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1.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand ; 67(6): 724-729, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36866976

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: When children have a preoperative fever, anesthesiologists must help determine whether to postpone or proceed with surgery, as fever may be a sign of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Such infections are a known risk factor for perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs), which are still one of the prime causes of anesthetic mortality and morbidity in pediatric patients. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, preoperative assessments have become drastically more complex as hospitals strive to balance practicality and safety. In our facility, if pediatric patients presented with preoperative fever, we used the FilmArray® Respiratory Panel 2.1 to determine whether to postpone or proceed with surgery. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective observational study evaluating the efficacy of the FilmArray® Respiratory Panel 2.1 as a preoperative screening test. This study included pediatric patients scheduled for elective surgeries between March 2021 and February 2022. FilmArray was used if a patient had a preoperative fever (determined by axillary temperature, ≥38°C for <1-year-old, ≥37.5°C for ≥1-year-old) between hospital admission and before surgery. We excluded patients if they had apparent symptoms of URTI. RESULTS: In the FilmArray positive group, 11 of 25 (44%) cases developed subsequent symptoms after surgery was canceled. No patients in the negative group developed symptoms. The proportion of the development of subsequent symptoms between the FilmArray positive and negative groups was statistically significant (p < .001, odds ratio: 29.6, 95% confidence interval: [3.80-1356.01]). CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective observational study revealed that 44% of the FilmArray positive group subsequently developed symptoms, and no PRAEs were observed in the FilmArray negative group. We suggest that FilmArray could be useful as a screening test for pediatric patients with preoperative fever.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções Respiratórias , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Pandemias , Hospitalização , Teste para COVID-19
2.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol ; 280(12): 5661-5664, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37773529

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The treatment of bilateral vocal fold paralysis is mainly surgical and several procedures can be used to guarantee adequate breathing. Furthermore, other causes of the narrowing of the natural airways could coexist and the treatment should consider all of them. METHODS: A supraglottic extension of posterior cordectomy to the false homolateral chord is described, which provides a further widening of the airway while maintaining acceptable voice quality. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic posterior ventricular cordectomy performed by contact diode laser may be a viable and safe option, especially in those patients who present bilateral vocal fold paralysis associated with various degrees of laryngospasm.


Assuntos
Terapia a Laser , Paralisia das Pregas Vocais , Humanos , Lasers Semicondutores/uso terapêutico , Terapia a Laser/métodos , Endoscopia , Laringoscopia/métodos , Prega Vocal/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento
3.
Muscle Nerve ; 65(4): 400-404, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34817079

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Laryngospasm is an involuntary, sustained closure of sphincter musculature that leads to an unpleasant subjective experience of dyspnea and choking. It is an underreported symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study we aimed to better characterize the prevalence and clinical characteristics of laryngospasm in ALS patients. METHODS: The medical records of 571 patients with ALS followed between 2008 and 2018 were searched for evidence of laryngospasm. A total of 23 patients with laryngospasm were identified and the data related to patient and laryngospasm characteristics were extracted. RESULTS: Laryngospasm was reported in 4% of ALS patients. Females comprised 57% of patients and their mean age was 63.4 years. Laryngospasm frequently manifested in patients with moderate bulbar dysfunction and seemed independent of respiratory function. Among laryngospasm patients, 26% were cigarette smokers and 13% had a history of gastroesophageal reflux. The most common reported trigger was excessive saliva irritating the vocal cords (35%) followed by eating a meal (17%). There was significant variation in laryngospasm frequency (up to 5 per hour) and duration (seconds to minutes). Most patients could not identify an effective coping mechanism, although 13% reported that drinking water was effective. DISCUSSION: Despite its low prevalence in ALS, laryngospasm should be included in the symptom inquiry. The present findings may improve patient care through increased recognition of the clinical features of laryngospasm in ALS patients, identifying a link between laryngospasm and moderate bulbar dysfunction, and highlighting trigger avoidance as a management strategy. Additional research is required to understand the pathophysiology and optimal treatment.


Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica , Laringismo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/complicações , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/diagnóstico , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/epidemiologia , Dispneia , Feminino , Humanos , Laringismo/complicações , Laringismo/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Respiração , Prega Vocal
4.
J Vet Med Educ ; 49(6): 785-789, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34797204

RESUMO

Endotracheal intubation (EI) in domestic cats is an important skill that veterinary students learn in order to perform anesthesia safely in this species. Implementing a 3D-printed larynx model (LaryngoCUBE) during the instruction process may improve student's learning of EI in felines. Twenty-two third-year students performed EI in cats with standard training (ST), and 16 students trained with the model (MT) the day before the laboratory. It was evaluated whether training with the model decreases the time and number of EI attempts, students' perceived difficulty performing EI using a visual analog score (VAS; 0 cm = very easy, 10 cm = extremely difficult; median [minimum-maximum]), and the incidence of failure to perform EI. The EI time on ST (58 [18-160] seconds) was longer, but not statistically different from MT (29 [13-120] seconds; p = .101). The number of EI attempts on ST (2 [1-3]) was higher than MT (1 [1-3]; p = .005). The VAS on the ST and MT were 4.5 (0.0-10.0) cm and 3.0 (0.2-10.0) cm, respectively (p = .029). The failure rate was 27% on the ST and 25% on the MT (p = 1.000). Students who practiced with a larynx model took fewer attempts to perform EI, tended to be faster, and found that EI was easier. However, the EI success rate in MT was not improved.


Assuntos
Educação em Veterinária , Intubação Intratraqueal , Laringe , Animais , Gatos , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/veterinária
5.
Epilepsy Behav ; 122: 108124, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34237676

RESUMO

Sudden death in epilepsy or SUDEP is a fatal condition that accounts for more than 4000 deaths each year. Limited clinical and preclinical data on sudden death suggest critical contributions from autonomic, cardiac, and respiratory pathways. A potential mechanism for such sudden and severe cardiorespiratory dysregulation may be linked to acid reflux-induced laryngospasm. Here, we expand on our previous investigations and utilize a novel multimodal approach to provide visual evidence of acid reflux-initiated cardiorespiratory distress and subsequent sudden death in seizing rats. We used systemic kainic acid to acutely induce seizure activity in Long Evans rats, under urethane anesthesia. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), chest plethysmography, and esophageal pH signals through a multimodal recording platform, during simultaneous fast MRI scans of the rat stomach and esophagus. MRI images, in correlation with electrophysiology data were used to identify seizure progression, stomach acid movement up the esophagus, cardiorespiratory changes, and sudden death. In all cases of sudden death, esophageal pH recordings alongside MRI images visualized stomach acid movement up the esophagus. Severe cardiac (ST segment elevation), respiratory (intermittent apnea) and brain activity (EEG narrowing due to hypoxia) changes were observed only after acid reached larynx, which strongly suggested onset of laryngospasm following acid reflux. The complementary information coming from electrophysiology and fast MRI scans provided insight into the mechanism of esophageal reflux, laryngospasm, obstructive apnea, and subsequent sudden death in seizing animals. The results carry clinical significance as it outlines a potential mechanism that may be relevant to SUDEP in humans.


Assuntos
Epilepsia , Morte Súbita Inesperada na Epilepsia , Animais , Morte Súbita/etiologia , Imagem Multimodal , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans
6.
Indian J Crit Care Med ; 25(Suppl 2): S155-S160, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34345131

RESUMO

Tetanus is caused by an exotoxin, tetanospasmin, produced by Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic gram-positive bacillus.Tetanospasmin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the spinal cord, brainstem motor nuclei, and the brain, producing muscle rigidity and tonic spasms.Trismus (lockjaw), dysphagia, laryngeal spasms, rigidity of limbs and paraspinal muscles, and opisthotonic posture are common.Frequent severe spasms triggered by touch, pain, bright light, or sounds may produce apnea and rhabdomyolysis.Autonomic overactivity occurs in severe tetanus causing labile hypertension, tachycardia, increased secretions, sweating, and urinary retention. Dysautonomia is difficult to manage and is a common cause of mortality; magnesium sulfate infusion is often used.Antibiotics (penicillin or metronidazole) and wound care reduce toxin production and human tetanus immune globulin neutralizes the circulating toxin.Nasogastric tube placement for feeding and medications is needed.Early elective tracheostomy is performed in moderate or severe tetanus to prevent aspiration and laryngeal stridor.Benzodiazepines help reduce rigidity, spasms, and autonomic dysfunction. Large doses of diazepam (0.2-1 mg/kg/h) are administered via nasogastric tube.Neuromuscular blocking agents and mechanical ventilation are used for refractory spasms.Mortality ranges from 5% to 50%. How to cite this article: Karnad DR, Gupta V. Intensive Care Management of Severe Tetanus. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25(Suppl 2):S155-S160.

