Caution for psychiatrists: malignant hyperthermia risks with the anesthetic agent succinylcholine (Suxamethonium) during electroconvulsive therapy.

BACKGROUND: Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially lethal condition triggered by specific anesthetic drugs, especially a depolarizing muscle relaxant of succinylcholine (Suxamethonium). Despite the frequent use of succinylcholine with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), there has been no reported case of potentially lethal malignant hyperthermia following ECT. In addition, the time interval between the administration of succinylcholine and the onset of malignant hyperthermia has not been outlined in the context of ECT. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 79-year-old woman suffering from severe depression, who experienced severe malignant hyperthermia due to succinylcholine administration during an ECT session. She presented with a high fever of 40.2 °C, tachycardia of 140/min, hypertension with a blood pressure exceeding 200 mmHg, significant muscle rigidity, and impaired consciousness. These symptoms emerged two hours after ECT, which occurred in a psychiatric ward rather than an operating room, and reached their peak in less than 24 h. She was given 60 mg of dantrolene, which quickly reduced the muscular rigidity. Subsequently, she received two additional doses of 20 mg and 60 mg of dantrolene, which brought her fever down to 36.2 °C and completely eased her muscle rigidity within two days after ECT. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported case of potentially lethal malignant hyperthermia after ECT. In addition, it highlights the delayed onset of malignant hyperthermia following an ECT procedure, emphasizing the necessity for psychiatrists to recognize its onset even after the treatment. In the light of potentially lethal consequences of malignant hyperthermia, it is critically important for psychiatrists to closely monitor both intraoperative and postoperative patient's vital signs and characteristic physical presentations, promptly identify any symptomatic emergence, and treat it immediately with dantrolene.

The novel rapid formulation of intravenous dantrolene (NPJ5008) versus standard dantrolene (Dantrium®): A clinical part-randomised phase 1 study in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Delays in treating anaesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia increase risks of complications and death. NPJ5008 is a novel formulation of the indicated treatment, dantrolene sodium, developed to shorten preparation and administration times compared with the reference formulation Dantrium®. The two formulations have been compared preclinically. OBJECTIVES: Assess bioequivalence of overall dantrolene (free acid) exposure of NPJ5008 versus Dantrium® and ascertain similarities in their pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability profiles. Evaluate preparation/administration time savings for the new formulation. DESIGN: Part 1 of this open-label trial in humans was a 1 : 1 randomised crossover study; part 2 was a single-arm study. Trial pharmacy data and laboratory simulations assessed preparation/administration step timings. SETTING: Single clinical centre in the UK, April to July 2021. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one healthy male and female individuals. INTERVENTIONS: Part 1: single intravenous 60 mg dose of NPJ5008 or Dantrium®, sequentially. Part 2: single intravenous 120 mg dose of NPJ5008. Simulation: five vials per formulation using paediatric and adult cannulas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall drug exposure to last measurable concentration (AUC 0 to last ) and extrapolated to infinity (AUC 0 to ∞ ) were primary endpoints. Other pharmacokinetic, clinical and muscle-function parameters, and adverse events, were monitored. RESULTS: Adjusted geometric mean ratios of NPJ5008 versus Dantrium® were 90.24 and 90.44% for AUC 0 to last and AUC 0 to ∞ , respectively, with the 90% confidence intervals (CI) within the 80 to 125% acceptance interval, establishing bioequivalence. No new safety issues emerged: any adverse events were of a similar magnitude across treatments and related to pharmacological properties of dantrolene. Pharmacy and simulation data revealed that every step in preparation and administration was 26 to 69% faster for NPJ5008 than Dantrium®. CONCLUSION: NPJ5008 showed comparable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles to Dantrium®, while reducing dantrolene dose preparation/administration times, potentially reducing patient complications/healthcare resourcing in malignant hyperthermia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT Number: 2020-005719-35, MHRA approval.

Farmacología y aplicaciones clínicas del dantrolene / Dantrolene: pharmacology and clinical uses

El dantrolene (DNL) es el fármaco de elección para prevenir y revertir los síntomas de la hipertermia maligna (HM); es un derivado liposoluble de la hidantoína que relaja y paraliza totalmente al músculo esquelético. La HM es un síndrome que produce estragos fisiológicos. La identificación de los pacientes sensibles a hipertermia maligna (SHM) puede prevenir el desencadenamiento de este síndrome evitando el uso de agentes anestésicos y relajantes que lo inducen. El dantrolene ejerce su efecto miorrelajante disminuyendo la frecuencia de reapertura de los canales de calcio del retículo sarcoplásmico a través del receptor de ryanodina (RYI), disminuyendo el calcio en el sarcoplasma y de este modo la exitación-contracción, con un efecto agonista dopaminérgico. El dantrolene se metaboliza en el hígado y aunque atraviesa la barrera placentaria, no se han reportado efectos adversos en neonatos. La mortalidad de la HM, sin la administración del dantrolene era del 95 por ciento y solo se podía hacer un tratamiento sintomático. La aplicación de este medicamento, sumado a un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento específico, ha reducido la mortalidad a un 3 por ciento. El síndrome de hipertermia maligna (SHM) se presenta con: taquicardia, aumento de CO2, taquipnea, rigidez muscular, arritmias cardíacas, acidosis respiratoria y metabólica, aumento de la temperatura corporal, tensión arterial inestable, cianosis, mioglobinuria, oliguria y rigidez del músculo masetero (RMM). También puede ocurrir como un síndrome serotoninérgico, o ser causado por intoxicación por IMAO, anfetaminas, cocaína o CO. Se adjuntan tres casos clínicos donde se utilizó con éxito el DNL.

