Three-dimensional prediction of nose morphology in Chinese young adults: a pilot study combining cone-beam computed tomography and 3dMD photogrammetry system.

The nose is the most prominent part of the face and is a crucial factor for facial esthetics as well as facial reconstruction. Although some studies have explored the features of external nose and predicted the relationships between skeletal structures and soft tissues in the nasal region, the reliability and applicability of methods used in previous studies have not been reproduced. In addition, the majority of previous studies have focused on the sagittal direction, whereas the thickness of the soft tissues was rarely analyzed in three dimensions. A few studies have explained the specific characteristics of the nose of Chinese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the hard nasal structures and soft external nose in three dimensions and to predict the morphology of the nose based on hard-tissue measurements. To eliminate the influence of low resolution of CBCT and increase the accuracy of measurement, three-dimensional (3D) images captured by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3dMD photogrammetry system were used in this study. Twenty-six measurements (15 measurements for hard tissue and 11 measurements for soft tissue) based on 5 craniometric and 5 capulometric landmarks of the nose of 120 males and 120 females were obtained. All of the subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (180 subjects consisting of 90 males and 90 females) and a test group (60 subjects consisting of 30 males and 30 females). Correlation coefficients between hard- and soft-tissue measurements were analyzed, and regression equations were obtained based on the experimental group and served as predictors to estimate nasal morphology in the test group. Most hard- and soft-tissue measurements appeared significantly different between genders. The strongest correlation was found between basis nasi protrusion and nasospinale protrusion (0.499) in males, and nasal height and nTr-nsTr (0.593) in females. For the regression equations, the highest value of R2 was observed in the nasal bridge length in males (0.257) and nasal tip protrusion in females (0.389). The proportion of subjects with predicted errors < 10% was over 86.7% in males and 70.0% in females. Our study proved that a combined CBCT and 3dMD photogrammetry system is a reliable method for nasal morphology estimation. Further research should investigate other influencing factors such as age, skeletal types, facial proportions, or population variance in nasal morphology estimation.

Age-Related Changes in the External Noses of the Anatolian Men.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of age-related nasal region measurements in Anatolian men; growth changes between adult and old age. BACKGROUND: The nose plays a critical role in determining the external appearance of an individual. Craniofacial anthropometry has been commonly used in forensic anthropology and medicine. METHODS: A total of 300 men (100 between 20-40 years; 100 between 40-60 years and 100 60-up years) were measured using a photographic technic from the Image J program. From the landmarks, 13 linear distances and 3 angles were calculated and averaged for age groups. RESULTS: The means of nasal bridge lengths of three age groups were 60.30, 63.43 and 64.63 mm, respectively. The average nasal tip protrusions of three groups were 24.31, 26.69 and 27.53 mm, respectively. Nasolabial angle, nasal bridge length and tip protrusion, anatomic and morphologic nose width and root width were statistically different between the three age groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results collected in this study could serve as a data bank for nasal anthropometry during aging and development. The assessment of teratogenic-induced traumas, craniofacial alteration, facial reconstruction, aging of dead person and personal identification may be assisted by age data from Anatolian men from age data banks. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Depth of the subcutaneous tissue in the nose: Application to filler injection.

INTRODUCTION: The nasal region plays a pivotal role in both facial esthetics and functionality. The use of volumizing fillers has emerged as a potential means to enhance nasal appearance. Preliminary findings from cadaveric studies have highlighted potential risks associated with deeper needle injection, leading to cartilage damage and lateral migration of filler material. Understanding the subcutaneous tissue depth is crucial to prevent such complications and ensure safe filler placement guided by anatomical knowledge. METHODS: This study aimed to employ ultrasonographic assessment to precisely measure the depth of soft tissue in the nasal area. Fifty-two participants without prior nasal surgery or filler injections underwent detailed ultrasonographic evaluation, focusing on seven key anatomical points: Glabellar, Sellion, Rhinion, between Rhinion and Pronasal, Pronasal, between Pronasal and Subnasal, and Subnasal. RESULTS: The ultrasonographic observation revealed varying depths of subcutaneous tissue across these points: Glabellar (4.11 ± 0.79), Sellion (5.21 ± 0.97), Rhinion (2.02 ± 0.74), Rhinion to Pronasal midpoint (6.45 ± 3.1), Pronasal (9.5 ± 2.2), between Pronasal and Subnasal (8.8 ± 0.8), and Subnasal (8.5 ± 0.5). DISCUSSION: The discussion underscores the significance of understanding subcutaneous tissue depth in guiding needle length and approach angles during filler injections. This knowledge aids in achieving effective filling while ensuring safe placement within the subcutaneous tissue.