7.
Neurobiol Dis ; 134: 104682, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31759134

RESUMO

Audiogenic seizure-prone mice can be protected from seizure-associated death by exposure to an oxygen atmosphere or treatment with selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We have shown previously in a rat model that epileptic seizure activity can spread through brainstem areas to cause sufficient laryngospasm for obstructive apnea and that the period of seizure-associated obstructive apnea can last long enough for respiratory arrest to occur. We hypothesized that both the oxygen-rich atmosphere and SSRIs function by prolonging the time to respiratory arrest, thus ensuring that seizure activity stops before the point of respiratory arrest to allow recovery of respiratory function. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated each preventative treatment in a rat model of controlled airway occlusion where the times to respiratory arrest can be measured. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (median age = 66 days) were studied in the absence of any seizure activity. By directly studying responses to controlled airway occlusion, rather than airway occlusion secondary to seizure activity, we could isolate the effects of manipulations that might prolong respiratory arrest from the effects of those manipulations on seizure intensity. All group sizes were ≥ 8 animals per group. We found that both oxygen exposure and fluoxetine significantly increased the time to respiratory arrest by up to 65% (p < .0001 for 5 min oxygen exposure; p = .031 for 25 mg/kg fluoxetine tested 60 min after injection) and, given that neither treatment has been shown to significantly alter seizure duration, these increases can account for the protection of either manipulation against death in sudden death models. Importantly, we found that 30 s of exposure to oxygen produced nearly the same protection as 5 min exposure suggesting that oxygen exposure could start after a seizure starts (p = .0012 for 30 s oxygen exposure). Experiments with 50% oxygen/50% air mixtures indicate that the oxygen concentration needs to be above about 60% to ensure that times to respiratory arrest will always be longer than a period of seizure-induced airway occlusion. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while instructive with regard to mechanism, require impractical dosing and may carry additional risk in the form of greater challenges for resuscitation. We conclude that oxygen exposure or SSRI treatment prevent seizure associated death by sufficiently prolonging the time to respiratory arrest so that respiratory function can recover after the seizure abates and eliminates the stimulus for seizure-induced apnea.


Assuntos
Morte Súbita , Fluoxetina/administração & dosagem , Oxigênio/administração & dosagem , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/fisiopatologia , Animais , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Convulsões/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicações
8.
Paediatr Anaesth ; 30(11): 1199-1203, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32395863

