The intergenerational sources of the U-turn in gender segregation.

In the early 1970s, the balkanization of the US labor market into "men's occupations" and "women's occupations" began to unravel, as women entered the professions and other male-typed sectors in record numbers. This decline in gender segregation continued on for several decades but then suddenly stalled at the turn of the century and shows no signs of resuming. Although the stall is itself undisputed, its sources remain unclear. Using nearly a half-century of data from the General Social Survey, we show that a resurgence in segregation-inducing forms of intergenerational transmission stands behind the recent stall. Far from serving as impartial conduits, fathers are now disproportionately conveying male-typed occupations to their sons, whereas mothers are effectively gender-neutral in their transmission outcomes. This segregative turn among fathers accounts for 47% of the stall in the gender segregation trend (between 2000 and 2018), while the earlier integrative turn among fathers accounts for 34% of the initial downturn in segregation (between 1972 and 1999). It follows that a U-turn in intergenerational processes lies behind the U-turn in gender segregation.

A special section: Contributions of family science to anti-racism efforts.

Concomitant with a growing recognition of demographic shifts toward greater racial/ethnic diversity in the United States and widespread depictions of racial injustice, desires for increased racial/ethnic tolerance and inclusivity have been expressed in various sectors of U.S. society, including education, healthcare, and business. However, the literature on effective strategies and interventions for advancing anti-racism, or efforts to reduce racial/ethnic injustice, is minimal and underdeveloped. The family science field, characterized by rich theories on human systems and interactions, strategies for changing interpersonal dynamics, and the recognition that perceived knowledge is dependent on sociopolitical location, has much to offer the study of strategies to actualize increased racial/ethnic equity. The articles in this special section demonstrate potential contributions family science can make to the endeavor for racial/ethnic equity, through presenting theoretical, empirical, and practice innovations and findings steeped in the family science orientation toward addressing systems, cycles, and change.

Coparenting as a family-level construct: Parent and child inputs across the first two years.

This study examined the effects of infant negative affectivity (NA) and maternal and paternal depressive symptoms on fathers' and mothers' perceptions of coparenting across the first 2 years following an infant's birth. A total of 147 two-parent families (most couples were White, married, and living together) with healthy, full-term infants were recruited. At each time point, fathers and mothers separately reported their coparenting perceptions via the Coparenting Relationship Scale and their depressive symptoms using the depression subscale of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Mothers also reported their children's NA via the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised at 3 to 12 months and the Early Child Behavior Questionnaire at 18 and 24 months. Findings from growth curve models in an actor-partner interdependence model framework suggested that among parents with higher depression, there were steeper declines in coparenting quality reported by parents and their spouses across 3-24 months. In addition, three separate two-way interactions between variables including higher-than-usual parental and spousal depression, as well as higher-than-usual infant NA predicted poorer-than-usual coparenting experiences. Findings indicate that coparenting is a dynamically unfolding construct that is impacted by ongoing changes in the parents' social-ecological niche and suggest the need to consider both parent and child characteristics, and to include spousal influences, to get a comprehensive, whole-family understanding of levels and changes in coparenting relationships. The findings also confirm that coparenting dynamics may benefit from interventions engaging both couples and addressing multiple risk factors from both parents (e.g., depression) and children (e.g., NA).

Longitudinal Links Between Parental Emotional Distress and Adolescent Delinquency: The Role of Marital Conflict and Parent-Child Conflict.

The mediating processes linking parental emotional distress and changes in adolescent delinquency over time are poorly understood. The current study examined this question using data from 457 adolescents (49.5% female; 89.5% White; assessed at ages 11, 12, and 15) and their parents, part of the national, longitudinal Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). Maternal depression was only directly associated with changes in adolescent delinquency. Paternal depression was indirectly associated with changes in adolescent delinquency through a partner effect on mother-child conflict. The findings indicate the salience of parental depression and mother-child conflict for increases in adolescent delinquency and highlight the importance of including parental actor and partner effects for a more comprehensive understanding of the tested associations.

