness reaches 28 nm, the PCE remains at 13.19% (≈83%), which indicates that PDIN-Si has satisfactory thickness insensitivity to facilitate roll-to-roll processing. Excitingly, after 120 h of storage in an environment with humidity above 45%, the unencapsulated device with PDIN-Si as ETL remains at 75% of the initial PCE value, while the device with PDINO as ETL is only 50%.

Electrochemical Performance of Nitrogen Self-Doping Carbon Materials Prepared by Pyrolysis and Activation of Defatted Microalgae.

Pyrolysis and activation processes are important pathways to utilize residues after lipid extraction from microalgae in a high-value way. The obtained microalgae-based nitrogen-doped activated carbon has excellent electrochemical performance. It has the advantage of nitrogen self-doping using high elemental nitrogen in microalgae. In this study, two kinds of microalgae, Nanochloropsis and Chlorella, were used as feedstock for lipid extraction. The microalgae residue was firstly pyrolyzed at 500 °C to obtain biochar. Then, nitrogen-doped activated carbons were synthesized at an activation temperature of 700-900 °C with different ratios of biochar and KOH (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4). The obtained carbon materials presented rich nitrogen functional groups, including quaternary-N, pyridine-N-oxide, pyrrolic-N, and pyridinic-N. The nitrogen content of microalgae-based activated carbon material was up to 2.62%. The obtained materials had a specific surface area of up to 3186 m2/g and a pore volume in the range of 0.78-1.54 cm3/g. The microporous pore sizes of these materials were distributed at around 0.4 nm. Through electrochemical testing such as cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge of materials, the materials exhibited good reversibility and high charge-discharge efficiency. The sample, sourced from microalgae Chlorella residue at activation conditions of 700 °C and biochar/KOH = 1:4, exhibited excellent endurance of 94.1% over 5000 cycles at 2 A/g. Its high specific capacitance was 432 F/g at 1 A/g.

Development of SDS-Modified PbO2 Anode Material Based on Ti3+ Self-Doping Black TiO2NTs Substrate as a Conductive Interlayer for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue.

Efficient and stable electrode materials are urgently required for wastewater treatment in the electrocatalytic degradation of toxic and refractory organic pollutants. Ti3+ self-doping black TiO2 nanotube arrays (Ti/B-TiO2-NTs) as an interlayer were used for preparing a novel PbO2 electrode via an electrochemical reduction technology, and a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-modified PbO2 catalytic layer was successfully achieved via an electrochemical deposition technology. The physicochemical characterization tests showed that the Ti/B-TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrodes have a denser surface and finer grain size with the introduction of Ti3+ in the interlayer of Ti/TiO2-NTs and the addition of SDS in the active layer of PbO2. The electrochemical characterization results showed that the Ti3+ self-doping black Ti/TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrode had higher oxygen evolution potential (2.11 V vs. SCE), higher electrode stability, smaller charge-transfer resistance (6.74 Ω cm-2), and higher hydroxyl radical production activity, leading to it possessing better electrocatalytic properties. The above results indicated that the physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of the PbO2 electrode were all enhanced significantly with the introduction of Ti3+ and SDS. Furthermore, the Ti/B-TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrodes displayed the best performance on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in simulated wastewater via bulk electrolysis. The removal efficiency of MB and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach about 99.7% and 80.6% under the optimal conditions after 120 min, respectively. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of the Ti/B-TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrode was 0.03956 min-1, which was approximately 3.18 times faster than that of the Ti/TiO2-NTs/PbO2 electrode (0.01254 min-1). In addition, the Ti/B-TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrodes showed excellent stability and reusability. The degradation mechanism of MB was explored via the experimental identification of intermediates. In summary, the Ti3+ self-doping black Ti/TiO2-NTs/PbO2-SDS electrode is a promising electrode in treating wastewater.

Self-Doped n-Type Quinoidal Compounds with Good Air Stability and High Electrical Conductivity for Organic Electronics.

