At-Sensor Radiometric Correction of a Multispectral Camera (RedEdge) for sUAS Vegetation Mapping.

Rapid advancement of drone technology enables small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) for quantitative applications in public and private sectors. The drone-mounted 5-band MicaSense RedEdge cameras, for example, have been popularly adopted in the agroindustry for assessment of crop healthiness. The camera extracts surface reflectance by referring to a pre-calibrated reflectance panel (CRP). This study tests the performance of a Matrace100/RedEdge-M camera in extracting surface reflectance orthoimages. Exploring multiple flights and field experiments, an at-sensor radiometric correction model was developed that integrated the default CRP and a Downwelling Light Sensor (DLS). Results at three vegetated sites reveal that the current CRP-only RedEdge-M correction procedure works fine except the NIR band, and the performance is less stable on cloudy days affected by sun diurnal, weather, and ground variations. The proposed radiometric correction model effectively reduces these local impacts to the extracted surface reflectance. Results also reveal that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the RedEdge orthoimage is prone to overestimation and saturation in vegetated fields. Taking advantage of the camera's red edge band centered at 717 nm, this study proposes a red edge NDVI (ReNDVI). The non-vegetation can be easily excluded with ReNDVI < 0.1. For vegetation, the ReNDVI provides reasonable values in a wider histogram than NDVI. It could be better applied to assess vegetation healthiness across the site.

Intercomparison of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Measurements for Atmospheric Science during the LAPSE-RATE Campaign.

Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are rapidly transforming atmospheric research. With the advancement of the development and application of these systems, improving knowledge of best practices for accurate measurement is critical for achieving scientific goals. We present results from an intercomparison of atmospheric measurement data from the Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation-a Remotely piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) field campaign. We evaluate a total of 38 individual sUAS with 23 unique sensor and platform configurations using a meteorological tower for reference measurements. We assess precision, bias, and time response of sUAS measurements of temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. Most sUAS measurements show broad agreement with the reference, particularly temperature and wind speed, with mean value differences of 1.6 ± 2 . 6 ∘ C and 0.22 ± 0 . 59 m/s for all sUAS, respectively. sUAS platform and sensor configurations were found to contribute significantly to measurement accuracy. Sensor configurations, which included proper aspiration and radiation shielding of sensors, were found to provide the most accurate thermodynamic measurements (temperature and relative humidity), whereas sonic anemometers on multirotor platforms provided the most accurate wind measurements (horizontal speed and direction). We contribute both a characterization and assessment of sUAS for measuring atmospheric parameters, and identify important challenges and opportunities for improving scientific measurements with sUAS.

On the Use of Rotary-Wing Aircraft to Sample Near-Surface Thermodynamic Fields: Results from Recent Field Campaigns.

Rotary-wing small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are increasingly being used for sampling thermodynamic and chemical properties of the Earth's atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) because of their ability to measure at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Therefore, they have the potential to be used for long-term quasi-continuous monitoring of the ABL, which is critical for improving ABL parameterizations and improving numerical weather prediction (NWP) models through data assimilation. Before rotary-wing aircraft can be used for these purposes, however, their performance and the sensors used therein must be adequately characterized. In the present study, we describe recent calibration and validation procedures for thermodynamic sensors used on two rotary-wing aircraft: A DJI S-1000 and MD4-1000. These evaluations indicated a high level of confidence in the on-board measurements. We then used these measurements to characterize the spatiotemporal variability of near-surface (up to 300-m AGL) temperature and moisture fields as a component of two recent field campaigns: The Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment in the Southeast U.S. (VORTEX-SE) in Alabama, and the Land Atmosphere Feedback Experiment (LAFE) in northern Oklahoma.

Atmospheric Sampling on Ascension Island Using Multirotor UAVs.

As part of an NERC-funded project investigating the southern methane anomaly, a team drawn from the Universities of Bristol, Birmingham and Royal Holloway flew small unmanned multirotors from Ascension Island for the purposes of atmospheric sampling. The objective of these flights was to collect air samples from below, within and above a persistent atmospheric feature, the Trade Wind Inversion, in order to characterise methane concentrations and their isotopic composition. These parameters allow the methane in the different air masses to be tied to different source locations, which can be further analysed using back trajectory atmospheric computer modelling. This paper describes the campaigns as a whole including the design of the bespoke eight rotor aircraft and the operational requirements that were needed in order to collect targeted multiple air samples up to 2.5 km above the ground level in under 20 min of flight time. Key features of the system described include real-time feedback of temperature and humidity, as well as system health data. This enabled detailed targeting of the air sampling design to be realised and planned during the flight mission on the downward leg, a capability that is invaluable in the presence of uncertainty in the pre-flight meteorological data. Environmental considerations are also outlined together with the flight plans that were created in order to rapidly fly vertical transects of the atmosphere whilst encountering changing wind conditions. Two sampling campaigns were carried out in September 2014 and July 2015 with over one hundred high altitude sampling missions. Lessons learned are given throughout, including those associated with operating in the testing environment encountered on Ascension Island.

