RESUMO
RESUMEN Dentro de los agentes patógenos en los procesos otíticos bacterianos, se destacan microorganismos como Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabi-lis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp., para los cuales se ha descrito resistencia frente a los antibióticos empleados para combatirlos. En Colombia son pocos los reportes acerca de la resistencia antibiótica de microorganismos causantes de otitis. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los agentes bacterianos más frecuentemente aislados en infecciones otíticas de caninos remitidas a un laboratorio veterinario de Medellín durante el 2019 y su resistencia a antibióticos. Para llevarlo a cabo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo. Se analizaron los resultados de los antibiogramas realizados a partir de cultivos bacterianos en muestras óticas remitidas a un laboratorio de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín. Además, se efectuó un análisis de frecuencias para la muestra total. Se encontró que los principales microorganismos bacterianos aislados fueron Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabili y Staphylococcus aureus. La gentamicina fue el medicamento que mayor porcentaje de resistencia presentó y la cefalexina el que menos resistencia presentó. Se pudo concluir que el Staphylococcus pseudintermedius está presente en más del 60% de los casos de otitis bacteriana. Adicionalmente, se observó una variación de la resistencia presentada por los microorganismos en el tiempo. Estos presentaron mayor resistencia ante los antibióticos aminoglucósidos.
ABSTRACT Among the pathogens in bacterial otic processes, microorganisms such as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Corynebac-terium spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. stand out, for which resistance to antibiotics has been described employed to combat them. In Colombia there are few reports about the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms that cause otitis. For that reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial agents most frequently isolated from canine ear infections and their resistance to antibiotics from samples of ear secretions sent to a veterinary laboratory in Medellín during 2019. In order to do that, an cross-sectional, retrospective descriptive study was done. The results of the antibiograms performed from bacterial cultures obtained from ear samples sent to a reference laboratory in the city of Medellín were analyzed. A frequency analysis was carried out for the total sample. It was found that the main isolated bacterial microorganisms were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabili and Staphylococcus aureus. Gentamicin was the drug with the highest percentage of resistance and cephalexin the one with the least resistance. It was possible to conclude that Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is linked in more than 60% of cases of bacterial otitis and the resistance presented by microorganisms varies over time. The group of aminoglycosides antibiotics was the one which microorganisms are manifesting more percentage of resistance.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Cães , Meato Acústico Externo , Infecção Persistente , Antibacterianos , Fatores R/farmacologia , Gentamicinas , Cefalexina , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
At least 10% of spontaneous chromosomal antibiotic resistant mutants of bacteria express a strain-dependent graded reduction of virulence; this correlates linearly with a prolonged generation time. Occasionally, these mutants are temperature sensitive or/and auxotrophe. The work described in this paper provides evidence that in such strains the resistance and the accompanying markers exist only as a functional genetic unit. In a series of transduction experiments with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella typhimurium, it was found that without exception, the resistance and the additional markers were 100% simultaneoulsy transferred. Furthermore, antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli mutants with prolonged generation time, were isolated from faecal samples; it is thus indicated that, such innocuous mutants occur at any time in the intestine. It is concluded that concerns connecting such mutants to the possibility of resistance dissemination are unfounded; furthermore, even if transfer of resistance occurred, only attenuated strains would be disseminated.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Transdução Genética , Animais , Vacinas Bacterianas/farmacologia , Bacteriófago P22/química , Bacteriófago P22/genética , Biomarcadores , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Fatores R/genética , Fatores R/farmacologia , Rifampina/farmacologia , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/imunologia , Estreptomicina/farmacologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Vacinas Atenuadas/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: A hepatite B (VHB) é uma infecção dinâmica crônica, que apesar de existir programas de imunização e tratamento antiviral disponível, existe o risco de emergência de mutações de resistência aos análogos de núcleos(t)ídeos (AN) que devem ser rastreadas, devido as suas implicações clínicas. O Brasil disponibiliza pelo SUS cinco drogas para o tratamento antiviral: IFN, LAM, ADF, ETV e TDF e um guia de conduta clínica para orientar o tratamento no território nacional, o Protocolo de Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite B e co-infecções. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mutações de resistência aos AN, mutações de escape vacinal e genótipos circulantes em pacientes com hepatite B crônica em dois centros de referencia em Hepatites, na Bahia (região Nordeste) e no Acre (região Norte) do Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi utilizadas ferramentas de biologia molecular e bioinformática, através de nested PCR e sequenciamento direto das amostras, para rastrear as mutações de resistência, a região alvo foi a transcriptase reversa (RT) do gene P e as mutações de escape vacinal foi a região do gene S do VHB, como também os genótipos e subgenotipos do VHB. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 527 pacientes durante o período de 2011-2015, sendo 320 pacientes do HUPES/BA e 207 do FUNDHACRE/AC. Os pacientes que representam a região Nordeste foram 59,3 % do sexo masculino e uma média de idade de 44,75±12,4 DP, os pacientes da região Norte 42% foram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 40,36±13,9 DP. Todos os pacientes incluídos apresentaram AgHBs persistente por mais de seis meses e 86,1% apresentaram AgHBe negativo. Foram sequenciadas 296 amostras dos pacientes com VHB crônica. Foram encontradas mutações de resistência aos AN na Região Norte 1,2% (2), Região Nordeste 7,4%(8) e no global 3,8%(20). Os padrões de mutações de resistência primária encontrados foram: rtA194T, (3) rtL180M+M204V, rtL180M+M204I, rtS202I, rtM204I, rtA181S, rtA181E e rtA184S. Em relação ao escape vacinal a frequencia para a Região Norte foi de 7,1% (11), Região Nordeste 8,4% (9) e no global 7,6% (20). Nos pacientes virgens de tratamento (n=189), a frequência de mutações de resistência foi de 6%, somente nas amostras da região Nordeste. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo com ou sem mutação dos pacientes virgens de tratamento. Não foram encontradas mutações de resistência nas amostras da região Norte. Os genótipos circulantes nas duas regiões foram A, D e F, e a região Nordeste foi encontrada o genótipo C (C2). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstram a importância de rastrear e monitorar as mutações de resistência aos AN e de escape vacinal devido a importância epidemiológica e clínica na conduta terapêutica.
INTRODUTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a chronic dynamic infection, which although there immunization programs and antiviral therapy available, there is a risk of emergence of resistance mutations cores analogs (t) ide to be screened, because of their implications clinics. The Brazil offers the SUS five drugs for antiviral treatment: IFN, LAM, ADF, ETV and TDF and clinical guide of conduct to guide treatment in the country, the Therapeutic Guidelines Protocol for Hepatitis B and coinfections. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance mutations core analogues (t) ide, vaccine escape mutations and circulating genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B in two reference centers in Hepatitis, Bahia (Northeast) and Acre (Northern region) of Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Was used tools of molecular biology and bioinformatics by nested PCR and direct sequencing of samples to track resistance changes, the target region is the reverse transcriptase (RT) P gene and vaccine escape mutations was region of the gene S of HBV, as well as the HBV genotypes and subgenotipos. RESULTS: 527 patients were included during the period 2011-2015, with 320 patients HUPES / BA and 207 FUNDHACRE / AC. Patients representing the Northeast were 59.3% male and an average age of 44.75 ± 12.4 PD patients in the northern region 42% were male and the average age was 40, 36 ± 13.9 DP. All patients had persistent HBsAg for more than six months and 86.1% were HBeAg negative. We were sequenced 296 samples from patients with chronic HBV. the cores of similar resistance mutations were found (t) ide in the North 1.2% (2), Northeast 7.4% (8) and 3.8% overall (20). The patterns of primary resistance mutations were: rtA194T (3) rtL180M + M204V, M204I + rtL180M, rtS202I, rtM204I, rtA181S, and rtA181E rtA184S. Regarding vaccine escape the frequency for the Northern Region was 7.1% (11), Northeast 8.4% (9) and the global 7.6% (20). In treatment-naïve patients (n = 189), the frequency of resistance mutations was 6%, only the samples in the Northeast. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with or without mutation of naive patients. There were no resistance mutations in samples from the North. Circulating genotypes in the two regions A, D and F, and the Northeast found the C genotype (C2). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the importance of tracking and monitoring the resistance mutations similar cores (t) ide and vaccine escape due to epidemiological and clinical importance in the therapeutic approach.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores R/farmacologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/patogenicidadeRESUMO
A conjugative plasmid, pOLA52, conferring resistance to the antibiotic growth promoter olaquindox has been isolated from Escherichia coli from swine manure. It also confers resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol and has a high frequency of transfer between strains of E. coli. Plasmid-borne olaquindox resistance has not been demonstrated before.