Air stable n-type conductive molecules with high electrical conductivities and excellent device performance have important applications in organic electronics, but their synthesis remains challenging. Herein, we report three self-doped n-type conductive molecules, designated QnNs, with a closed-shell quinoidal backbone and alkyl amino chains of different lengths. The QnNs are self-doped by intermolecular electron transfer from the amino groups to the quinoidal backbone. This process is ascertained unambiguously by experiments and theoretical calculations. The use of a quinoidal structure effectively improves the self-doping level, and thus increases the electrical conductivity of self-doped n-type conductive molecules achieved by a closed-shell structure from<10-4  S cm-1 to>0.03 S cm-1 . Furthermore, the closed-shell quinoidal structure results in good air stability of the QnNs, with half-lives>73 days; and Q4N shows an electrical conductivity of 0.019 S cm-1 even after exposure to air for 120 days. When applying Q6N as the cathode interlayer in organic solar cells (OSCs), an outstanding power conversion efficiency of up to 18.2 % was obtained, which represents one the best results in binary OSCs.

The Effect of Molecular Conformations and Simulated "Self-Doping" in Phenothiazine Derivatives on Room-Temperature Phosphorescence.

The research of purely organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials has drawn great attention for their wide potential applications. Besides single-component and host-guest doping systems, the self-doping with same molecule but different conformations in one state is also a possible way to construct RTP materials, regardless of its rare investigation. In this work, twenty-four phenothiazine derivatives with two distinct molecular conformations were designed and their RTP behaviors in different states were systematically studied, with the aim to deeply understand the self-doping effect on the corresponding RTP property. While the phenothiazine derivatives with quasi-axial (ax) conformation presented better RTP performance in aggregated state, the quasi-equatorial (eq) ones were better in isolated state. Accordingly, the much promoted RTP performance was achieved in the stimulated self-doping state with ax-conformer as host and eq-one as guest, demonstrating the significant influence of self-doping on RTP effect.

Laser direct write of heteroatom-doped graphene on molecularly controlled polyimides for electrochemical biosensors with nanomolar sensitivity.

Fabrication of heteroatom-doped graphene electrodes remains a challenging endeavor, especially on flexible substrates. Precise chemical and morphological control is even more challenging for patterned microelectrodes. We herein demonstrate a scalable process for directly generating micropatterns of heteroatom-doped porous graphene on polyimide with different backbones using a continuous-wave infrared laser. Conventional two-step polycondensation of 4,4'-oxydianiline with three different tetracarboxylic dianhydrides enabled the fabrication of fully aromatic polyimides with various internal linkages such as phenylene, trifluoromethyl or sulfone groups. Accordingly, we leverage this laser-induced polymer-to-doped-graphene conversion for fabricating electrically conductive microelectrodes with efficient utilization of heteroatoms (N-doped, F-doped, and S-doped). Tuning laser fluence enabled achieving electrical resistivity lower than ~13 Ω sq-1 for F-doped and N-doped graphene. Finally, our microelectrodes exhibit superior performance for electrochemical sensing of dopamine, one of the important neurotransmitters in the brain. Compared with carbon fiber microelectrodes, the gold standard in electrochemical dopamine sensing, our F-doped high surface area graphene microelectrodes demonstrated 3 order of magnitude higher sensitivity per unit area, detecting dopamine concentrations as low as 10 nM with excellent reproducibility. Hence, our approach is promising for facile fabrication of microelectrodes with superior capabilities for various electrochemical and sensing applications including early diagnosis of neurological disorders.

Photocatalytic disinfection for point-of-use water treatment using Ti3+ self-doping TiO2 nanoparticle decorated ceramic disk filter.

The challenge from pathogenic infections still threatens the health and life of people in developing areas. An efficient, low-cost, and abundant-resource disinfection method is desired for supplying safe drinking water. This study aims to develop a novel Ti3+ doping TiO2 nanoparticle decorated ceramic disk filter (Ti3+/TiO2@CDF) for point-of-use (POU) disinfection of drinking water. The production of Ti3+/TiO2@CDF was optimized to maximize disinfection efficiency and flow rate. Under optimal conditions, the log reduction value (LRV) could reach up to 7.18 and the flaw rate was 108 mL/h. The influences of environmental factors were also investigated. Natural or slightly alkaline conditions, low turbidity, and low concentration of humic acid were favorable for the disinfection of Ti3+/TiO2@CDF, while co-existing HCO3- ions and diatomic cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) exhibited the opposite effect. Furthermore, the practicability and stability of Ti3+/TiO2@CDF was demonstrated. Ti3+/TiO2@CDF showed high disinfection efficiency for E. coli and S. aureus under a range of concentrations. Long-term experiment indicated that Ti3+/TiO2@CDF was stable. The underlying disinfection mechanisms were investigated and concluded as the combination of retention, adsorption, and photocatalytic disinfection. The developed Ti3+/TiO2@CDF can provide an effective and reliable disinfection tool for POU water treatment in remote area.