Vicarious Calibration of sUAS Microbolometer Temperature Imagery for Estimation of Radiometric Land Surface Temperature.

In recent years, the availability of lightweight microbolometer thermal cameras compatible with small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) has allowed their use in diverse scientific and management activities that require sub-meter pixel resolution. Nevertheless, as with sensors already used in temperature remote sensing (e.g., Landsat satellites), a radiance atmospheric correction is necessary to estimate land surface temperature. This is because atmospheric conditions at any sUAS flight elevation will have an adverse impact on the image accuracy, derived calculations, and study replicability using the microbolometer technology. This study presents a vicarious calibration methodology (sUAS-specific, time-specific, flight-specific, and sensor-specific) for sUAS temperature imagery traceable back to NIST-standards and current atmospheric correction methods. For this methodology, a three-year data collection campaign with a sUAS called "AggieAir", developed at Utah State University, was performed for vineyards near Lodi, California, for flights conducted at different times (early morning, Landsat overpass, and mid-afternoon") and seasonal conditions. From the results of this study, it was found that, despite the spectral response of microbolometer cameras (7.0 to 14.0 µm), it was possible to account for the effects of atmospheric and sUAS operational conditions, regardless of time and weather, to acquire accurate surface temperature data. In addition, it was found that the main atmospheric correction parameters (transmissivity and atmospheric radiance) significantly varied over the course of a day. These parameters fluctuated the most in early morning and partially stabilized in Landsat overpass and in mid-afternoon times. In terms of accuracy, estimated atmospheric correction parameters presented adequate statistics (confidence bounds under ±0.1 for transmissivity and ±1.2 W/m²/sr/um for atmospheric radiance, with a range of RMSE below 1.0 W/m²/sr/um) for all sUAS flights. Differences in estimated temperatures between original thermal image and the vicarious calibration procedure reported here were estimated from -5 °C to 10 °C for early morning, and from 0 to 20 °C for Landsat overpass and mid-afternoon times.

Chlorophyll Fluorometer for Intelligent Water Sampling by a Small Uncrewed Aircraft System (sUAS).

We describe a waterproof, lightweight (1.3 kg), low-power (∼1.1 W average power) fluorometer operating on 5 V direct current deployed on a small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) to measure chlorophyll and used for triggering environmental water sampling by the sUAS. The fluorometer uses a 450 nm laser modulated at 10 Hz for excitation and a standard photodiode and transimpedance amplifier for the detection of fluorescence. Additional detectors are available for measuring laser intensity and light scattering. Control of the fluorometer and communication between the fluorometer and the Raspberry Pi 4B computer controlling the sampler were provided by an Arduino microcontroller using the robot operating system (ROS). Calibrations were based on standards of dissolved chlorophyll extracted from Chlorella powder (a widely available dietary supplement). The detection limit for chlorophyll from these calibrations was found to be 0.2 µg per liter of water for a single 0.1 s differential measurement. The detection limit decreases with the square root of the integration time as expected. Detection limits increase by a factor of two to three when mounted in the sUAS due to electrical noise; sUAS acoustic noise and vibration do not appear to contribute significantly.

Fluorometer Control and Readout Using an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense Board.

We describe the control and interfacing of a fluorometer designed for aerial drone-based measurements of chlorophyll-a using an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense board. This 64 MHz controller board provided suitable resolution and speed for analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion, processed data, handled communications via the Robot Operating System (ROS) and included a variety of built-in sensors that were used to monitor the fluorometer for vibration, acoustic noise, water leaks and overheating. The fluorometer was integrated into a small Uncrewed Aircraft System (sUAS) for automated water sampling through a Raspberry Pi master computer using the ROS. The average power consumption was 1.1 W. A signal standard deviation of 334 µV was achieved for the fluorescence blank measurement, mainly determined by the input noise equivalent power of the transimpedance amplifier. An ADC precision of 130 µV for 10 Hz chopped measurements was achieved for signals in the input range 0-600 mV.

