Estimation and analysis of missing temperature data in high altitude and snow-dominated regions using various machine learning methods.

Considering the importance of limited natural resources, accurately recording and evaluating temperature data is critical. The daily average temperature values obtained for the years 2019-2021 of eight highly correlated meteorological stations, characterized by mountainous and cold climate features in the northeast of Turkey, were analyzed by an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and regression tree (RT) methods. Output values produced by different machine learning methods compared with different statistical evaluation criteria and the Taylor diagram. ANN6, ANN12, medium gaussian SVR, and linear SVR were chosen as the most suitable methods, especially due to their success in estimating data at high (> 15 ℃) and low (< 0 ℃) temperatures. All the methodologies and network architectures used produced successful results (NSE-R2 > 0.90). Some deviations have been observed in the estimation results due to the decrease in the amount of heat emitted from the ground due to fresh snow, especially in the -1 ~ 5 â„ƒ range, where snowfall begins, in the mountainous areas characterized by heavy snowfall. In models with low neuron numbers (ANN1,2,3) in ANN architecture, the increase in the number of layers does not affect the results. However, the increase in the number of layers in models with high neuron counts positively affects the accuracy of the estimation.

Modelling of vapour intrusion into a building impacted by a fuel spill in Antarctica.

A new vapour intrusion contaminant transport model was designed specifically to allow an assessment of the impact of a hydrocarbon fuel spill on air quality in cold region buildings. The model is applied to a recent situation in Antarctica, where a diesel spill impacted the construction of a new building. For the first time, this model allows consideration of the diffusive resistance of different vapour barrier to the transport of hydrocarbons into the building and an assessment of the effectiveness of different products. Site specific indoor air criteria are derived. Five scenarios are modelled at field temperatures: (1) build on current contaminated site; (2) excavate contaminated soil, backfill with clean soil and assess impact of residual contamination; (3) excavate and backfill with remediated (biopile) soil; (4) backfill with remediated soil and assess impact of residual contamination; (5) backfill with remediated soil and assess impact of a potential future fuel spill. Two different vapour barriers, a co-extruded ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) geomembrane (VB1) and a linear low-density (LLDPE) geomembrane (VB2), are investigated for each scenario and compared to a base case with no vapour barrier, providing quantifiable evidence of the benefit of installing an engineered vapour barrier Contaminant concentrations were below regulatory limits for Scenarios (2-5) with VB1 and air exchange in the building. For all scenarios, the EVOH geomembrane (VB1) was consistently superior at reducing vapour transport into the building indoor air space over the LLDPE geomembrane (VB2) and no vapour barrier. The risk mitigation measures developed for this contaminated Antarctic site may be relevant for other buildings in cold regions.

Distribution, position and genomic characteristics of crossovers in tomato recombinant inbred lines derived from an interspecific cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pimpinellifolium.

We determined the crossover (CO) distribution, frequency and genomic sequences involved in interspecies meiotic recombination by using parent-assigned variants of 52 F6 recombinant inbred lines obtained from a cross between tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, and its wild relative, Solanum pimpinellifolium. The interspecific CO frequency was 80% lower than reported for intraspecific tomato crosses. We detected regions showing a relatively high and low CO frequency, so-called hot and cold regions. Cold regions coincide to a large extent with the heterochromatin, although we found a limited number of smaller cold regions in the euchromatin. The CO frequency was higher at the distal ends of chromosomes than in pericentromeric regions and higher in short arm euchromatin. Hot regions of CO were detected in euchromatin, and COs were more often located in non-coding regions near the 5' untranslated region of genes than expected by chance. Besides overrepresented CCN repeats, we detected poly-A/T and AT-rich motifs enriched in 1-kb promoter regions flanking the CO sites. The most abundant sequence motifs at CO sites share weak similarity to transcription factor-binding sites, such as for the C2H2 zinc finger factors class and MADS box factors, while InterPro scans detected enrichment for genes possibly involved in the repair of DNA breaks.

Use of seasonal parameters and their effects on FOD landfill gas modeling.