Ethnic-Racial Socialization of White Children by White Parents: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review of the literature examined the extent and nature of white parent's ethic-racial socialization (ERS) of white children, the factors associated with white parents' ERS, and the child outcomes of white parents' ERS. It followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The review included 43 English-language works published between January 2000 and June 2021 and referenced in PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, or Sociological Abstracts. It showed that white parents are engaged in ERS, employing many of the same strategies identified in research with parents of color as well as strategies identified as specific to white families. The review revealed child and parent factors related to ERS and child outcomes of ERS, including racial attitudes. In contrast with parents of color's ERS, white parents' ERS tends to teach strategies of advantage, preparing children to maintain their privilege. We offer recommendations for practice and future research.

Exploring Linkages Between Mother-Child and Sibling Relationship Quality and Prosocial Behavior Between School-Aged and Adolescent Siblings.

The present study investigated the degree to which the quality of sibling relationships interacted with the quality of mother-child relationships to concurrently predict prosocial behavior between school-aged siblings while taking age spacing into account. Forty-five families with two school-aged siblings were recruited from the community. Prosocial behavior was coded from unstructured laboratory observation of sibling interaction. Both children reported on the quality of their sibling relationships; the quality of mother-child relationships was assessed by coding laboratory observation of mother-child interaction, conducted separately with each sibling. A compensatory pattern was found; higher warmth between widely spaced siblings was associated with greater sibling prosocial behavior when maternal positivity was low, and also when maternal negativity was high. These compensatory patterns did not occur for siblings closer in age. Findings suggested that sibling dynamics and relational roles play an important function in children's prosocial development. Results were discussed within family systems frameworks.

Associations between dyadic relationship quality and stepfamily functioning: A common fate modeling approach.

Clinical and empirical literatures have highlighted the value of attending to distinct dyads within stepfamilies to ensure the needs of various relationships are being met. From a family systems perspective, the growth and maintenance of positive dynamics within one dyadic relationship can yield gains in other relationships and shape the larger stepfamily environment. Research seeking to link information about dyads and larger stepfamily systems is often marked by single-informant data or measures that represent individual-level constructs. Methods intended to leverage multi-informant data as indicators of dyad- or family-level constructs (i.e., common fate modeling; CFM) offer valuable opportunities to expand our understanding of stepfamily experiences. Using a sample of 291 stepparent-parent dyads, our study uses multi-informant data and CFM to assess three dyad-level constructs (i.e., marital quality, marital confidence, and stepparent-child relationship quality) as correlates of three stepfamily-level constructs (i.e., cohesion, expressiveness, and harmony). Our findings illustrate meaningful linkages among dyadic relationships and broader stepfamily-level dynamics, specifically emphasizing the role of stepparent-child relationship quality and marital confidence in shaping stepfamily cohesion, expressiveness, and harmony. The results also signal the potential for substantive findings to vary with respect to the selected unit of analysis.

Family Disruption and Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Using unique data from an economically and racially diverse sample of 448 caregivers with young children (ages 4-9 years) in Ohio, we assess multiple sources of family social and economic disruptions and their associations with parenting activities during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order. Caregivers reported extensive social and economic challenges during this time, while also increasing (on average) their time spent in play/learning activities. Time spent in discipline was less likely to increase during this period. We found significant associations among disadvantaged social conditions/experiences and parenting, and that some effects were moderated by 2019 household income status. Unexpectedly, changes in economic conditions, particularly caregiver job loss, were associated with higher odds of increases in reading/telling stories time across household income groups. Overall, findings indicate that social conditions associated with the stay-at-home period of COVID-19 might have been more disruptive to parenting for caregivers with young children than the short-term economic changes.

A Longitudinal Examination of the Family Stress Model of Economic Hardship in Seven Countries.