RESUMO

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has deleterious effects on a child's general health and their perioperative risk; specifically, it doubles a child's perioperative risk of adverse respiratory events, particularly laryngospasm. It increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, bacterial meningitis, middle ear infection, asthma, and lower respiratory tract infection. The preoperative assessment of children presenting for procedures under general anesthesia is an opportune moment to screen for exposure to ETS and give information about the risks and cessation support (if applicable). This can be described as a "teachable moment"; there is a documented need for this public health education and it aligns with the NHS Long Term Plan, aiming to embed public health information into every consultation a patient or family has with a healthcare practitioner. The period preceding and following surgery is a time when patients or their families are motivated to make a behavioral change. It has been shown that parents who smoke are more likely to attempt smoking cessation if their child has had recent surgery but not to maintain their abstinence; however, we know that subsequent quit attempts increase the likelihood that a smoker will succeed in permanently abstaining so aiming for a quit attempt rather than permanent abstinence is a valid aim. A suggested screening method would be to firstly ask all parents or carers in the preoperative health screening questionnaire about their child's exposure to ETS, accepting this lacks both the sensitivity and specificity of a valid screening tool. This can be augmented by measuring exhaled carbon monoxide in any child who is able to comply with the test; exhaled carbon monoxide has been shown to be a valid screening tool for exposure to ETS in adolescents but not children under 12 years of age, perhaps because smaller children may not be able to cooperate with the test which requires a vital capacity maneuver to provide an adequate endtidal sample. A suggested model for smoking cessation intervention is called Very Brief Advice and comprises three parts: Ask about a child's exposure to ETS with/without exhaled carbon monoxide measurement Advise about the risks to the child's general and perioperative health and the health of the smoker and wider family plus the benefits of smoking cessation Act on the response by referring to local smoking cessation support. Referral to local smoking cessation services should be along established pathways. Thus, recording a household smoking status and referring to local smoking cessation services targets a public health measure with benefits beyond the individual patient and planned anesthetic. There is no evidence in the literature of the effect of environmental exposure to electronic cigarettes ("vaping") on a child's perioperative health. Further research is needed to establish if preoperative reduction in or removal from exposure to ETS reduces the risk of respiratory adverse events in the child.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Adolescente , Cuidadores , Criança , Exposição Ambiental , Humanos , Lactente , Assistência Perioperatória , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos
9.
Indian J Crit Care Med ; 24(6): 490-491, 2020 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32863649

RESUMO

Acute talc powder inhalation is very rare in adults, though it is commonly reported in the infants and children. This is a report of a medical student who collapsed following accidental inhalation of talc powder at the college premises. A short review of the symptoms and complications along with the pathophysiology of pulmonary injury in acute talc inhalation also has been discussed over here. How to cite this article: Naik SB, Guruprasad M. Accidental Acute Talcum Powder Inhalation in an Adult: A Rare Case with a Short Review of Literature. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(6):490-491.

10.
J Pediatr ; 211: 98-104.e4, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30954245

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of potentially life-threatening complications of hypocalcemia in infants and children in Olmsted County, Minnesota; and to determine if vitamin D deficiency contributed to these events and was, at the time of clinical presentation, considered as a possible cause. STUDY DESIGN: In this population-based descriptive study, data were abstracted from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical record linkage system covering 95% of patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Participants were children aged 0-5 years who resided in Olmsted County between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2017, and who received diagnoses of seizures, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, laryngospasm, and/or tetany. The incidence of hypocalcemia plus a potentially life-threatening complication was calculated. RESULTS: Among 15 419 patients aged 0-5 years in Olmsted County during the study period, 1305 had eligible complications: 460 had serum calcium checked within 14 days of presentation and 85 had hypocalcemia. Patients were excluded when causes other than hypocalcemia likely triggered the complication, leaving 16 children whose complication was attributed to hypocalcemia. Three of these 16 patients had a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement and 2 were deficient (≤6 ng/mL [15 nmol/L]). Among children aged 0-5 years, the incidence of hypocalcemia plus a potentially life-threatening complication was 6.1 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 3.5-10.0). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is an underinvestigated cause of complications of hypocalcemia in children. Serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured in children with these complications to identify possibly life-threatening vitamin D deficiency.


Assuntos
Hipocalcemia/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Cálcio/sangue , Cardiomiopatias/complicações , Cardiomiopatias/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Coleta de Dados , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Feminino , Parada Cardíaca/complicações , Parada Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipocalcemia/epidemiologia , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Laringismo/complicações , Laringismo/epidemiologia , Masculino , Minnesota , Insuficiência Respiratória/complicações , Insuficiência Respiratória/epidemiologia , Convulsões/complicações , Convulsões/epidemiologia , Tetania/complicações , Tetania/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia
11.
J Perianesth Nurs ; 34(2): 250-258, 2019 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30100095

RESUMO

Only a few cases regarding postobstructive pulmonary edema following laryngospasm in older patients aged more than 60 years have been reported; however, acute pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage would be more deadly to elderly patients who have cerebrovascular disease than young healthy adults. After review of the literature, we report an unusual case of a 67-year-old man with ischemic cerebrovascular disease, who underwent carotid angioplasty and stenting and experienced severe pulmonary edema and hemorrhage secondary to laryngospasm after general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway. The patient required positive-pressure ventilation, supportive treatment, and active cerebroprotection in the intensive care setting for 3 days before the edema resolved, and subsequently made a complete recovery without new onset of neurologic sequelae. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms, precaution, and preventative strategy of postobstructive pulmonary edema in older patients are discussed.