Development of High Performance Computing Tools for Estimation of High-Resolution Surface Energy Balance Products Using sUAS Information.

sUAS (small-Unmanned Aircraft System) and advanced surface energy balance models allow detailed assessment and monitoring (at plant scale) of different (agricultural, urban, and natural) environments. Significant progress has been made in the understanding and modeling of atmosphere-plant-soil interactions and numerical quantification of the internal processes at plant scale. Similarly, progress has been made in ground truth information comparison and validation models. An example of this progress is the application of sUAS information using the Two-Source Surface Energy Balance (TSEB) model in commercial vineyards by the Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment - GRAPEX Project in California. With advances in frequent sUAS data collection for larger areas, sUAS information processing becomes computationally expensive on local computers. Additionally, fragmentation of different models and tools necessary to process the data and validate the results is a limiting factor. For example, in the referred GRAPEX project, commercial software (ArcGIS and MS Excel) and Python and Matlab code are needed to complete the analysis. There is a need to assess and integrate research conducted with sUAS and surface energy balance models in a sharing platform to be easily migrated to high performance computing (HPC) resources. This research, sponsored by the National Science Foundation FAIR Cyber Training Fellowships, is integrating disparate software and code under a unified language (Python). The Python code for estimating the surface energy fluxes using TSEB2T model as well as the EC footprint analysis code for ground truth information comparison were hosted in myGeoHub site https://mygeohub.org/ to be reproducible and replicable.

Assessing Daily Evapotranspiration Methodologies from One-Time-of-Day sUAS and EC Information in the GRAPEX Project.

Daily evapotranspiration (ET d ) plays a key role in irrigation water management and is particularly important in drought-stricken areas, such as California and high-value crops. Remote sensing allows for the cost-effective estimation of spatial evapotranspiration (ET), and the advent of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) technology has made it possible to estimate instantaneous high-resolution ET at the plant, row, and subfield scales. sUAS estimates ET using "instantaneous" remote sensing measurements with half-hourly/hourly forcing micrometeorological data, yielding hourly fluxes in W/m2 that are then translated to a daily scale (mm/day) under two assumptions: (a) relative rates, such as the ratios of ET-to-net radiation (R n ) or ET-to-solar radiation (R s ), are assumed to be constant rather than absolute, and (b) nighttime evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) contributions are negligible. While assumption (a) may be reasonable for unstressed, full cover crops (no exposed soil), the E and T rates may significantly vary over the course of the day for partially vegetated cover conditions due to diurnal variations of soil and crop temperatures and interactions between soil and vegetation elements in agricultural environments, such as vineyards and orchards. In this study, five existing extrapolation approaches that compute the daily ET from the "instantaneous" remotely sensed sUAS ET estimates and the eddy covariance (EC) flux tower measurements were evaluated under different weather, grapevine variety, and trellis designs. Per assumption (b), the nighttime ET contribution was ignored. Each extrapolation technique (evaporative fraction (EF), solar radiation (R s ), net radiation-to-solar radiation (R n /R s ) ratio, Gaussian (GA), and Sine) makes use of clear skies and quasi-sinusoidal diurnal variations of hourly ET and other meteorological parameters. The sUAS ET estimates and EC ET measurements were collected over multiple years and times from different vineyard sites in California as part of the USDA Agricultural Research Service Grape Remote Sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment (GRAPEX). Optical and thermal sUAS imagery data at 10 cm and 60 cm, respectively, were collected by the Utah State University AggieAir sUAS Program and used in the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model to estimate the instantaneous or hourly sUAS ET at overpass time. The hourly ET from the EC measurements was also used to validate the extrapolation techniques. Overall, the analysis using EC measurements indicates that the R s , EF, and GA approaches presented the best goodness-of-fit statistics for a window of time between 1030 and 1330 PST (Pacific Standard Time), with the R s approach yielding better agreement with the EC measurements. Similar results were found using TSEB and sUAS data. The 1030-1330 time window also provided the greatest agreement between the actual daily EC ET and the extrapolated TSEB daily ET, with the R s approach again yielding better agreement with the ground measurements. The expected accuracy of the upscaled TSEB daily ET estimates across all vineyard sites in California is below 0.5 mm/day, (EC extrapolation accuracy was found to be 0.34 mm/day), making the daily scale results from TSEB reliable and suitable for day-to-day water management applications.

Remote mapping of foodscapes using sUAS and a low cost BG-NIR sensor.