The Family Stress Model of Economic Hardship (FSM) posits that economic situations create differences in psychosocial outcomes for parents and developmental outcomes for their adolescent children. However, prior studies guided by the FSM have been mostly in high-income countries and have included only mother report or have not disaggregated mother and father report. Our focal research questions were whether the indirect effect of economic hardship on adolescent mental health was mediated by economic pressure, parental depression, dysfunctional dyadic coping, and parenting, and whether these relations differed by culture and mother versus father report. We conducted multiple group serial mediation path models using longitudinal data from adolescents ages 12-15 in 2008-2012 from 1,082 families in 10 cultural groups in seven countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States). Taken together, the indirect effect findings suggest partial support for the FSM in most cultural groups across study countries. We found associations among economic hardship, parental depression, parenting, and adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Findings support polices and interventions aimed at disrupting each path in the model to mitigate the effects of economic hardship on parental depression, harsh parenting, and adolescents' externalizing and internalizing problems.

Parental appearance teasing in adolescence and associations with eating problems: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The adolescent years see significant physical and emotional development that lay foundations for patterns of behaviour that can continue into adult life, including the shaping of eating behaviours. Given parents are key socio-environmental drivers and influencers of adolescent behaviours around physical health and wellbeing, it is critical to consider if specific forms of parental communication are potentially contributing to the associated emotional difficulties experienced in the adolescent years. The aim of this research was to systematically review the myriad of literature pertaining to the prevalence of parental weight or appearance-based teasing and adolescent eating problems to examine how the scientific and clinical community currently understands the relationship between these domains. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature, using the SCOPUS, APA PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL databases, reference lists and Google Scholar, was undertaken to identify relevant literature for parental teasing and problem eating in adolescents aged 10-19 years, published between January 1980 to October 2020, in English or French. RESULTS: Six studies met criteria for inclusion, all were cross-sectional studies and two included additional prospective data. Although parents were not the most common perpetrators of teasing, often subsidiary to that of peers and siblings, the influence and impact of parental teasing remained significant, and in some cases, appeared to interact with sibling-based teasing. This teasing was associated with problem eating behaviours for adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence in the literature to suggest the existence of an association between 'eating problems' amongst adolescents and exposure to parental appearance or weight teasing. Parents are unlikely to be aware of the perception or impact of the words they use or the wider influence these words may have. Future research should employ representative longitudinal designs to develop a greater understanding of the relationships between parental communications around their adolescent's appearance or weight and how that communication is perceived by adolescents within complex family processes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018109623 . Prospectively registered 15th October 2018.

A dialectic of control and acceptance: Mealtimes with children on the autism spectrum.

Shared family meals have important implications for child health and wellbeing, however, mealtimes with children on the autism spectrum are often characterized by stress and problematic behavior. A better understanding of the underlying processes can elucidate the mealtimes challenges that families with children on the spectrum face as well as how families overcome those challenges in order to promote family health and wellbeing. Through a grounded theory analysis of mealtime observations, parent interviews, and child interviews with 16 families in the United States, we identified a theory of A Dialectic of Control and Acceptance. Integral to the role of mealtimes is for parents to express love through control and acceptance, however, these parallel processes are in tension with one another. How parents negotiate this tension dictates the degree to which their expectations are well aligned with their children's strengths and challenges and are able to provide effective support.

Family Resilience in a Resource-Cursed Community Dependent on the Oil and Gas Industry.

The economic and social well-being of rural, "resource-cursed" communities can depend on the boom-bust cycles of a single industry like oil and gas. This study used a constructivist, inductive approach to identify the challenges placed on families in one such community and the processes that strengthen family resilience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 adult residents (30-76 years old, 19 women) from a community in Alberta, Canada, that has specialized in oil and gas extraction for 70 years and experienced its worst economic downturn while the study was underway. Results showed that many families have experienced an endless cycle of poor work-life balance and income instability throughout the economic cycle. Family life often lacked social cohesion as a consequence of demanding work schedules and economic pressures. Additional challenges were the perceived negative effects of rigid gender roles, substance abuse, family conflicts, and domestic violence. Crucial strengthening processes for family resilience were fundamental financial and living standard adaptations (e.g., living within or below one's economic means; having both spouses become earners), maintaining regular contact by having a flexible home routine, and mutually agreeing to change roles during busts (former earners take responsibility for caregiving and running of the household and vice versa). Alternatively, accepting economic volatility and its impact on normal family life processes were essential for family resilience. Findings suggest the need for clinicians to help families foster resilience in communities that depend on resource extraction industries with concurrent adaptations required by individuals, families, and socio-political and economic systems.