Temporal and spatial variations in landfill gas generations and emissions have been observed and reported by others. Real-time gas data between 2008 and 2014 from a municipal landfill located in a cold, semi-arid climate were consolidated to fit a linear-interpolated form of LandGEM. Seasonal variations in gas collection were observed in the landfill. LandGEM's default decay rate k was not applicable for this Canadian landfill due to significant overestimation (32.2% error). Optimal seasonal k and Lo collection parameters had 8.1% error compared to field data, compared to 8.3% error using optimal annual parameters. The optimal kwinter was 0.0118 year-1 and the ksummer was 0.0141 year-1 (14.7% difference), with a corresponding Lo of 100.0 m3/Mg which changed negligibly between the sets. Three pseudo-second order iterative methods were considered, and evaluated using RSS and generation parameters in the literature. A simple application study was conducted using LFGcost-Web, and found the increased precision of seasonal k's resulted in negligible differences with annual optimized k. The default parameters overestimated the net present worth by 12-155% for three of the four common LFG energy projects.

Climate change in cold regions.

Cold regions around the world include Arctic, Antarctic and High Mountain regions featuring low temperatures, ice-covered landscapes, permafrost, and unique ecologic interrelations. These environments are among the most sensitive to climate change and are changing rapidly as the global climate gets warmer. This editorial explores the complexity of the impacts of climate change on cold regions, highlighting recent changes across Earth system. The Special Issue here presented compiles studies that explore the climate change in different cold regions from various perspectives, including paleoclimatic reconstructions, isotherm shifts and climate projections. Despite progress, significant questions remain, demanding interdisciplinary approaches to better understand the interconnected factors shaping cold regions.

Low-condensation diesel use contributes to winter haze in cold regions of China.

The application of low-condensation diesel in cold regions with extremely low ambient temperatures (-14 to -29 °C) has enabled the operation of diesel vehicles. Still, it may contribute to heavy haze pollution in cold regions during winter. Here we examine pollutant emissions from low-condensation diesel in China. We measure the emissions of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and elements, including heavy metals such as arsenic (As). Our results show that low-condensation diesel increased EC and OC emissions by 2.5 and 2.6 times compared to normal diesel fuel, respectively. Indicators of vehicular sources, including EC, As, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn), increased by approximately 20.2-162.5% when using low-condensation diesel. Seasonal variation of vehicular source indicators, observed at road site ambient environments revealed the enhancement of PM2.5 pollution by the application of low-condensation diesel in winter. These findings suggest that -35# diesel, a low-cetane index diesel, may enhance air pollution in winter, according to a dynamometer test conducted in laboratory. It raises questions about whether higher emissions are released if -35# diesel is applied to running vehicles in real-world cold ambient environments.

Development and characteristic research on new thermal insulation and anti-permeability grouting material for tunnels in cold regions.

The surrounding rock of tunnels in cold regions are susceptible to the freeze-thaw cycle resulting from the combination of low temperatures and moisture during tunnel service. The phenomenon will not only lead to the expansion of pores and fissures in the surrounding rock of the initial tunnel, but also destroy the integrity of the rock. This destruction will have a serious impact on tunnel structure and rail transit operation safety. At present, the commonly used thermal insulation measures have some problems such as maintenance difficulties, low economic efficiency, and safety hazards. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a kind of tunnel maintenance grouting material with insulation and anti-permeability, which has the characteristics of simple operation, easy preparation and application. We independently developed a composite grouting material composed of polyurethane (PU), epoxy resin (E-51) and acrylic powder (PMMA). Through the material combustion test, magnesium hydroxide was selected as the flame retardant additive. Moreover, we measured the thermal conductivity, water absorption, apparent density, porosity and strength characteristic parameters. The thermal insulation and anti-permeability characteristics of the composites were also analyzed. The results indicated that the thermal conductivity of the new composite grouting material is 6.3% lower than the PU before adding flame retardant. Compared with the PU with flame retardant, the water absorption decreased by 74.4% and the ultimate strength increased by 33.3%. For the area with an average temperature lower than - 10 °C, we recommend the ratio scheme of E-51: 3%; PMMA: 15%. For the area with high water content in the surrounding rock of the tunnel, we recommend the ratio scheme of E-51: 15%; PMMA: 3%. This study provides new ideas for material preparation and tunnel insulation methods for anti-freezing measures in tunnels during their operational period in cold regions.

A review of isotope ecohydrology in the cold regions of Western China.