The assessment of landscape condition for large herbivores, also known as foodscapes, is fast gaining interest in conservation and landscape management programs worldwide. Although traditional approaches are now being replaced by satellite imagery, several technical issues still need to be addressed before full standardization of remote sensing methods for these purposes. We present a low-cost method, based on the use of a modified blue/green/near-infrared (BG-NIR) camera housed on a small-Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS), to create foodscapes for a generalist Mediterranean ungulate: the Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in Northeast Spain. Faecal cuticle micro-histological analyses were used to assess the dietary preferences of ibexes and then individuals of the most common plant species (n = 19) were georeferenced to use as test samples. Because of the seasonal pattern in vegetation activity, based on the NDVI (Smooth term Month = 21.5, p-value < .01, R2 = 43%, from a GAM), images were recorded in winter and spring to represent contrasting vegetation phenology using two flight heights above ground level (30 and 60 m). Additionally, the range of image pixel sizes was 3.5-30 cm with the smallest pixel size representing the highest resolution. Boosted Trees were used to classify plant taxa based on spectral reflectance and create a foodscape of the study area. The number of target species, the sampling season, the height of flight and the image resolution were analysed to determine the accuracy of mapping the foodscape. The highest classification error (70.66%) was present when classifying all plant species using a 30 cm pixel size from acquisitions at 30 m height. The lowest error (18.7%), however, was present when predicting plants preferred by ibexes, at 3.5 cm pixel size acquired at 60 m height. This methodology can help to successfully monitor food availability and seasonality and to identify individual species.

Robust mosaicking of maize fields from aerial imagery.

PREMISE: Aerial imagery from small unmanned aerial vehicle systems is a promising approach for high-throughput phenotyping and precision agriculture. A key requirement for both applications is to create a field-scale mosaic of the aerial imagery sequence so that the same features are in registration, a very challenging problem for crop imagery. METHODS: We have developed an improved mosaicking pipeline, Video Mosaicking and summariZation (VMZ), which uses a novel two-dimensional mosaicking algorithm that minimizes errors in estimating the transformations between successive frames during registration. The VMZ pipeline uses only the imagery, rather than relying on vehicle telemetry, ground control points, or global positioning system data, to estimate the frame-to-frame homographies. It exploits the spatiotemporal ordering of the image frames to reduce the computational complexity of finding corresponding features between frames using feature descriptors. We compared the performance of VMZ to a standard two-dimensional mosaicking algorithm (AutoStitch) by mosaicking imagery of two maize (Zea mays) research nurseries freely flown with a variety of trajectories. RESULTS: The VMZ pipeline produces superior mosaics faster. Using the speeded up robust features (SURF) descriptor, VMZ produces the highest-quality mosaics. DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrate the value of VMZ for the future automated extraction of plant phenotypes and dynamic scouting for crop management.

Influence of Model Grid Size on the Estimation of Surface Fluxes Using the Two Source Energy Balance Model and sUAS Imagery in Vineyards.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key variable for hydrology and irrigation water management, with significant importance in drought-stricken regions of the western US. This is particularly true for California, which grows much of the high-value perennial crops in the US. The advent of small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) with sensor technology similar to satellite platforms allows for the estimation of high-resolution ET at plant spacing scale for individual fields. However, while multiple efforts have been made to estimate ET from sUAS products, the sensitivity of ET models to different model grid size/resolution in complex canopies, such as vineyards, is still unknown. The variability of row spacing, canopy structure, and distance between fields makes this information necessary because additional complexity processing individual fields. Therefore, processing the entire image at a fixed resolution that is potentially larger than the plant-row separation is more efficient. From a computational perspective, there would be an advantage to running models at much coarser resolutions than the very fine native pixel size from sUAS imagery for operational applications. In this study, the Two-Source Energy Balance with a dual temperature (TSEB2T) model, which uses remotely sensed soil/substrate and canopy temperature from sUAS imagery, was used to estimate ET and identify the impact of spatial domain scale under different vine phenological conditions. The analysis relies upon high-resolution imagery collected during multiple years and times by the Utah State University AggieAir™ sUAS program over a commercial vineyard located near Lodi, California. This project is part of the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Grape Remote Sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment (GRAPEX). Original spectral and thermal imagery data from sUAS were at 10 cm and 60 cm per pixel, respectively, and multiple spatial domain scales (3.6, 7.2, 14.4, and 30 m) were evaluated and compared against eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Results indicated that the TSEB2T model is only slightly affected in the estimation of the net radiation (R n ) and the soil heat flux (G) at different spatial resolutions, while the sensible and latent heat fluxes (H and LE, respectively) are significantly affected by coarse grid sizes. The results indicated overestimation of H and underestimation of LE values, particularly at Landsat scale (30 m). This refers to the non-linear relationship between the land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at coarse model resolution. Another predominant reason for LE reduction in TSEB2T was the decrease in the aerodynamic resistance (R a ), which is a function of the friction velocity F*) that varies with mean canopy height and roughness length. While a small increase in grid size can be implemented, this increase should be limited to less than twice the smallest row spacing present in the sUAS imagery. The results also indicated that the mean LE at field scale is reduced by 10% to 20% at coarser resolutions, while the with-in field variability in LE values decreased significantly at the larger grid sizes and ranged between approximately 15% and 45%. This implies that, while the field-scale values of LE are fairly reliable at larger grid sizes, the with-in field variability limits its use for precision agriculture applications.