Giant ethmoid mucocele presenting as a nasal region mass with intracranial extension, a case report.

Background: Mucocele is expansile slowly growing benign cystic lesion that occurs as a result of occlusion of the ostia of the paranasal sinuses. It mostly involves the frontal sinus followed by ethmoid and rarely sphenoid and maxillary sinuses. Case presentation: Authors present a rare case of giant ethmoid mucocele in 34-year-old adult male presenting as nasal region mass with intracranial extension. Conclusions: Authors highlight that giant ethmoid mucoceles are rare and may have intracranial or extracranial extension resulting in craniofacial disfigurement which should be considered in patient presenting with nasal region mass.

Analysis of gender differences on pyriform aperture of human skulls using geometric morphometric method.

BACKGROUND: Piriform aperture is anterior opening of the nasal cavity formed by bones of the viscerocranium and knowledge about differences between genders is important for forensic scientists, anthropologists, orthopaedists, neurosurgeons and vascular surgeons. The aim of this study was to examine gender differences of piriform aperture on three-dimensional (3D) models of human skulls originating from Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 211 3D models of human skulls of known gender. 3D models were obtained by laser scanning. We analysed the gender differences of piriform aperture using geometric morphometrics method. On 3D models we marked four landmarks on piriform aperture in the Landmark Editor programme, after which we analysed its gender differences in MorphoJ programme. RESULTS: The first principal component analysis axis described 40.398% of total variability of piriform aperture. The greatest gender variability was present in the position of the landmark rhinion. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the piriform aperture allowed the gender determination with 64.03% accuracy for male and 70.83% accuracy for female gender. The size of the piriform aperture showed a statistically significant difference between genders. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the piriform aperture without affecting size enabled gender determination with 59.71% accuracy for male and 62.5% accuracy for female. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of piriform aperture between genders. The accuracy for gender determination based on piriform aperture was higher in females.

The nasal region of the ~417 ka Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) Hominin: New terminology and implications for later human evolution.

Circum-nasal and nasal cavity morphology add to the picture of the Sima de los Huesos specimens as, at one level, representing a distinct morph and, at another, displaying individual variation. They developed a robust, midline-grooved, three-dimensional spinal ridge lying anteriorly in the nasal cavity floor that was distended posteriorly over the nasal cavity floor, and, typically, an expansive, three-dimensional patch of rugose bone on the nasal cavity wall where a conchal crest would otherwise lie. They vary, for example, in degree of topographic relief of the nasal cavity wall, expression of the spinal ridge, and development of nasal crests and fossae. Lacking an anterior nasal spine, Sima specimens differ from extant and most fossil Homo sapiens, some specimens attributed to H. heidelbergensis, and the Gran Dolina partial face, whose anterior nasal spine is a superoanterior distention of the nasoalveolar clivus, and also from Neanderthals, whose anterior nasal spine projects anteriorly away from the nasoalveolar clivus. Comparison of Neanderthals, the Sima hominin, and specimens regarded as H. heidelbergensis calls for re-evaluating the integrity of "heidelbergensis" and rethinking the phylogenetic relationships of them all. To precisely describe the numerous features and combinations thereof of the nasal region in Sima specimens, and compare them with Neandertals and "H. heidelbergensis", we developed terminology that is applicable not only to hominins, but to mammals in general.

Maternal Folic Acid Deficiency Is Associated to Developing Nasal and Palate Malformations in Mice.