Electronic and optical properties of boron-based hybrid monolayers.

Anisotropic 2D Dirac cone materials are important for the fabrication of nanodevices having direction-dependent characteristics since the anisotropic Dirac cones lead to different values of Fermi velocities yielding variable carrier concentrations. In this work, the feasibility of the B-based hybrid monolayers BX (X = As, Sb, and Bi), as anisotropic Dirac cone materials is investigated. Calculations based on density functional theory and molecular dynamics method find the stability of these monolayers exhibiting unique electronic properties. For example, the BAs monolayer possesses a robust self-doping feature, whereas the BSb monolayer carries the intrinsic charge carrier concentration of the order of 1012cm-2which is comparable to that of graphene. Moreover, the direction-dependent optical response is predicted in these B-based monolayers; a high IR response in thex-direction is accompanied with that in the visible region along they-direction. The results are, therefore, expected to help in realizing the B-based devices for nanoscale applications.

Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical aptasensor for diclofenac sodium based on surface-modified TiO2-FeVO4 composite.

Herein, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensing platform was designed by integrating surface oxygen vacancy (OV) defects, Ti3+ self-doping, the heterojunction, and resonance energy transfer (RET) effect into one platform for the detection of diclofenac sodium (DCF). Briefly, OV defects were introduced on TiO2 nanospheres with simultaneous Ti3+ self-doping, followed by a well-separated deposition of FeVO4 nanoparticles on TiO2 to obtain a Ti3+-O-TiO2/FeVO4 heterojunction. The surface modification of OVs, Ti3+ doping, and deposition of FeVO4 were confirmed by SEM, XPS, EPR, DRS, and PEC measurements. The surface OVs and doping of Ti3+ species created a new donor (defect) energy level under the conduction band of TiO2, which minimized the bandgap and thereby improved the visible light absorption of TiO2. Moreover, the capture of photo-excited electrons by surface OVs could hinder the electron-hole recombination. Due to the intimate surface contact and perfect energy matching between TiO2 and FeVO4, the formation of heterojunction decreased the bandgap and facilitated the electron-hole separation of TiO2. All these above events contributed to the enhancement of the PEC signals, which were then quenched by the RET effect between Ti3+-O-TiO2/FeVO4 and Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-labeled cDNA that had been attached to its complementary DCF aptamer on Ti3+-O-TiO2/FeVO4|ITO. The addition of target-DCF detached AuNP-labeled cDNA from the electrode to recover the photocurrent, resulting in a "signal-on" PEC aptasensor that exhibited a 0.1-500-nM linear range and a detection limit of 0.069 nM for DCF, attributed to the excellent amplification of the proposed aptasensing platform.

Porous Electroactive and Biodegradable Polyurethane Membrane through Self-Doping Organogel.

In order to improve the processability of conductive polyurethane (CPU) containing aniline oligomers, a new CPU containing aniline trimer (AT) and l-lysine (PUAT) are designed and synthesized. Further, the 3D porous PUAT membranes have been prepared by a simple gel cooperated with freeze-drying method. Chemical testings and conductive properties testify a self- doping model of PUAT based on the rich electronic l-lysine and electroaffinity AT moities. The self-doping behavior further endows the PUAT copolymers specific characteristics such as high electrical conductivity and the formation of the polaron lattice like-structure in good solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. The combination of organogel and freeze-drying could prevent the collapse of pore structure when the copolymers are molded as membranes. The synergistic effect of l-lysine and AT components has a strong influence on the dissolution, degradation, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of PUAT. The excellent properties of PUAT would broad the application of conductive polymers in biomedicine field.