The mountainous alpine area in western China is an Asian water tower and is an important ecological barrier area. Based on the previous research results, this study sorted out and summarized the isotopic ecohydrology of the alpine mountains in the western China and found that the local meteoric water line (LMWL) in the west of the alpine mountains is δD = 7.44δ18O + 5.23 (R2 = 0.86). The temperature effect showed an increasing trend from the south to north, while the precipitation effect showed an opposite direction. The water vapor sources in the western alpine mountains are complex. When the temperature coefficient is <0, the water vapor source is dominated by the southwest monsoon; when the temperature coefficient is 0-0.3, the water vapor source is jointly dominated by the southwest monsoon and the westerly wind; when the temperature coefficient is more significant than 0.3, the water vapor source is dominated by the westerly wind. Different water bodies are affected by water supply and evaporation differences. The altitude effect of δ18O value in precipitation in the western alpine mountains is -1.3 ‰/100 m, and the altitude effect of δ18O value in river water is -0.17 ‰/100 m. The primary source of plant water in the study area is soil water, and the utilization rate of water is closely related to plant types and the regional environment. Water vapor recycling has become an essential part of regional precipitation water vapor sources. However, with the deepening of the major national strategy of ecological civilization construction, the western alpine mountainous area are undergoing profound and drastic changes in the ecological and hydrological processes under the changing environment, which brings great challenges to regional water resources security, ecological security and sustainable development. In the future, the comprehensive innovations in observation, sampling, modeling and theory are urgently needed.

Plant species contribution to bioretention performance under a temperate climate.

Bioretention systems are green infrastructures increasingly used to manage urban stormwater runoff. Plants are an essential component of bioretention, improving water quality and reducing runoff volume and peak flows. However, there is little evidence on how this contribution varies between species, especially in temperate climates with seasonal variations and plant dormancy. The aim of our study was to compare the performance of four plant species for bioretention effectiveness during the growing and dormant periods in a mesocosm study. The species selected (Cornus sericea, Juncus effusus, Iris versicolor, Sesleria autumnalis) are commonly used in bioretention and cover a wide range of biological forms and functional traits.All bioretention mesocosms were effective in reducing water volume, flow and pollutant levels in both of the studied periods. Plants decreased runoff volume and increased contaminant retention by reducing water flow (up to 2.7 times compared to unplanted systems) and increasing water loss through evapotranspiration during the growing period (up to 2.5 times). Plants improved removal of macronutrients, with an average mass removal of 55 % for TN, 81 % for TP and 61 % for K compared to -6 % (release), 61 % and 22 % respectively for the unplanted systems. Except for Sesleria, mass removal of trace elements in planted mesocosms was generally higher than in unplanted ones (up to 8.7 %), regardless of season. Between-species differences in exfiltration rate and improved water quality followed the same order as their evapotranspiration rate and overall size, measured in terms of plant volume, leaf biomass, total leaf area and maximum average root density (Cornus > Juncus > Iris > Sesleria). By increasing evapotranspiration, plants decreased runoff volume and increased contaminant retention. Nutrient removal was partly explained by plant assimilation. Our study confirms the importance of plant species selection for improving water quality and reducing runoff volume during bioretention under a temperate climate.

A sludge bulking wastewater treatment plant with an oxidation ditch-denitrification filter in a cold region: bacterial community composition and antibiotic resistance genes.

Bacterial community structure of activated sludge directly affects the stable operation of WWTPS, and these bacterial communities may carry a variety of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which is a threat to the public health. This study employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing to investigate the bacterial community composition and the ARGs in a sludge bulking oxidation ditch-denitrification filter WWTP in a cold region. The results showed that Trichococcus (20.34%), Blautia (7.72%), and Faecalibacterium (3.64%) were the main bacterial genera in the influent. The relative abundances of norank_f_Saprospiraceae and Candidatus_Microthrix reached 10.24% and 8.40%, respectively, in bulking sludge, and those of norank_f_Saprospiraceae and Candidatus_Microthrix decreased to 6.56 and 7.10% after the anaerobic tank, indicating that the anaerobic tank had an inhibitory effect on filamentous bacteria. After 20 mJ/cm2 UV disinfection, about 540 bacterial genera, such as Romboutsia (7.99%), Rhodoferax (7.98%), and Thermomonas (4.13%), could still be detected in the effluent. The ARGs were 345.11 ppm in the influent and 11.20 ppm in the effluent; 17 subtypes, such as sul1, msrE, aadA5, ErmF, and tet(A), could be detected throughout the entire process. These ARG subtypes were persistent ARGs with a high health risk. Network analysis indicated that the changes in filamentous bacteria norank_f_Saprospiraceae abundance mainly contributed to the abundance shift of MexB, and Acinetobacter mainly increased the abundance of drfA1. These results above will provide theoretical support for the sludge bulking and ARGs controls of WWTPs in cold regions.

The Effects of Winter Parks in Cold Regions on Cognition Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults: An Empirical Study of Changchun Parks.

