Effectiveness and Quality of Life with Paliperidone Palmitate 3-Monthly in Comparison with Other Long-Acting Drugs.

Purpose: Antipsychotic long-acting injections (AP-LAIs) are indicated for patients affected by schizophrenia especially those with poor treatment adherence. Patients and Methods: To compare paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly (PP3M), paliperidone palmitate one-monthly (PP1M) and haloperidol decanoate (HAL-D) treatment, we enrolled 90 patients with schizophrenia treated in Mental Health Center with one of the three AP-LAIs for at least six months and followed them for another 6 months. At 6 and 12 months of treatment we administered Clinical Global Impression-Severity, Global Assessment of Functioning and World Health Organization Quality of Life-26 items (WHOQOL-BREF). At 1-year treatment, we evaluated relapses (psychiatric hospitalizations and urgent consultations), side effects and drop-outs. Results: We did not highlight any statistically significant difference among the three treatments in relapses and scale scores. Weight increase was significantly higher in PP1M and PP3M groups. Twelve patients (13.3%) discontinued AP-LAI. At 1-year AP-LAI treatment, 69% of patients rated quality of life as "good" or "very good" and 71% declared themselves to be "satisfied" or "very satisfied". Conclusion: HAL-D, PP1M and PP3M 1-year treatments were similarly effective in preventing relapses and improving quality of life and health satisfaction. All discontinuations in the new 3-monthly antipsychotic treatment were caused by patient refusal to continue it.

A qualitative study of experiences with and perceptions regarding long-acting injectable antipsychotics: Part I-patient perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-acknowledged problem of poor adherence to antipsychotic (AP) medication, long-acting injectables (LAIs) that could improve adherence are underused in Canada. Attitudes concerning LAIs among patients and psychiatrists may contribute to this underuse. Our objective was to investigate perceptions of and attitudes toward LAIs among patients in Canada. METHOD: Focus groups were conducted with 34 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in 4 Canadian provinces. The focus groups inquired about experiences with and attitudes toward LAI APs. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were coded using a combination of deductive and inductive methods. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: awareness of and knowledge about LAIs; perceptions about LAIs; cost and convenience considerations; and issues arising from the coercive context under which LAIs were often prescribed. Nine patients had never heard about LAIs, and some others reported not having understood what was discussed with them regarding LAIs. Patients had typically heard about LAIs in either a context of coercion or of medication nonadherence. Patients had positive and negative perceptions concerning LAIs. The positive perceptions centred on relapse prevention and reduced effort in ensuring adherence, and the negative perceptions centred on financial costs and the inconvenience of appointments to receive injections. CONCLUSION: To enhance LAI usage, some of the issues that need to be addressed are the inadequacy of information given to patients, the element of coercion involved in LAI introduction, the pragmatic barriers to LAI uptake by patients, and negative subjective perceptions about LAIs.

Objectif : Malgré le problème largement reconnu de la mauvaise observance des antipsychotiques (AP), les injectables à action prolongée (IAP) qui pourraient améliorer l'observance sont sous-utilisés au Canada. Les attitudes à l'égard des IAP chez les patients et les psychiatres peuvent contribuer à cette sous-utilisation. Notre objectif était d'enquêter sur les perceptions et les attitudes des patients à l'égard des IAP au Canada. Méthode : Des groupes de discussion ont été formés de 34 patients ayant reçu un diagnostic de psychose du spectre de la schizophrénie dans 4 provinces canadiennes. Les groupes de discussion portaient sur les expériences avec les AP IAP et les attitudes à leur égard. Les séances ont fait l'objet d'un enregistrement sonore et ont été transcrites textuellement, et ces transcriptions ont été codées à l'aide d'une combinaison de méthodes déductives et inductives. Résultats : Quatre thèmes se sont dégagés : conscience et connaissance des IAP; perceptions des IAP; considérations concernant le coût et la commodité; et les questions liées au contexte coercitif dans lequel les IAP sont souvent prescrits. Neuf patients n'avaient jamais entendu parler des IAP, et d'autres ont déclaré ne pas avoir compris lorsqu'on a discuté avec eux des IAP. Les patients avaient habituellement entendu parler des IAP dans un contexte soit de coercition, soit de non-observance des médicaments. Les patients avaient des perceptions positives et négatives à l'égard des IAP. Les perceptions positives étaient axées sur la prévention de la rechute et l'effort réduit pour maintenir l'observance, et les perceptions négatives portaient sur les coûts financiers et la complication des rendez-vous pour recevoir les injections. Conclusion : Afin d'accroître l'utilisation des IAP, il faut aborder certaines questions, notamment l'insuffisance de l'information donnée aux patients, l'élément de coercition présent dans l'instruction aux IAP, les obstacles pratiques à la prise d'IAP par les patients, et les perceptions subjectives négatives à l'égard des IAP.

Adverse effects associated with second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injection treatment: a comprehensive systematic review.