Dantrolene (DNL) is the medication of choice to prevent and to revert the symptoms of the malignant hyperthermia(HM), it is a liposoluble derivative of the hydantoine that relaxes and paraIyzes totally the skeletal muscle. HM is a syndrome that produces physiological devastations. The identification of the sensitive patients to hyperthermia malignant (SHM) can anticipate the triggering of these cases avoiding the use of anaesthesic and relaxing agents who induce it. The miorelaxing effect diminishes the frequency of reopening of the calcium channels of the reticulum sarcoplasmatic across the ryanodine receptor (RYI), diminishing the calcium in the sarcoplasma and hereby it reduce the excitation-contraction, resulting in agonist dopaminergic effect. DNL is metabolized in the liver. It crosses the placental barrier; nevertheless adverse effects have not been reported in neonates. The mortality in the HM without the specific drug was 95 percent, it was possible to do only symptomatic treatment. The application of this medicine, added to an early diagnosis and a specific treatment, has reduced the mortality to 3 percent. The syndrome of hyperthermia malignant (SHM) appears with: tachycardia, increase of CO2, taquipnea, muscular inflexibility, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory and metabolic acidosis, increase of the corporal temperature, arterial unstable tension, cyanosis, mioglobinuria, oliguria and inflexibility of the masseter muscle (RMM). Also it can happen as a serotoninergic syndrome, poisoning for IMAO, anfetamines, cocaine and poisoning from CO. Three clinical cases are included where the DNL was in use successfully.

O dantrolene (DNL)‚ é o fármaco de escolha para a prevençao e reversao dos sintomas da hipertermia maligna (HM); e um derivado lipossolúvel da hidantoína que relaxa e paralisa totalmente o músculo esquelético. A HM é uma síndrome que causa enormes danos fisiológicos; a identificaçao dos pacientes sensíveis à hipertermia maligna (SHM) pode prevenir o desencadeamento dessa síndrome evitando o uso de agentes anestésicos e relaxantes que a induzem. O daxtrolene exerce seu efeito miorrelaxante diminuindo a freqüência de reabertura dos canais de cálcio do reticulo sarcoplásmico através do receptor da ryanodina (RYI) e reduzindo o cálcio no sarcoplasma, e, conseqüentemente, também a excitaçao-contraçao, com efeito agonista dopaminérgico. E metabolizado pelo fígado, e apesar de atravessar a barreira placentária, nao se informaram efeitos adversos em neonatos. A mortalidade da HM sem a administraçao de dantrolene era de 95 por cento, e apenas era possivel o tratamento sintomático. A aplicaçao deste medicamento, junto a um diagnóstico precoce e tratamento específico, tem diminuída a mortalidade a 3 por cento. A síndrome de hipertermia maligna (SHM) associa-se a: taquicardia, aumento do CO2, taquipnéia, rigidez muscular, arritmias cardíacas, acidose respiratória e metabólica, aumento da temperatura corporal, tensao arterial instável, cianose, mioglobinúria, oligúria e rigidez do músculo masseter (RMM). Também pode-se apresentar como síndrome serotoninérgica, intoxicaçao por IMAO, anfetaminas, cocaína e intoxicaçao por CO. Sao informados três casos clínicos nos quais se utilizou o DNL.

Dantroleno sódico disminuye la concentración de calcio libre intracelular en biopsias musculares de pacientes susceptibles a hipertermia maligna / Sodium dantrolene decrease the intracellular free calcium concentration in muscular biopsies of patients with susceptibility to malignant hypertermia

La hipertermia maligna (HM) es una miopatía hereditaria la cual se desencadena cuando los individuos susceptibles son expuestos a relajantes musculares despolarizantes y/o potentes anestésicos volátiles halogenados. Nosotros hemos estudiado el efecto del dantroleno sobre la concentración intracelular de calcio libre ([Ca2+]i) en biopsias de músculo intercostal externo obtenidas de: A) tres pacientes susceptibles a HM, antes y después de la administración oral, 2,5 mg/kg durante tres días e intravenosa; 1,0 mg/kg dos horas antes de la segunda biopsia de dantroleno sódico; B) de tres pacientes susceptibles a HM antes y después de la administración únicamente intravenosa de dantroleno sódico a una dosis de 1 mg/kg, dos horas antes de la segunda biopsia y C) de dos pacientes susceptibles a HM después de la administración intravenosa de dantroleno sódico 2 mg.kg, dos horas antes de la realización de la segunda biopsia. La [Ca2+]i libre fue medida mediante microelectrodos selectivos a calcio. El promedio de la [Ca2+]i en fibras musculares provenientes de sujetos susceptibles a HM, antes del tratamiento con dantroleno, fue en el grupo A de 0,42 ñ 0,02 µM (promedio ñ SEM) y de 0,38 ñ 0,02 µM en el grupo B y 0,40 ñ 0,01 µM en el grupo C. La administración de dantroleno redujo este valor a 0,29 ñ 0,02 µM y 0,25 ñ 0,02 µM y 0,11 ñ 0,01 en los grupos a,B y C respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas en el potencial dantroleno. Estos resultados representan la primera demostración directa de que el dantroleno puede reducir la [Ca2+]i libre en reposo en el músculo esquelético de pacientes susceptibles a la HM, de una manera dosis dependiente