Urban parks are one of the primary settings for older adults to exercise, and their health benefits have been confirmed by a large number of studies. However, with the increased social attention to mental health, there is not enough research on the short-term mental health recovery of older adults in parks. Meanwhile, the health recovery effects of winter parks in special climate areas have not been well explored. This study aimed to explore the effects of winter parks in cold regions on the short-term mental health recovery of older adults and the potential predictors of these effects, including individual status, park characteristics, and behavioral characteristics. This study divided short-term mental health recovery into cognitive recovery and emotional improvement, and selected the digit span test and 10 kinds of emotional expression as the experimental methods, recruited 92 older adults from 6 parks in Changchun, and compared the pre-test and post-test results for evaluation. The results showed that winter parks in cold cities still had short-term cognitive recovery and emotional improvement effects on older adults. The main park characteristic factors affecting the overall cognitive recovery were the evergreen vegetation area and the existence of structures, and that which affected the overall emotional improvement was the main pathway length. Furthermore, individual conditions, including gender, age, physical health, living and customary conditions, and park characteristics, including park type, park area, main pathway length, square area, equipment area, evergreen vegetation area, the presence of water, and structures, all related to short-term mental health recovery effects. Among behavioral characteristics, stay time in parks and MVPA (Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity) times were also related to certain effects, but behavior type was not.

The effects of adding exogenous lignocellulose degrading bacteria during straw incorporation in cold regions on degradation characteristics and soil indigenous bacteria communities.

Low temperature is one of the bottleneck factors that limits the degradation of straw during rice straw incorporation. Determining strategies to promote the efficient degradation of straw in cold regions has become a highly active research area. This study was to investigate the effect of rice straw incorporation by adding exogenous lignocellulose decomposition microbial consortiums at different soil depths in cold regions. The results showed that the lignocellulose was degraded the most efficiently during straw incorporation, which was in deep soil with the full addition of a high-temperature bacterial system. The composite bacterial systems changed the indigenous soil microbial community structure and diminished the effect of straw incorporation on soil pH, it also significantly increased rice yield and effectively enhanced the functional abundance of soil microorganisms. The predominant bacteria SJA-15, Gemmatimonadaceae, and Bradyrhizobium promoted straw degradation. The concentration of bacterial system and the depth of soil had significantly positive correlations on lignocellulose degradation. These results provide new insights and a theoretical basis for the changes in the soil microbial community and the application of lignocellulose-degrading composite microbial systems with straw incorporation in cold regions.

Experimental study on remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by combination of freeze-thaw and electro-osmosis.

Electro-osmosis has been well recognized as a technique for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, however seasonally freezing and thawing adds the complexity of petroleum mobility in cold regions. To investigate the influence of freeze-thaw on the electroosmotic removal of petroleum and explore the enhancement of freeze-thaw on the electroosmotic remediation efficiency in remediating the petroleum-contaminated soils, a set of laboratory tests were performed in three types of treatment modes, freeze-thaw (FT), electro-osmosis (EO) and freeze-thaw combined electro-osmosis (FE). The petroleum redistributions as well as the moisture content changes after the treatments were evaluated and compared. The petroleum removal rates of the three treatments were analyzed, and the underlying mechanisms were elaborated. The results indicated that the overall efficiency of the treatment mode regarding petroleum removal from soil followed the order of FE > EO > FT, corresponding to 54%, 36% and 21% in maximum, respectively. A considerable amount of water solution with surfactant was driven into contaminated soil during FT process, but the petroleum mobilization primarily occurred inside of the specimen. A higher remediation efficiency was yield in EO mode, but the induced dehydration and cracks leaded to the dramatical depression in the efficiency in further process. It is proposed that the petroleum removal is closely related to the flow of water solution with surfactant that is favorable to the solubility and mobilization of the petroleum in soil. Thus, the water migration induced by freeze-thaw cycles substantially improved the efficiency of the electroosmotic remediation in FE mode that gave the best performance for the remediation of the petroleum-contaminated soil.

Comparative Analysis of Strength and Deformation Behavior of Cemented Tailings Backfill under Curing Temperature Effect.