As second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injections (SGA-LAIs) are rapidly replacing depot first-generation antipsychotics as first-line agents in treating schizophrenia spectrum disorders, a systematic assessment of their adverse effects is timely. English-language, peer-reviewed articles reporting original data on the safety and tolerability of SGA-LAIs were identified electronically by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and DARE databases and the Cochrane Library (January 2001-April 2013). In addition to second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and long-acting injection (depot) antipsychotics, a separate search was performed for each available drug: aripiprazole LAI, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, and risperidone LAI. Articles were excluded if they were review articles, post hoc analyses, analyses of subsets of patients enrolled in previous trials, single case reports, case series studies, small naturalistic studies (involving less than 50 patients), studies providing no safety data, and studies lasting less than 8 weeks. Of 181 articles identified from the search, 140 were excluded; thus, 41 articles met the inclusion criteria. Predictably, the reviewed information revealed that SGA-LAIs have safety profiles consistent with their oral parent formulations. However, they seem to also show unforeseen and worrisome safety signals. Indeed, the routine use of olanzapine-LAI in clinical practice could be limited not only by the well-known risk of postinjection syndrome, whose clinical management remains a matter of concern, but also by the risk of worsening of psychosis. The reviewed information seems to suggest that worsening of psychotic symptoms and depression could also be associated with both risperidone-LAI and paliperidone palmitate. The leading cause of death among patients enrolled in risperidone-LAI studies was suicide. Given the exponential growth in the clinical use of SGA-LAIs, further studies must be urgently performed in order to confirm or exclude the potential safety signals associated with such drugs.

A qualitative study of experiences with and perceptions regarding long-acting injectable antipsychotics: part II-physician perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: In many countries, including Canada, a small proportion of people with psychotic disorders receive long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics (APs), despite their demonstrated effectiveness and possible advantages for improving adherence rates. Attitudes regarding LAIs among physicians may influence their prescribing practices and thereby contribute to the underuse of LAIs. Here, we report on a qualitative study of perceptions and attitudes toward LAIs among psychiatrists in Canada. METHOD: Focus groups were conducted with 24 psychiatrists in 4 Canadian provinces. The focus groups inquired about experiences with and attitudes toward LAI APs. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were coded using a hybrid process of deductive and inductive methods. A brief pre-focus group questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: The pre-focus group questionnaires indicated that psychiatrists in our study prescribed the oral formulation of APs most of the time and had limited experience with LAIs. The focus groups yielded 4 main themes: limited knowledge about and experience with LAIs; attitudes toward LAIs (beliefs about negative perceptions of patients regarding LAIs, personal bias against needles, and consensus about some advantages of LAIs); prescribing practices around LAIs (generally seen as a last-resort option for patients with a history of nonadherence); and pragmatic barriers to using LAIs (for example, cost, storage, and staffing). CONCLUSION: Several factors may be contributing to the underuse of LAIs and the continuing stigmatized and coercive image of LAIs. Psychiatrists may benefit from better education about LAIs, and from self-examination of their attitudes to LAIs and their prescribing practices.

Objectif : Dans de nombreux pays, dont le Canada, seule une petite proportion de personnes souffrant de troubles psychotiques reçoit des antipsychotiques (AP) injectables à action prolongée (IAP), malgré leur efficacité démontrée et leurs avantages possibles d'améliorer les taux d'observance. Les attitudes des médecins à l'égard des IAP peuvent influencer leurs pratiques de prescription et subséquemment contribuer à la sous-utilisation des IAP. Ici, nous faisons le compte rendu d'une étude qualitative des perceptions et des attitudes à l'égard des IAP chez les médecins du Canada. Méthode : Des groupes de discussion ont été formés de 24 psychiatres dans 4 provinces canadiennes. Les groupes de discussion portaient sur les expériences avec les AP IAP et les attitudes à leur égard. Les séances ont fait l'objet d'un enregistrement sonore et ont été transcrites textuellement, et ces transcriptions ont été codées à l'aide d'une procédure hybride de méthodes déductives et inductives. Un questionnaire abrégé a été administré avant le groupe de discussion. Résultats : Les questionnaires précédant le groupe de discussion ont indiqué que les psychiatres de notre étude prescrivaient la formule orale des AP la plupart du temps, et qu'ils avaient une expérience limitée des IAP. Les groupes de discussion ont dégagé 4 principaux thèmes : une expérience et des connaissances limitées des IAP; les attitudes à l'égard des IAP (croyances que les patients ont des perceptions négatives à l'égard des IAP, préjugés personnels contre les aiguilles, et consensus à propos de certains avantages des IAP); les pratiques de prescription des IAP (généralement vus comme une option de derniers recours pour les patients ayant des antécédents de non-observance); et les obstacles pratiques (par exemple, coût, entreposage, et dotation en personnel) à l'utilisation des IAP. Conclusion : Plusieurs facteurs peuvent contribuer à la sous-utilisation des IAP et à l'image coercitive et stigmatisée des IAP qui se poursuit. Les psychiatres pourraient bénéficier d'une meilleure formation sur les IAP, et d'un auto-examen de leurs attitudes à l'égard des IAP et de leurs pratiques de prescription.