El bienestar económico y social de las comunidades rurales "malditas por los recursos" puede depender de los ciclos de auge y caída de una industria única como la del petróleo y el gas. En este estudio se usó un método constructivista e inductivo para identificar las dificultades que enfrentan las familias en una comunidad de este tipo y los procesos que fortalecen la resiliencia familiar. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 35 adultos residentes (de entre 30 y 76 años, 19 mujeres) de una comunidad de Alberta, Canadá, que se ha especializado en la extracción de petróleo y gas durante 70 años y sufrió su peor recesión económica mientras el estudio estaba en marcha. Los resultados indicaron que muchas familias han pasado por un ciclo interminable de desequilibrio entre la vida personal y la laboral, y por la inestabilidad de ingresos durante todo el ciclo económico. La vida familiar con frecuencia careció de integración social como consecuencia de horarios de trabajo demandantes y presiones económicas. Otras dificultades fueron los efectos negativos percibidos de los roles de género rígidos, el abuso de sustancias, los conflictos familiares y la violencia doméstica. Los procesos de fortalecimiento esenciales para la resiliencia familiar fueron las adaptaciones fundamentales de los niveles de vida y económicos (p. ej.: vivir dentro o por debajo de los medios económicos propios; hacer que ambos cónyuges sean asalariados), mantener contacto periódico teniendo una rutina flexible en el hogar y acordar mutuamente cambiar de roles durante las recesiones (los exasalariados asumen la responsabilidad del cuidado y el funcionamiento del hogar, y viceversa). Alternativamente, aceptar la volatilidad económica y su efecto en los procesos normales de la vida familiar fue esencial para la resiliencia familiar. Los resultados indican la necesidad de que los profesionales clínicos ayuden a las familias a fomentar la resiliencia en las comunidades que dependen de las industrias de extracción de recursos mediante adaptaciones simultáneas necesarias para las personas, las familias y los sistemas sociopolíticos y económicos.

Patterns of Interactions Between Youth and Resident Stepmothers: A Latent Class Analysis.

Stepparent-child relationships are a core pillar of stepfamily functioning and well-being. Stepparents can take on a variety of roles in the lives of their stepchildren, ranging from de facto parents to distant acquaintances. There remain important opportunities to explore specific interactional patterns between youth and stepparents, particularly resident stepmothers. Drawing from a family systems perspective, the purpose of the current study is to explore patterns of youth-stepmother interaction across recreational, personal, academic, and disciplinary domains of family life. Latent class analysis is conducted using a representative sample of 295 youth (mean age: 15.82 years, SD = 1.63; 41% female; 65% non-Hispanic White) residing in father-stepmother households who have living nonresident mothers at Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The optimal latent class solution yielded four interactional patterns, labeled versatile and involved (21%), inactive (12%), casually connected (17%), and academically oriented (50%). The latent classes are also contrasted with respect to stepfamily relationship quality, youth well-being, and socio-demographic characteristics. Foremost, the results illustrate significant variability in the patterns of interactions between youth and their resident stepmothers, which could be attributed to youths' varying autonomy-seeking efforts and other complex family dynamics. Consistent with a family systems perspective, associations between youth-stepmother interactional patterns and family and youth outcomes highlight the importance of the relationship between youth and their resident stepmothers. Importantly, not all interactional patterns differed significantly across outcomes, suggesting that no one pattern is universally optimal in father-stepmother families with adolescent children.