Bons encontros e cidadania: os sentidos atribuídos ao serviço de convivência e fortalecimento de vínculos pelos(as) idosos(as) / Good meetings and citizenship: the meanings attributed to the service of coexistence and strengthening of bonds (serviço de convivência e fortalecimento de vínculos) by older adults / Buenos encuentros y ciudadanía: los significados atribuidos al servicio de convivencia y fortalecimiento de lazos por los adultos mayores

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os dados produzidos por uma pesquisa qualitativa que investigou os sentidos atribuídos ao Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV) por seus usuários(as) em Florianópolis/SC. Por meio da observação participante realizada em um SCFV durante três meses e da aplicação de uma entrevista coletiva com idosos(as), este artigo traz algumas análises sobre os processos de significação vivenciados por esses sujeitos. Apoiados na perspectiva sócio-histórica, elaboramos dois eixos de significação, que serão discutidos neste artigo: 1) Intersubjetividade e vínculo: o SCFV como "lugar acolhedor" e de "bons encontros"; 2) O(a) idoso(a) e os processos de exclusão: o SCFV como promotor da cidadania. Em termos de resultados, é possível afirmar que esse espaço se configura como um lugar importante na vida desses(as) idosos(as) - onde eles(as) se sentem acolhidos, ouvidos e reconhecidos como sujeitos. Além do fato de esse espaço ser marcado por afetos e "bons encontros", o grupo também o revelou como um lugar potente para processos de reflexão e questionamento contra as diversas formas de segregação e violências vividas cotidianamente por ele.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the data produced by qualitative research that investigated the meanings attributed to the Service of Coexistence and Strengthening of Bonds (Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos - SCFV) by its users in the municipality of Florianópolis. By participant observation carried out in an SCFV for three months and the application of a collective interview with older adults, this study will bring some analysis of the processes of meaning experienced by these subjects. Sustained by the socio-historical perspective, we elaborated two axes of meaning to be discussed in this study : 1. Intersubjectivity and bonding: the SCFV as a "warm place" and "good meetings;" and 2. Older adults and processes of exclusion: the SCFV as a enhancer of citizenship. Results show that this space configures an important place in the lives of these older adults — a place in which they feel welcomed, heard, and recognized as subjects. In addition to the fact this space is marked by affections and "good meetings," the group also shows itself as a potent place for processes of reflection and questioning against the various forms of segregation and violence daily experienced by these people.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los datos producidos por un estudio cualitativo sobre los significados atribuidos al Servicio de Convivencia y Fortalecimiento de Lazos (SCFL) por sus usuarios en Florianópolis (Santa Catarina, Brasil). Desde la observación participante realizada en un SCFL durante el período de tres meses y desde la aplicación de una entrevista colectiva con personas mayores, este artículo presenta algunos análisis sobre los procesos de significado vividos por estos sujetos. Apoyados en la perspectiva sociohistórica, elaboramos dos ejes de significado que serán discutidos: 1) Intersubjetividad y vinculación: el SCFL como "lugar de acogida" y "buenos encuentros"; 2) Las personas mayores y los procesos de exclusión: el SCFV como promotor de ciudadanía. Los resultados permiten afirmar que este espacio se configura como un lugar importante en la vida de estas personas mayores, un lugar donde se sienten acogidos, escuchados y reconocidos como sujetos. Además de que este espacio está marcado por afectos y "buenos encuentros", el grupo también se reveló como un lugar propenso a procesos de reflexión y cuestionamiento frente a las diversas formas de segregación y violencia que viven a diario estas personas.(AU)

A clínica ampliada e o trabalho dos psicólogos no PAIF: pressupostos e desafios / The expanded clinic and the work of psychologists at PAIF: assumptions and challenges / La clínica ampliada y el trabajo de los psicólogos del PAIF: supuestos y desafíos

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho bibliográfico, refletir sobre a clínica ampliada como uma possível ferramenta para o psicólogo exercer suas práticas cotidianas no contexto das políticas públicas, especificamente no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), no trabalho com famílias do Programa de Atenção Integral à Família (PAIF), se diferenciando do modelo de clínica tradicional. Inicialmente, foi realizado um levantamento sobre a clínica ampliada no Brasil e seus fundamentos para, em um segundo momento, elencar possíveis articulações da atuação do psicólogo no PAIF com a clínica ampliada, a fim de refletir e ressignificar as atividades dessa categoria profissional no âmbito da proteção social prevista pelo SUAS. Concluiu-se que pressupostos presentes na clínica ampliada - como, por exemplo, a análise das demandas concretas das populações atendidas, garantia de direitos, negação do usuário enquanto objeto e trabalho direcionado à emancipação dos sujeitos - também se encontram descritos nos documentos que parametrizam o SUAS, o que torna viável considerá-la como uma perspectiva possível para o trabalho da Psicologia no âmbito da Assistência Social.