Assuntos
Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/complicações , Laringismo/complicações , Edema Pulmonar/etiologia , Idoso , Anestesia Geral/métodos , Angioplastia/métodos , Artérias Carótidas/cirurgia , Hemorragia/etiologia , Humanos , Laringismo/etiologia , Masculino , Respiração com Pressão Positiva
12.
J Emerg Med ; 55(5): 670-681, 2018 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30197153

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Rapid tranquilization of agitated patients can prevent injuries and expedite care. Whereas antipsychotics and benzodiazepines are commonly used for this purpose, ketamine has been suggested as an alternative. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to determine the safety and effectiveness of ketamine to sedate prehospital and emergency department (ED) patients with undifferentiated agitation. METHODS: Studies and case series of patients receiving ketamine for agitation were included. Studies were excluded if ketamine was used for analgesia, procedural sedation, asthma, or induction. Information sources included traditional and gray literature. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1176 results from 14 databases. After review of titles and abstracts, 32 studies were reviewed and 18 were included in the analysis, representing 650 patient encounters. The mean dose of ketamine was 315 mg (SD 52) given intramuscularly, with adequate sedation achieved in 7.2 min (SD 6.2, range 2-500). Intubation occurred in 30.5% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.0-34.1%). In the majority of those patients, ketamine was administered by paramedics during ground transport and the patient was intubated on ED arrival. When ketamine was administered in the ED, the intubation rate was 1.8% (95% CI 0.0-4.4%); in air medical transport, the rate was 4.9% (95% CI 0.0-10.3%). Other reported side effects included: vomiting, 5.2% (2.3-8.1%); hypertension, 12.1% (5.7-18.6%); emergence reactions, 3.5% (1.4-5.6%); transient hypoxia, 1.8% (0.1-3.6%) and laryngospasm, 1.3% (0.3-2.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine provides rapid sedation for undifferentiated agitated patients and is associated with higher intubation rates when used by ground Emergency Medical Services paramedics, compared with ED or air medical transport patients. Other side effects are common but usually self-limiting.


Assuntos
Anestésicos Dissociativos/uso terapêutico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Ketamina/uso terapêutico , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos
13.
Wien Med Wochenschr ; 168(7-8): 184-188, 2018 May.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29450783

RESUMO

Laryngospasm in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a symptom seldom described in neurological literature. Despite the self limiting character it means a life threatening condition for the patient himself. This case report and the following discussion tries to look upon underlying causes and options of therapy.


Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica , Laringismo , Idoso , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Laringismo/diagnóstico , Laringismo/etiologia , Masculino
14.
Epilepsia ; 58(6): e87-e90, 2017 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28464295

RESUMO

Seizure spread into autonomic and respiratory brainstem regions is thought to play an important role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). As the clinical dataset of cases of definite SUDEP available for study grows, evidence points to a sequence of events that includes postictal apnea, bradycardia, and asystole as critical events that can lead to death. One possible link between the precipitating seizure and the critical postictal sequence is seizure-driven laryngospasm sufficient to completely obstruct the airway for an extended period, but ictal laryngospasm is difficult to fully assess. Herein, we demonstrate in a rat model how the electrical artifacts of attempts to inspire during airway obstruction and features of the cardiac rhythm establish this link between ictal and postictal activity and can be used as practical biomarkers of obstructive apnea due to laryngospasm or other causes of airway obstruction.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Biomarcadores , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Morte Súbita/etiologia , Morte Súbita/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletrocardiografia , Eletromiografia , Epilepsia/complicações , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , Laringismo/complicações , Laringismo/fisiopatologia , Centro Respiratório/fisiopatologia , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/fisiopatologia , Animais , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões/complicações , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Trabalho Respiratório
15.
BMC Pediatr ; 17(1): 169, 2017 Jul 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28720085