Las relaciones entre padrastros, madrastras e hijastros son un pilar fundamental del funcionamiento y el bienestar de las familias ensambladas. Los padrastros y las madrastras pueden asumir diversos roles en las vidas de sus hijastros, desde padres de hecho a personas con una relación distante. Quedan importantes oportunidades de analizar patrones interactivos específicos entre los jóvenes y los padrastros y madrastras, particularmente las madrastras residentes. Basándonos en una perspectiva de sistemas familiares, el propósito del presente estudio es analizar patrones de interacción entre los jóvenes y las madrastras en ámbitos recreativos, personales, académicos y disciplinarios de la vida familiar. Se realiza un análisis de clases latentes utilizando una muestra representativa de 295 jóvenes (edad promedio: 15.82 años, desviación típica = 1.63; 41 % de sexo femenino; 65 % raza blanca no hispana) que viven en hogares conformados por el padre y la madrastra, y que tienen madres vivas no residentes en la fase I del "Estudio Longitudinal Nacional de Salud de Adolescentes a Adultos" (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health). La solución óptima de clase latente arrojó cuatro patrones interactivos llamados adaptables e interesados (21 %), inactivos (12 %), conectados ocasionalmente (17 %), y orientados académicamente (50 %). Las clases latentes también se contrastan con respecto a la calidad de la relación de la familia ensamblada, el bienestar de los jóvenes y las características sociodemográficas. Principalmente, los resultados ilustran la variabilidad significativa en los patrones de interacciones entre los jóvenes y sus madrastras residentes, que podrían atribuirse a los distintos esfuerzos de búsqueda de autonomía por parte de los jóvenes y a otras dinámicas familiares complejas. De acuerdo con una perspectiva de sistemas familiares, las asociaciones entre los patrones interactivos entre los jóvenes y las madrastras y los resultados de las familias y los jóvenes destacan la importancia de la relación entre los jóvenes y sus madrastras residentes. Cabe señalar que no todos los patrones interactivos difirieron considerablemente entre los resultados, lo cual sugiere que ningún patrón es óptimo a nivel universal en las familias de padres y madrastras con hijos adolescentes.

Parental Involvement and Adolescents' Academic Achievement: Latent Profiles of Mother and Father Warmth as a Moderating Influence.

Parental involvement in their adolescents' education plays an important role in promoting their children's academic outcomes. Yet, more research is needed to examine the relationship between parenting practices and parental warmth as well as to consider the potential joint contribution of warmth from both fathers and mothers. Thus, the primary purpose of the current study is to examine the extent to which patterns of parental warmth across fathers and mothers moderate the association between parental involvement and adolescents' grade point average (GPA) and school engagement behaviors. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify disparate profiles of fathers' and mothers' warmth within a nationally representative sample of 2,306 youths (51% male; mean age = 15.31 years, SD = 1.50; 77% non-Hispanic White) residing in opposite-sex, two-parent families from Wave I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Latent-class enumeration processes support a five-profile solution characterized by differences in levels of parental warmth and congruency across parents: (a) Congruent High Warmth, (b) Congruent Moderate Warmth, (c) Congruent Low Warmth, (d) Incongruent High Mother/Low Father Warmth, and (e) Incongruent Low Father/Lower Mother Warmth. Subsequent multiple linear regression analyses reveal a moderating effect for Congruent Low Warmth on the relationship between parental involvement and adolescents' GPA. Ultimately, the results show that variation in parental warmth exists across fathers and mothers with differing impact on adolescents' outcomes. Excluding one parent without considering the joint effects of both parents will not produce an accurate and precise understanding of parenting in research or practice.