Abstract This paper aims, based on a qualitative bibliographical research, to reflect on the expanded clinic as a possible tool for the psychologist to exercise his daily practices in the context of public policies, specifically in the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), in working with families from the Family Care Program (PAIF), differentiating itself from the traditional clinic model. Initially, a survey was carried out on the expanded clinic in Brazil and its foundations to, in a second moment, list possible articulations of the psychologist's performance in the PAIF with the expanded clinic, in order to reflect and re-signify the activities of this professional category within the scope of the social protection provided by SUAS. It was concluded that assumptions present in the extended clinic - such as, for example, analysis of the concrete demands of the populations served, guarantee of rights, denial of the user as an object and work aimed at the emancipation of the subjects - are also described in the documents that parameterize the SUAS which makes it feasible to consider it as a possible perspective for the work of Psychology in the context of Social Assistance.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo, a partir de una investigación bibliográfica cualitativa, reflexionar sobre la clínica ampliada como posible herramienta para que el psicólogo ejerza sus prácticas cotidianas en el contexto de las políticas públicas, específicamente en el Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS), en el trabajo con familias del Programa de Atención a la Familia (PAIF), diferenciándose del modelo de clínica tradicional. Inicialmente, se realizó un levantamiento sobre la clínica ampliada en Brasil y sus fundamentos para, en un segundo momento, enumerar posibles articulaciones de la actuación del psicólogo en el PAIF con la clínica ampliada, con el fin de reflexionar y resignificar las actividades de esta. categoría profesional dentro del ámbito de la protección social que brinda el SUAS. Se concluyó que supuestos presentes en la clínica ampliada -como, por ejemplo, análisis de las demandas concretas de las poblaciones atendidas, garantía de derechos, negación del usuario como objeto y trabajo encaminado a la emancipación de los sujetos- también son descrito en los documentos que parametrizan el SUAS lo que posibilita considerarlo como una perspectiva posible para el trabajo de la Psicología en el contexto de la Asistencia Social.

Relative information from thermal infrared imagery via unoccupied aerial vehicle informs simulations and spatially-distributed assessments of stream temperature.

Stream temperature is a measure of water quality that reflects the balance of atmospheric heat exchange at the air-water interface and gains or losses of water along a stream reach. In urban areas, stormwater sewers deliver water with varying magnitude and temperature to streams at variable timescales. Understanding the impacts of stormwater through space and time is therefore difficult to do with conventional approaches like in situ sensors. To study the impacts of stormwater on creek water temperatures, we combined in situ water temperature observations with thermal infrared (TIR) imagery collected via unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV). Imagery was collected in May, June, and July of 2017. As ongoing work with UAV-based TIR suggests that this imagery is prone to poor accuracy, we focused on creating several data products beyond absolute water temperatures that can be used to assess temporal and spatial water temperature variations. In particular, TIR data products were used to extract the length of the observed stormwater plume as well as the width of the creek cross-section impacted by stormwater. From these values, we conclude that relatively narrow stormwater plumes affecting a small fraction of creek width can alter creek water temperatures for considerable distances downstream. We also applied TIR data to constrain results of a deterministic stream temperature model (HFLUX 3.0) that simulates the physical processes affecting stream heat exchanges. Stormwater plume lengths obtained from TIR imagery were used to refine spatially-distributed simulations, demonstrating that relative temperature information obtained from UAV imagery can provide useful calibration targets for stream temperature models. Overall, our work demonstrates the added value of UAV datasets for understanding urban stream temperatures, calibrating water quality models, and for modeling and monitoring of the impact of spatially explicit hydrologic processes on stream temperature.

sUAS, SfM-MVS photogrammetry and a topographic algorithm method to quantify the volume of sediments retained in check-dams.

Sediments retained in hydrological correction check dams are a useful source of information to understand soil erosion rates and sediment fluxes. Two hundred sixty nine check dams distributed in an area of 239 ha in SW Spain accumulated sediments over a period of 11 to 23 years. The aim of this work is to estimate the volume of sediments deposited in those check dams and to study the spatial variability of the accumulated sediments and its relationships with different environmental variables. The methodology included five steps: 1) flying the study area with a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to capture high-resolution aerial photographs, 2) Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry, 3) processing the obtained point clouds and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to create the current topography and model the past soil surface, 4) estimating the volume of sediments behind each check dam using a topographic technique and 5) exploring the relationship between sediments and different environmental variables. A total of 269 check dams were identified, from which 160 were suitable to quantify the deposited sediment volume. The volume of sediments trapped by individual check-dams ranged from 0 to 108.35 m3, with an average deposition rate of 0.141 m3 ha-1 y-1. The 77% of the check dams retained <1 m3 of sediment. The topographic position and the size of the dam wall played a fundamental role in explaining the differences of total sediment accumulation as well as the deposition rates. Deposition rate was negatively correlated with drainage area, connectivity index, stream power index, topographic wetness index, upstream channel length and the number of upstream check dams. Conversely, deposition rate was positively correlated with the slope of the channel. Those dams located in valley bottoms with longer walls retained more sediment, while those of hillslopes with shorter check dam walls were ineffective.