Mineral resources are increasingly being developed in cold and permafrost regions. However, the mechanical and physical properties of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) cured at normal temperature are no longer applicable. To clarify the reasons for this variability, a series of tests were performed. The mechanical properties of CTB with different cement-tailings ratios (CTR, 1:4, 1:8, 1:12, 1:16, and 1:20) were tested at different curing ages (3, 7 and 28 days) and curing temperatures (20 °C, 5 °C, -5 °C, and -20 °C). The differences of CTB in mechanical and physical properties under positive- and negative-temperature curing conditions were analyzed, and the microscopic failure process of CTB under negative-temperature curing conditions was discussed. The results revealed that the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of CTB under positive- and negative-temperature curing conditions were different. The frozen CTB had higher early strength than the standard-temperature curing condition (20 °C), and the lower the temperature, the higher the early strength. The low-temperature curing condition, on the other hand, was not beneficial to CTB's long-term strength. The low-temperature curing condition was not conducive to the long-term strength of CTB. After yielding, strain hardening and strain softening appeared in the deformation behavior of frozen backfill, indicating ductility. In contrast to the typical-temperature curing condition, the frozen CTB showed a new failure pattern that has little relation to curing time or CTR. Furthermore, the failure process of frozen backfill was reviewed and studied, which was separated into four stages, and altered as the curing time increased. The results of this study can act as a guide for filling mines in permafrost and cold climates.

Morphological Pattern of Building Clusters in Cold Regions: Evidence from Harbin.

The rapidly changing global conditions of the environment and climate have resulted in higher requirements for urban design. Significant annual temperature variations and large day/night temperature differences in cold-region cities leads to high energy consumption. Therefore, it is challenging to achieve low energy consumption in cold-region cities. Urban morphology focuses on the physical elements of urban areas, reflecting the relationship between the city and its environment and the city's response to natural climatic conditions. Building clusters are common in cold regions due to the extreme climate. Thus, it is crucial to study the energy performance of cities by considering urban morphology. This study focuses on four morphological patterns of building clusters: point, linear, courtyard, and mixed patterns. A case study is conducted in Harbin, a cold-region city in China. Samples of the four morphological patterns are extracted, and GIS analysis and manual labeling are used to analyze the dominant morphological patterns of building clusters in cold regions. Average nearest-neighbor analysis is used to obtain quantitative results and determine the prevalence of different morphological patterns of building clusters in cold regions. This process can be used to determine the dominant patterns of urban building clusters and provide a scientific basis for selecting the morphological patterns of new building clusters in cold regions.

A new model of two-sown regime for oat forage production in an alpine region of northern China.

Demand for high forage production and quality has been increased markedly by development of animal husbandry in China. The lack of efficient planting regimes and key technologies greatly limits production of high-quality forage. Oat has become an important forage in animal husbandry in China due to its high nutritional value and forage yield as well as its great adaptation to harsh environment. To maximize oat forage production in an alpine region, we developed a new model of oat forage production known as two-sown regime, i.e., the first spring-sown and the second summer-sown, during a single growing season in an alpine region of Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, using two early-matured oat species, Avena sativa (cv. Qinghai444, winner oat cultivar) and A. nuda (cv. Huazao2, spring oat cultivar). The key technologies and the underlying agronomic mechanisms were investigated across three experimental years of 2017-2019. The main results were as follows: (1) dry weight yield, crude protein yield, and relative feed value of forage in the two-sown regime were significantly increased by 53.6%, 48.9%, and 70.6% relative to traditional one-sown regime across the 3 years, respectively; (2) forage production was mainly achieved by an increase in plant height at the first spring-sown; and (3) forage yield resulted mainly from an increase in tiller density by increasing seeding rate under no-tillage treatment in the second summer-sown. The key technologies of the two-sown regime were the first spring-sown at the soil thawing depth 10-13 cm, followed by the second summer-sown with increasing seeding rate under no-tillage treatment. These findings highlight that the two-sown regime of oat forage can be widely used as an effective planting regime to maximize forage production in large alpine regions of northern China as well as in regions with similar climates.

Temperature sensitivities of vegetation indices and aboveground biomass are primarily linked with warming magnitude in high-cold grasslands.