La participación de los padres en la educación de sus hijos adolescentes desempeña un papel importante en el fomento de los resultados académicos de sus hijos. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones para analizar la relación entre las prácticas de crianza y la calidez de los padres y para tener en cuenta el posible aporte conjunto de calidez tanto de los padres como de las madres. Por lo tanto, el propósito principal del presente estudio es analizar el grado hasta el cual los patrones de calidez parental de los padres y las madres moderan la asociación entre la participación de los padres y el promedio de calificaciones de los adolescentes y las conductas de participación escolar. Se realizaron análisis de clases latentes para reconocer los diversos perfiles de calidez de los padres y las madres dentro de una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de 2306 jóvenes (51% masculina; edad promedio = 15.31 años, Desviación Típica= 1.50; 77% blanca no hispana) que vivían en familias formadas por dos padres del sexo opuesto de las fases I y II del Estudio Longitudinal Nacional de Salud del Adolescente al Adulto. Los procesos de enumeración de clases latentes respaldan una solución de cinco perfiles caracterizados por diferencias en los niveles de calidez parental y congruencia entre los padres: (a) calidez congruente alta, (b) calidez congruente moderada, (c) calidez congruente baja, (d) calidez incongruente, alta en la madre/baja en el padre, y (e) calidez incongruente, baja en el padre/más baja en la madre. Los análisis posteriores de regresión lineal múltiple revelan un efecto moderador para la calidez congruente baja en la relación entre la participación parental y el promedio de calificaciones de los adolescentes. Finalmente, los resultados demuestran que existe una variación en la calidez parental entre padres y madres con efectos muy distintos en los resultados de los adolescentes. Excluir a un padre sin tener en cuenta los efectos conjuntos de ambos padres no generará una comprensión certera y precisa de la crianza en la investigación o la práctica.

Implications of Family Cohesion and Conflict for Adolescent Mood and Well-Being: Examining Within- and Between-Family Processes on a Daily Timescale.

Family-level conflict and cohesion are well-established predictors of adolescent mental health. However, traditional approaches focusing on between-family differences in cohesion and conflict may overlook daily intrafamily variability that might provide important new information. We used data from a 21-day daily diary protocol in a sample of 151 caregivers (95.3% female) and their adolescent child (61.5% female) in two-caregiver families to test whether daily changes in family functioning are associated with daily changes in adolescent well-being and whether adolescent well-being depends on average levels of family functioning. We examined family cohesion and conflict in relation to adolescent angry, depressed, and anxious mood, as well as happiness, life satisfaction, and meaning and purpose in life in multilevel models. Both cohesion and conflict exhibited meaningful daily variation. Adolescent-reported cohesion and conflict had unique within-family associations with all six adolescent outcomes. Models using parent reports of family functioning yielded fewer associations than models with adolescent reports; however, several findings remained. Cross-level interactions indicated that within-family variations in cohesion were only associated with adolescent depression in families with lower average levels of cohesion across days. In sum, this study provides compelling evidence that families exhibit meaningful variability from day to day and that daily variation has important implications for adolescent well-being.

El conflicto y la cohesión a nivel familiar son predictores bien establecidos de la salud mental adolescente. Sin embargo, los enfoques tradicionales que se centran en diferencias interfamiliares en la cohesión y el conflicto pueden pasar por alto la variabilidad intrafamiliar diaria que podría proporcionar información importante y nueva. Utilizamos datos de un protocolo de registro diario de 21 días en una muestra de 151 cuidadores (el 95.3 % de sexo femenino) y su hijo adolescente (el 61.5% de sexo femenino) en familias de dos cuidadores para evaluar si los cambios diarios en el funcionamiento familiar están asociados con los cambios diarios en el bienestar de los adolescentes, y si el bienestar de los adolescentes depende de los niveles promedio de funcionamiento familiar. Analizamos la cohesión y el conflicto familiar en relación con los estados de ánimo de enojo, depresión y ansiedad así como de felicidad, satisfacción con la vida, y significado y propósito en la vida en modelos multinivel. Tanto la cohesión como el conflicto demostraron una variación diaria significativa. La cohesión y el conflicto informados por los adolescentes tuvieron asociaciones únicas dentro de las familias con los seis resultados de los adolescentes. Los modelos que utilizaron informes de los padres del funcionamiento familiar indicaron menos asociaciones que los modelos con informes de los adolescentes, sin embargo, quedaron varios hallazgos. Las interacciones a nivel transversal indicaron que las variaciones en la cohesión intrafamiliar estuvieron solamente asociadas con la depresión de los adolescentes en las familias con niveles promedio más bajos de cohesión a lo largo de los días. En resumen, este estudio ofrece pruebas convincentes de que las familias demuestran una variabilidad significativa día a día y de que la variación diaria tiene importantes implicancias para el bienestar de los adolescentes.