Os quilombos e suas interfaces com o Sistema Único de Assistência Social / Quilombos and their interfaces with the Unified Social Assistance System

O artigo apresenta a discussão sobre os quilombos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e as aproximações com as ofertas inscritas no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), com objetivo de analisar as particularidades da questão étnico-racial acerca dos povos quilombolas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para a afirmação desta pauta na agenda do SUAS. Socializa os resultados de uma pesquisa documental de abordagem mista com ênfase qualitativa. Revela a potência e a complementaridade das informações encontradas nos instrumentos do SUAS, como nos dados do Censo SUAS (2019) do Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) e do Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) e os dados do Cadastro Único (2021), frente ao reconhecimento dos territórios quilombolas, embora ainda seja necessário ampliar as ações de educação permanente acerca do debate sobre a questão étnico-racial e os quilombos na agenda da política de assistência social

The article presents the discussion about the quilombos in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and the approximations with the offers registered in the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), with the objective of analyzing the particularities of the ethnic-racial issue concerning the quilombola peoples in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, for the affirmation of this agenda in the SUAS agenda. It socializes the results of a mixed approach documentary research with a qualitative emphasis. It reveals the power and complementarity of the information found in the SUAS instruments, as in the data from the SUAS Census (2019) from the Social Assistance Reference Center (CRAS) and the Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance (CREAS) and data from the Single Registry (2021), in view of the recognition of quilombola territories, although it is still necessary to expand permanent education actions regarding the debate on the ethnic-racial issue and the quilombos in the social assistance policy agenda

Psicologia e assistência social: crise e retrocessos pós-encerramento do ciclo democrático-popular / Psychology and social welfare: crisis and setbacks after the end of the popular-democratic cycle / Psicología y asistencia social: crisis y retrocesos tras el fin del ciclo democrático popular

Nas comemorações dos 60 anos da regulamentação da Psicologia no Brasil, este estudo ressalta o espaço e o debate que a Assistência Social ganhou na história da nossa ciência e profissão, com a análise sobre o panorama da profissão no Suas no período entre 2011 e 2019. O objetivo foi nos deter sobre os rebatimentos que a Assistência Social tem enfrentado e seus efeitos sobre a profissão, a partir dos acontecimentos que configuraram a difícil conjuntura política que assola o país, resultado do encerramento do Ciclo Democrático Popular com o golpe de 2016, a adoção de políticas de austeridade econômica impostas pelos governos subsequentes e o desmonte das políticas públicas. O método foi orientado por um estudo quantitativo com base nos microdados do Censo Suas no período indicado. Nos resultados, percebe-se a partir de 2016 uma desaceleração no curso de expansão dos equipamentos que compõem a Rede Suas e na formação das equipes de trabalho, incluindo profissionais da Psicologia. O perfil profissional de psicólogas(os) no Suas segue composto sobretudo por mulheres, com idade entre 30 e 39 anos, contando apenas com graduação. Ressalta-se o aprofundamento da precarização dos vínculos de trabalho, aspecto que recai com maior peso sobre as profissionais do sexo feminino se comparado aos do masculino que atuam no Suas. Conclui-se que a Assistência Social segue como importante área de absorção de psicólogas(os), sobretudo de início de carreira, porém há intensificação da precarização do trabalho, que recai com maior peso sobre as mulheres.(AU)

Amidst the 60th anniversary of the regulation of Psychology in Brazil, this study highlights the space and debate that Social Welfare has gained in the history of our science and profession, outlining a panorama of the profession in the SUAS between 2011 and 2019. This paper dwells on the repercussions that Social Welfare has faced and its effects on the profession, based on the difficult political conjuncture that plagues the country, resulting from the closure of the Popular Democratic Cycle with the 2016 coup, the adoption of economic austerity policies imposed by subsequent governments and the dismantling of public policies. This quantitative study uses microdata collected from the SUAS Census, in the indicated period. Results show a slowdown in the expansion of the SUAS Network's equipment and the training of work teams, including Psychology professionals, from 2016 onwards. The professional profile of SUAS psychologists is still made up mostly of women, aged between 30 and 39 years old, with only undergraduate degrees. These findings emphasize the enhanced job insecurity, an aspect that falls more heavily on female professionals when compared to men working in the SUAS. In conclusion, Social Welfare remains an important area for the absorption of psychologists, especially in the beginning of their careers, but with greater job insecurity, which weighs more heavily on female professionals.(AU)