Incessant argument on whether temperature sensitivity of aboveground biomass is primarily linked with temperature itself (local air temperature and increased magnitudes in air temperature) or other environmental variables restrains our capability to exactly forecast upcoming alterations in grass yield and high-quality development of animal husbandry in high-cold areas. Consequently, since May 2010, a field warming trial with open-top containers was achieved in high-cold grasslands at three elevations (i.e. 4313, 4513 and 4693 m) of the Tibet. The temperature sensitivities of normalized different vegetation indices (Q1_NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation indices (Q1_SAVI) and aboveground biomass (Q1_AGB) were detected in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018. Temperature itself had the greatest exclusive impacts on the Q1_NDVI, Q1_SAVI and Q1_AGB. Vegetation indices itself or aboveground biomass itself had the second greatest exclusive impacts on the Q1_NDVI, Q1_SAVI or Q1_AGB. The exclusive impact of vegetation indices itself or aboveground biomass itself was less than one-tenth that of temperature itself. Water availability and elevation & duration (elevation and warming length) only had exclusive impacts on the Q1_NDVI and Q1_SAVI. The total exclusive impact of water availability and elevation & duration on the Q1_NDVI or Q1_SAVI was around 11-12 % equivalent to that of temperature itself. Vegetation indices/aboveground biomass itself, water availability and elevation & duration had interactive impacts with temperature itself on the Q1_NDVI, Q1_SAVI or Q1_AGB. Compared to local air temperature, increased magnitudes in air temperature had the greater exclusive effects on the Q1_NDVI, Q1_SAVI and Q1_AGB. Consequently, temperature sensitivities of vegetation indices, and aboveground biomass were primarily linked with temperature itself (especially warming magnitude), and adjusted by water availability, vegetation indices/aboveground biomass itself, elevation and warming length in high-cold grasslands of the Tibet.

An Investigation of Non-Linear Strength Characteristics of Solidified Saline Soils in Cold Regions.

To date, the modelling of constitutive equations of solidified frozen saline soil have seldom been studied. This paper presented the formulation of a damage constitutive model for solidified saline frozen soil considering both freeze thaw cycles (FTCs) and salinities. To model the solidified frozen saline soil, the unconfined compression strength test (UCST) and consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial shear test were conducted under three ambient temperatures (20, -10, and -20 °C), five ages (3, 7, 14, 28, and 90 d), six salinities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%), and four FTCs (0, 5, 10, and 14 times) in this research. The UCST results showed that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the solidified saline soils at an age of 14 days can reach 75% of the maximum UCS, which basically meets the engineering construction requirements. The range of the rate of strength loss as affected by salinity was 16.2% to 75.65%, while the coupling effect of salt and frozen conditions amplified the rate of strength loss. Affected by increasing salinity, the rate of strength loss of frozen soils was magnified by a factor of 1.2 to 3.7 compared to thawing soils. Likewise, the CU triaxial shear test showed that the rate of strength loss of shear strength was amplified by the coupling effect of FTCs and salt erosion. With increased FTCs, the strain threshold of Young's modulus was gradually pushed backward, which was similar to the effect of salinity. Remarkably, the damage constitutive model performed better than conventional constitutive models for the solidified saline soil under the salt-freezing coupling effect.

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Establishment of indices for low temperature damage of soybeans is important for systematically analyzing the adaptation strategies to climate change and collaborative adaptation technology for disaster prevention and mitigation and other stresses in high cold region. Based on historical data of low temperature damage and phenophase of soybean from 1980 to 2020 and daily temperature data from 78 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, we used GIS to match the phenophase and meteorological data, by considering the accumulated temperature anomaly in different growth stages, and constructed a comprehensive soybean low temperature damages index (CSCDI) in high cold region. Using K-S distribution fitting test and the lower limit value of confidence intervals, we constructed the level index of soybean low temperature damage. The results showed that the CSCDI lower limits of mild, moderate and severe low temperature damage were 0.061, 0.115 and 0.237 from sowing to emergence stage, were 0.072, 0.152 and 0.312 from emergence to flowering, and 0.133, 0.245 and 0.412 from flowering to maturity, respectively. The time distribution of soybean low temperature damage inversed by CSCDI in Heilongjiang Province was consistent with the historical disaster records. The spatial distribution showed obvious latitude characteristics, with the frequency of low temperature damage increasing gradually from south to north.

Cold region data accessibility portal for Québec (CRDAP-QC): An integrated, multi-variable and multi-scale data repository for studying cold-region hydrological processes in Québec.

We present an integrated data portal and retrieval system for various variable related to hydrology and cryosphere of Québec, named Cold Region Data Accessibility Portal for Québec (CRDAP-QC). The raw data with which this integrated platform is built are pulled from various publicly available data sources. The platform integrates data variables related to climate (maximum, minimum and mean temperature along with total precipitation), snow accumulation (snow cover and depth) as well as Freeze-Thaw characteristics. The platform enables downloading, visualizing, and comparing these data across various temporal (monthly, seasonal and annual) and spatial scales (from 25 × 25 km2 grids, to sub-basin and basin, to the whole province). The platform also provides a Printable Document File with summary of the data, an additional set of information on elevation, land-use, and land-cover as well as the location of climate and hydrometric stations within the chosen area. The portal is available in both English and French.