Broadband Tunable Mid-infrared Plasmon Resonances in Cadmium Oxide Nanocrystals Induced by Size-Dependent Nonstoichiometry.

A central theme of nanocrystal (NC) research involves synthesis of dimension-controlled NCs and studyof size-dependent scaling laws governing their optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermodynamic properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of monodisperse CdO NCs that exhibit high quality-factor (up to 5.5) mid-infrared (MIR) localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) and elucidate the inverse scaling relationship between carrier concentration and NC size. The LSPR wavelength is readily tunable between 2.4 and ∼6.0 µm by controlling the size of CdO NCs. Structural and spectroscopic characterization provide strong evidence that free electrons primarily originate from self-doping due to NC surface-induced nonstoichiometry. The ability to probe and to control NC stoichiometry and intrinsic defects will pave the way toward predictive synthesis of doped NCs with desirable LSPR characteristics.

Characterizing the Conformational Distribution in an Amorphous Film of an Organic Emitter and Its Application in a "Self-Doping" Organic Light-Emitting Diode.

The conformational distribution and mutual interconversion of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters significantly affect the exciton utilization. However, their influence on the photophysics in amorphous film states is still not known due to the lack of a suitable quantitative analysis method. Herein, we used temperature-dependent time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy to quantitatively measure the relative populations of the conformations of a TADF emitter for the first time. We further propose a new concept of "self-doping" for realizing high-efficiency nondoped OLEDs. Interestingly, this "compositionally" pure film actually behaves as a film with a dopant (quasi-equatorial form) in a matrix (quasi-axial form). The concentration-induced quenching that may occur at high concentrations is thus expected to be effectively relieved. The "self-doping" OLED prepared with the newly developed TADF emitter TP2P-PXZ as a neat emitting layer realizes a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 25.4 % and neglectable efficiency roll-off.

Metal-Free Multi-Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Bifunctional Electrocatalysts Derived from a Covalent Triazine Polymer.

The construction of multi-heteroatom-doped metal-free carbon with a reversibly oxygen-involving electrocatalytic performance is highly desirable for rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the conventional approach for doping heteroatoms into the carbon matrix remains a huge challenge owing to multistep postdoping procedures. Here, a self-templated carbonization strategy to prepare a nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri-doped carbon nanosphere (NPF-CNS) is developed, during which a heteroatom-enriched covalent triazine polymer serves as a "self-doping" precursor with C, N, P, and F elements simultaneously, avoiding the tedious and inefficient postdoping procedures. Introducing F enhances the electronic structure and surface wettability of the as-obtained catalyst, beneficial to improve the electrocatalytic performance. The optimized NPF-CNS catalyst exhibits a superb electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, long-term durability in pH-universal conditions as well as outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance in an alkaline electrolyte. These superior ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalytic activities are attributed to the predesigned heteroatom catalytic active sites and high specific surface areas of NPF-CNS. As a demonstration, a zinc-air battery using the NPF-CNS cathode displays a high peak power density of 144 mW cm-2 and great stability during 385 discharging/charging cycles, surpassing that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst.

Ti3+ Self-Doped Li4 Ti5 O12 Anchored on N-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Arrays for Ultrafast Lithium-Ion Storage.

Omnibearing acceleration of charge/ion transfer in Li4 Ti5 O12 (LTO) electrodes is of great significance to achieve advanced high-rate anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Here, a synergistic combination of hydrogenated LTO nanoparticles (H-LTO) and N-doped carbon fibers (NCFs) prepared by an electrodeposition-atomic layer deposition method is reported. Binder-free conductive NCFs skeletons are used as strong support for H-LTO, in which Ti3+ is self-doped along with oxygen vacancies in LTO lattice to realize enhanced intrinsic conductivity. Positive advantages including large surface area, boosted conductivity, and structural stability are obtained in the designed H-LTO@NCF electrode, which is demonstrated with preeminent high-rate capability (128 mAh g-1 at 50 C) and long cycling life up to 10 000 cycles. The full battery assembled by H-LTO@NCFs anode and LiFePO4 cathode also exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance revealing an encouraging application prospect. This work further demonstrates the effectiveness of self-doping of metal ions on reinforcing the high-rate charge/discharge capability of batteries.