En 60 años de la regulación de la Psicología en Brasil, señalamos la importancia de que la Asistencia Social ha ganado en la historia de nuestra ciencia y profesión, con un análisis del panorama de la profesión en el SUAS en el período entre 2011-2019. El objetivo fue centrarse en las repercusiones que ha enfrentado la Asistencia Social y sus efectos en la profesión, a partir de los acontecimientos que han configurado la difícil coyuntura política que ha azotado al país, después el golpe de Estado de 2016, con el desmantelamiento de las políticas públicas. Como método se aplicó un estudio cuantitativo basado en los microdatos del Censo SUAS, en el período indicado. Los resultados muestran que a partir de 2016 hubo una disminución en la ampliación de las instalaciones que conforman la Red SUAS y en la propia formación de los equipos de trabajo, incluidos los psicólogos. El perfil profesional de las/os psicólogas/os en el SUAS sigue siendo mayoritariamente de mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 39 años, y solo con titulación de grado. Se destaca la profundización de la precariedad de los vínculos laborales, aspecto que recae con mayor fuerza sobre las mujeres de la profesión si se compara con los hombres. Se concluye que la Asistencia Social sigue siendo un área importante para la absorción de las/os psicólogas/os, sobre todo al inicio de la carrera, pero con una mayor intensificación de la precariedad laboral sobre las mujeres.(AU)

Suas e trabalho profissional: frágeis gritos e muitos sussurros / Suas and professional work: fragile cries and many whispers

Este artigo se ocupa do significado da ação interprofissional no âmbito da atenção à população na efetivação de uma política social. Tem por objetivo identificar se o desempenho de uma profissão, no trabalho em equipe, destaca o poder exercido por essa profissão sobre outras, e se distancia da articulação interprofissional para alcance do objetivo comum: o direito do cidadão. Para exame empírico da questão refere-se a enquete realizada durante pandemia da COVID-19 e pesquisas realizadas pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Seguridade e Assistência Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (NEPSAS/PUC-SP).

This article deals with the meaning of interprofessional action in the context of care for the population in the implementation of a social policy. It aims to identify whether the performance of a profession, in a teamwork, highlights the power exercised by that profession over others, and distances itself from the interprofessional articulation to achieve the common objective, the citizen's right. For the empirical examination of the question, the survey carried out during the Covid pandemic 19 and research carried out by Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Seguridade e Assistência Social at Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (NEPSAS/PUC-SP)

Considerations for Achieving Cross-Platform Point Cloud Data Fusion across Different Dryland Ecosystem Structural States.

Remotely sensing recent growth, herbivory, or disturbance of herbaceous and woody vegetation in dryland ecosystems requires high spatial resolution and multi-temporal depth. Three dimensional (3D) remote sensing technologies like lidar, and techniques like structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry, each have strengths and weaknesses at detecting vegetation volume and extent, given the instrument's ground sample distance and ease of acquisition. Yet, a combination of platforms and techniques might provide solutions that overcome the weakness of a single platform. To explore the potential for combining platforms, we compared detection bias amongst two 3D remote sensing techniques (lidar and SfM) using three different platforms [ground-based, small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS), and manned aircraft]. We found aerial lidar to be more accurate for characterizing the bare earth (ground) in dense herbaceous vegetation than either terrestrial lidar or aerial SfM photogrammetry. Conversely, the manned aerial lidar did not detect grass and fine woody vegetation while the terrestrial lidar and high resolution near-distance (ground and sUAS) SfM photogrammetry detected these and were accurate. UAS SfM photogrammetry at lower spatial resolution under-estimated maximum heights in grass and shrubs. UAS and handheld SfM photogrammetry in near-distance high resolution collections had similar accuracy to terrestrial lidar for vegetation, but difficulty at measuring bare earth elevation beneath dense herbaceous cover. Combining point cloud data and derivatives (i.e., meshes and rasters) from two or more platforms allowed for more accurate measurement of herbaceous and woody vegetation (height and canopy cover) than any single technique alone. Availability and costs of manned aircraft lidar collection preclude high frequency repeatability but this is less limiting for terrestrial lidar, sUAS and handheld SfM. The post-processing of SfM photogrammetry data became the limiting factor at larger spatial scale and temporal repetition. Despite the utility of sUAS and handheld SfM for monitoring vegetation phenology and structure, their spatial extents are small relative to manned aircraft.