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Sudden breath-holding episodes during sleep in young children are potentially related to sudden infant death syndrome and other life-threatening events. Additionally, these episodes can negatively affect child's growth and development. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present 3 cases of preschool children with similar paroxysmal nocturnal waking events associated with choking that had different etiologies (nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease, and parasomnia, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to take into consideration the fact that breath spells during sleep can occur as a rare manifestation of parasomnia due to gastroesophageal reflux or as a symptom of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Full video electroencephalography, polysomnography, and simultaneous gastric pH monitoring should be used for the differential diagnosis of sleep-related disorders, such as breath spells, in children.


Assuntos
Suspensão da Respiração , Epilepsia do Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Parassonias/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia do Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologia , Monitoramento do pH Esofágico , Feminino , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Parassonias/fisiopatologia , Polissonografia
16.
Paediatr Anaesth ; 27(3): 282-289, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28181336

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Exaggerated defensive upper airway reflexes, particularly laryngospasm, may cause hypoxemic damage, especially in children. General clinical experience suggests that laryngeal reflex responses are more common under light levels of anesthesia, and previous clinical studies have shown an inverse correlation between laryngeal responsiveness and depth of hypnosis. However, this seems to be less obvious in children anesthetized with sevoflurane. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high concentrations of sevoflurane on laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses in spontaneously breathing children. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses were completely suppressed in spontaneously breathing children when anesthetized with sevoflurane 4.7% (=MACED95Intubation ) as compared with sevoflurane 2.5% (=1 MAC). METHODS: In this prospective observational study, we tested the hypothesis that the incidence of laryngospasm evoked by laryngeal stimulation is diminished under high concentrations of sevoflurane. Following Ethics approval, trial registration, and informed consent, 40 children (3-7 years) scheduled for elective surgery participated in the trial. All children received sevoflurane 2.5% (1 MAC) and 4.7% (ED95Intubation ) in random order with 5-min equilibration between the states. Under both conditions, distilled water was sprayed under bronchoscopic view onto the larynx. Potential laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses were assessed offline by a blinded reviewer. RESULTS: Laryngospasm (episodes lasting >10 s) occurred in 12/38 (32%) of the patients anesthetized with sevoflurane 2.5%, vs 7/38 (18%) in those anesthetized with sevoflurane 4.7% (difference: OR 3.5; 95% CI [0.72-16.84], P = 0.18). All other reflex responses (coughing, expiration reflexes, and spasmodic panting) were infrequent and were similar among the examined concentrations. CONCLUSION: Against our hypothesis, laryngospasm could still be observed in 18% of children under the higher concentration of sevoflurane (4.7%, ED95Intubation ).


Assuntos
Anestésicos Inalatórios/farmacologia , Laringismo/prevenção & controle , Laringe/efeitos dos fármacos , Éteres Metílicos/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Laringe/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Sevoflurano
17.
J Anesth ; 31(4): 608-616, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28120104

RESUMO

The infiltration of local anaesthetic agents has been shown to reduce post-tonsillectomy pain. A number of recent studies have shown that the addition of agents such as clonidine and dexamethasone improve the efficacy of nerve blocks and spinal anaesthesia. The aim of this review was to determine whether additives to local anaesthetic agents improve post-tonsillectomy outcomes. Four major databases were systematically searched for all relevant studies published up to August 2016. All study designs with a control group receiving local anaesthetic infiltration and an intervention receiving the same infiltration with an added agent were included in this review. These studies were then assessed for level of evidence and risk of bias. The data were then analysed both qualitatively and where appropriate by meta-analysis. We reviewed 11 randomised controlled trial (RCTs) that included 854 patients. Due to inconsistencies in the methods used to report outcomes, both quantitative and qualitative comparisons were required to analyse the extracted data. Overall, we found that dexamethasone, magnesium, pethidine and tramadol reduce post-operative pain and analgesia use, with dexamethasone in particular significantly reducing post-operative nausea and vomiting and magnesium infiltration significantly reducing the incidence of laryngospasm. This systematic review of RCTs provides strong evidence that the use of dexamethasone and magnesium as additives to local anaesthetics reduces post-tonsillectomy pain and analgesia requirement. There is limited evidence that pethidine and tramadol have a similar effect on pain and analgesia requirement. The studies in this pooled analysis are sufficiently strong to make a level one recommendation that the addition of magnesium to local anaesthetics reduces the incidence of laryngospasm, a potentially lethal post-operative complication. Review level of evidence: 1.


Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Tonsilectomia/métodos , Clonidina/administração & dosagem , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Laringismo/prevenção & controle , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Náusea e Vômito Pós-Operatórios/epidemiologia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Tonsilectomia/efeitos adversos
19.
Paediatr Anaesth ; 26(6): 628-36, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27061749

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Guidelines for referral of children to general anesthesia (GA) to complete MRI studies are lacking. We devised a pediatric procedural sedation guide to determine whether a pediatric procedural sedation guide would decrease serious adverse events and decrease failed sedations requiring rescheduling with GA. METHODS: We constructed a consensus-based sedation guide by combining a retrospective review of reasons for referral of children to GA (n = 221) with published risk factors associated with the inability to complete the MRI study with sedation. An interrupted time series analysis of 11 530 local sedation records from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium between July 2008 and March 2013, adjusted for case-mix differences in the pre- and postsedation guide cohorts, evaluated whether a sedation guide resulted in decreased severe adverse events (SAE) and failed sedation rates. RESULTS: A significant increase in referrals to GA following implementation of a sedation guide occurred (P < 0.001), and fewer children with an ASA-PS class ≥III were sedated using procedural sedation (P < 0.001). There was no decrease in SAE (P = 0.874) or in SAE plus airway obstruction with concurrent hypoxia (P = 0.435). There was no change in the percentage of failed sedations (P = 0.169). CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to determine the impact of a sedation guide on pediatric procedural sedation services.


Assuntos
Anestesia Geral/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
20.
Vet Anaesth Analg ; 43(5): 511-8, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26872141

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To identify the dose of rocuronium that will prevent a laryngeal response to water spraying of the glottis in anesthetized cats. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: Eight healthy, adult, short-haired cats, aged 1-4 years, weighing 3.2-6.0 kg. METHODS: Each cat was anesthetized four times and administered one of four doses of rocuronium (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg(-1) ) in random order. The larynx was observed with a video-endoscope inserted through a laryngeal mask airway. Video-clips of the laryngeal response to a sterile water spray (0.2 mL) were obtained at baseline (without rocuronium) and at maximal effect of each treatment. Glottal closure score (0-2), duration of glottal closure, and number of adductive arytenoid movements were obtained from video-clips of laryngeal responses (reproduced in slow motion) at baseline and after treatment. Two observers blinded to treatment allocation scored the vigor of the laryngeal response on a visual analog scale (VAS). The duration of apnea (up to 5 minutes) was recorded for each treatment. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, rocuronium 0.3 mg kg(-1) and 0.6 mg kg(-1) significantly decreased all glottal scores obtained from the videos (all p < 0.03). Both observers gave lower VAS scores after 0.3 mg kg(-1) (both p = 0.015). Apnea lasting ≥ 5 minutes occurred in none, one, three and seven of eight cats administered doses of rocuronium 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg(-1) , respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Rocuronium 0.3 mg kg(-1) and 0.6 mg kg(-1) consistently decreased the completeness and duration of the laryngeal response to water spray, and reduced the number of arytenoid adductive movements in response to that stimulus. However, a laryngeal response was never completely prevented. Rocuronium 0.3 mg kg(-1) may be useful for facilitating tracheal intubation. Positive pressure ventilation must be available for cats administered rocuronium.


Assuntos
Androstanóis/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Laringismo/veterinária , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/uso terapêutico , Animais , Apneia/induzido quimicamente , Gatos , Estudos Cross-Over , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Glote , Laringismo/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Estimulação Física , Rocurônio
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