Fussy eating behaviours: Response patterns in families of school-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Fussy eating is the unwillingness to eat both familiar and novel foods. Childhood fussy eating can be a barrier to a healthful diet and is associated with mealtime stress and conflict. Research has primarily focused on parenting practices in response to fussy eating in pre-schoolers. Less is known about parenting practices and family processes such as setting goals and managing emotions in relation to fussy eating in older children. This research aims to explore how families respond to fussy eating behaviours in school-aged children and based on parents' retrospective accounts, to investigate how responses change over time. METHODS: 16 parents from 14 families of school-aged children (6-10 years) participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three family process themes were identified which explain how families respond to fussy eating behaviours: 1) Dynamic and Evolving Feeding Goals, 2) Managing Negative Emotions and 3) Parenting Practices: Figuring out What Works. Three distinct patterns were identified regarding how parent responses change over time: 1) Resistance-to-Acceptance Response, 2) Fluctuating Response and 3) Consistent Response. DISCUSSION: The family response to fussy eating behaviours is complex, dynamic and contextual. This has implications for the design and interpretation of quantitative studies, and for the development of guidelines and interventions.

A Typology of Interactional Patterns Between Youth and Their Stepfathers: Associations with Family Relationship Quality and Youth Well-Being.

Stepfamilies are an increasingly common family form, many of which are headed by a resident mother and stepfather. Stepfather-child relationships exert notable influence on stepfamily stability and individual well-being. Although various stepfather roles have been observed, more research is warranted by which stepfather-child interactions are explored holistically and across a variety of life domains (e.g., recreational, personal, academic, and disciplinary). Thus, the primary purpose of the current study is to explore varying interactional patterns between youth and their stepfathers. A latent class analysis is conducted using a representative sample of 1,183 youth (53% female; mean age = 15.64 years, SD = 1.70 years; 62% non-Hispanic White) residing in mother-stepfather families from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Latent-class enumeration processes support a four-class solution, with latent classes representing inactive, academically oriented, casually connected, and versatile and involved patterns of youth-stepparent interaction. Notable differences and similarities are evident across patterns with respect to family relationship quality, youth well-being, and socio-demographic characteristics. Differences are most stark between the inactive and versatile and involved patterns. Ultimately, the results showcase notable variation in youth-stepparent interactional patterns, and one size does not necessarily fit all stepfamilies. Family practitioners should be mindful of variation in youth-stepparent interactional patterns and assist stepfamilies in seeking out stepparent-child dynamics that are most compatible with the needs and dynamics of the larger family system.