Craniofacial development requires extremely fine-tuned developmental coordination of multiple specialized tissues. It has been evidenced that a folate deficiency (vitamin B9), or its synthetic form, folic acid (FA), in maternal diet could trigger multiple craniofacial malformations as oral clefts, tongue, or mandible abnormalities. In this study, a folic acid-deficient (FAD) diet was administered to eight-week-old C57/BL/6J female mouse for 2-16 weeks. The head symmetry, palate and nasal region were studied in 24 control and 260 experimental fetuses. Our results showed a significant reduction in the mean number of fetuses per litter according to maternal weeks on FAD diet (p < 0.01). Fetuses were affected by cleft palate (3.8%) as well as other severe congenital abnormalities, for the first time related to maternal FAD diet, as head asymmetries (4.6%), high arched palate (3.5%), nasal septum malformed (7.3%), nasopharynx duct shape (15%), and cilia and epithelium abnormalities (11.2% and 5.8%). Dysmorphologies of the nasal region were the most frequent, appearing at just four weeks following a maternal FAD diet. This is the first time that nasal region development is experimentally related to this vitamin deficiency. In conclusion, our report offers novel discoveries about the importance of maternal folate intake on midface craniofacial development of the embryos. Moreover, the longer the deficit lasts, the more serious the consequent effects appear to be.

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis: a rare involvement of the paralateral nasal region.

A case of subcutaneous sarcoidosis involving the paralateral nasal region is described and a brief review of the literature is made. Subcutaneous sarcoidosis without systemic disease is a rare entity and has seldom been reported on the trunk and face. Diagnosis is always difficult as it can only be confirmed by histological studies.

Alterações anatomopatológicas na região nasal de gatos domésticos com esporotricose: lesões sem tratamento e lesões refratárias / Pathological changes in the nasal area of domestic cats with sporotrichosis: untreated injuries and refractory lesions

A esporotricose é uma enfermidade causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii. Gatos com esporotricose geralmente apresentam lesões cutâneas ricas em estruturas leveduriformes, encontradas com maior frequência na cabeça. Verifica-se que em alguns casos, as lesões podem ser refratárias ao tratamento, principalmente quando localizadas na região nasal. Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever as alterações anatomopatológicas na região nasal de gatos com esporotricose que não receberam tratamento antifúngico e de gatos com lesões refratárias. Utilizou-se uma amostra de conveniência composta por 50 gatos com diagnóstico micológico de esporotricose que apresentavam lesões na região nasal, atendidos no Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC) entre os anos de 2007 e 2009. Destes, 27 não receberam tratamento e 23 foram tratados com itraconazol isoladamente ou associado à anfotericina B. Foi coletado um fragmento de lesão nasal por biopsia ou toda a região nasal nos gatos submetidos à necropsia. As amostras de tecido foram processadas pelas técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina, de ácido periódico de Schiff e de impregnação pela prata de GrocottOs casos, independentemente do tratamento, apresentaram predomínio de acentuado infiltrado inflamatório e semelhança quanto aos tipos de células inflamatórias envolvidas. Intensidade acentuada de estruturas leveduriformes de S. schenckii foi predominante com brotamentos frequentes, inclusive em lesões refratárias, o que demonstra a falha dos agentes antifúngicos. A frequência de granulomas bem organizados foi maior nos casos refratários, que apresentaram menor intensidade de infecção...

Sporotrichosis is a disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii.Cats with sporotrichosis usually have skin lesions rich in yeast forms, found morefrequently on the head. In some cases, the lesions may be refractory to treatment,especially when located in the nasal region. This study aimed to describe thepathological changes in the nasal region of cats with sporotrichosis that did notreceive antifungal treatment and cats with refractory lesions. We used a conveniencesample consisting of 50 cats with mycological diagnosis of sporotrichosis that hadlesions in the nasal region, examinated at Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica EvandroChagas (IPEC) between the years 2007 and 2009. Of these, 27 did not receivetreatment and 23 were treated with itraconazole alone or in combination withamphotericin B. A fragment of nasal lesion by biopsy or the entire nasal region incats subjected to necropsy was collected. Tissue samples were processed by thetechniques of hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and Grocott silver impregnation.Cases, regardless of treatment, showed a predominance of high inflammatoryinfiltrate and similarity in the types of inflammatory cells involved. Higher intensity ofthe yeast cells of S. schenckii was predominant with frequent budding forms,including refractory lesions, which demonstrates the failure of antifungal agents. Thefrequency of well organized granulomas was higher in refractory cases, which hadlower intensity of infection...