Las familias ensambladas son cada vez más una forma común de familia, muchas de las cuales están encabezadas por una madre y un padrastro residentes. Las relaciones entre el padrastro y los niños ejercen una influencia notable en la estabilidad de la familia ensamblada y en el bienestar individual. Aunque se han observado distintos roles de los padrastros, se necesitan más investigaciones en las que las interacciones entre el padrastro y los niños se analicen íntegramente y en diferentes ámbitos de la vida (p. ej.: recreativo, personal, académico y disciplinario). Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal del presente estudio es analizar patrones interactivos variados entre los jóvenes y sus padrastros. Se realiza un análisis de clases latentes utilizando una muestra representativa de 1183 jóvenes (el 53 % de sexo femenino; edad promedio = 15.64 años, DT = 1.70 años; el 62 % blancos no hispanos) que viven en familias compuestas por una madre y un padrastro de la serie I del "Estudio Longitudinal Nacional de la Salud Adolescente a Adulta" (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health). Los procesos de enumeración de las clases latentes respaldan una solución de cuatro clases, donde las clases latentes representan patrones de interacción inactivos, orientados a lo académico, conectados ocasionalmente y versátiles e interesados entre los jóvenes y los padrastros. Se observan diferencias y similitudes notables entre los patrones con respecto a la calidad de la relación familiar, al bienestar de los jóvenes y a las características sociodemográficas. Las diferencias son más marcadas entre los patrones inactivos y versátiles e interesados. Finalmente, los resultados exhiben una variación notable en los patrones interactivos entre los jóvenes y los padrastros, por lo tanto, no necesariamente existe un criterio único aplicable a todas las familias esambladas. Los médicos familiares deben estar al tanto de la variación en los patrones interactivos entre los jóvenes y los padrastros y ayudar a las familias ensambladas a buscar una dinámica entre los jóvenes y los padrastros que sea más compatible con las necesidades y la dinámica del sistema familiar más amplio.

"It All Starts With the Parents": A Qualitative Study on Protective Factors for Drug-Use Prevention Among Black and Hispanic Girls.

Using intersectionality theory as a theoretical framework, this qualitative study uncovered the protective factors present among black and Hispanic adolescent girls living in an urban, under-resourced neighborhood in the Northeastern United States. The sample used in this study includes eight focus groups that consisted of adolescent females only (N = 57). Female participants were sampled through six youth-serving summer programs throughout the target city. The female participants were between 11 and 17 years of age, with 73% self-identifying as black (n = 45) and 26% (n = 12) as Hispanic. Thematic analysis using an intersectional approach was used to analyze the narratives of participants in the study. Three main themes arose: environmental context, parent-child communication about drug use, and parental modeling. Participants were critically aware of their environmental context which normalized drug use. However, participants identified protective factors such as parents communicating about drug use and parental modeling to girls in the sample as the most salient factors against substance use in their community. Findings provide insight for researchers, social workers, and interventionists to create and implement family-centered, strengths-based substance-abuse prevention programs that are racial, ethnic, and gender specific for black and Hispanic adolescent girls.

Stepfamilies Doing Family: A Meta-Ethnography.

The present review examines how stepfamily members without a shared history co-construct a shared family identity and what family processes are relevant in this stepfamily formation. Three databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, and ProQuest) were systematically searched, resulting in 20 included qualitative studies. The meta-ethnography approach of Noblit and Hare allowed synthesizing these qualitative studies and constructing a comprehensive framework of stepfamilies doing family. Three interdependent family tasks were identified: (a) honoring the past, (b) marking the present, and (c) investing in the future. Stepfamily members' experiences of these family tasks are strongly affected by the dominant societal perspectives and characterized by an underlying dialectical tension between wanting to be like a first-time family and feeling the differences in their family structure at the same time. These findings clearly demonstrate the family work that all stepfamily members undertake and provide a broader context for interpreting stepfamilies' co-construction of a new family identity.

Stepfamily Relationship Quality and Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.

The stepfamily literature is replete with between-group analyses by which youth residing in stepfamilies are compared to youth in other family structures across indicators of adjustment and well-being. Few longitudinal studies examine variation in stepfamily functioning to identify factors that promote the positive adjustment of stepchildren over time. Using a longitudinal sample of 191 stepchildren (56% female, mean age = 11.3 years), the current study examines the association between the relationship quality of three central stepfamily dyads (stepparent-child, parent-child, and stepcouple) and children's internalizing and externalizing problems concurrently and over time. Results from path analyses indicate that higher levels of parent-child affective quality are associated with lower levels of children's concurrent internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1. Higher levels of stepparent-child affective quality are associated with decreases in children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 2 (6 months beyond baseline), even after controlling for children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1 and other covariates. The stepcouple relationship was not directly linked to youth outcomes. Our findings provide implications for future research and practice.