Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community.

Social anthropology and ethnographic studies have described kinship systems and networks of contact and exchange in extant populations1-4. However, for prehistoric societies, these systems can be studied only indirectly from biological and cultural remains. Stable isotope data, sex and age at death can provide insights into the demographic structure of a burial community and identify local versus non-local childhood signatures, archaeogenetic data can reconstruct the biological relationships between individuals, which enables the reconstruction of pedigrees, and combined evidence informs on kinship practices and residence patterns in prehistoric societies. Here we report ancient DNA, strontium isotope and contextual data from more than 100 individuals from the site Gurgy 'les Noisats' (France), dated to the western European Neolithic around 4850-4500 BC. We find that this burial community was genetically connected by two main pedigrees, spanning seven generations, that were patrilocal and patrilineal, with evidence for female exogamy and exchange with genetically close neighbouring groups. The microdemographic structure of individuals linked and unlinked to the pedigrees reveals additional information about the social structure, living conditions and site occupation. The absence of half-siblings and the high number of adult full siblings suggest that there were stable health conditions and a supportive social network, facilitating high fertility and low mortality5. Age-structure differences and strontium isotope results by generation indicate that the site was used for just a few decades, providing new insights into shifting sedentary farming practices during the European Neolithic.

Always stay cheerful - health information in the 1920s. / Vær alltid i godt humør ­ helseopplysning i 1920-årene.

BACKGROUND: The interwar period was a time of comprehensive preventive health programmes in Norway. Physical exercise, nutritious diets, strict sleep regimens and better hygiene were at the centre of these efforts. A massive mobilisation of volunteers and professionals took place. The publication of House Maxims for Mothers and Children was part of this large-scale mobilisation, and consisted of ten posters with pithy health advice for hanging on the wall. Mothers were an important target group for health promotion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The posters have previously received little attention in medical literature, but they can elucidate some features of life and the health propaganda of their time. We have used databases that provide access to newspapers, books and medical literature: Retriever, bokhylla.no, Oria, PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS: It is hard to quantify the effect of this popular movement when compared to political measures to improve living conditions. In any case, mortality rates fell, life expectancy increased and the dreaded communicable diseases were largely defeated. Special efforts were targeted at children, also with good results. Infant mortality fell and schoolchildren became healthier, stronger, taller and cleaner. INTERPRETATION: The line between social hygiene and general disciplining is blurred, for example the boundary between a healthy diet and bourgeois norms. The education of mothers and children also included a normative aspect that concerned good manners and control.

Maternal history of Oceania from complete mtDNA genomes: contrasting ancient diversity with recent homogenization due to the Austronesian expansion.

Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. The first migration took place approximately 40 thousand years ago and these migrants, Papuans, colonized much of Near Oceania. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian-speakers arrived in Near Oceania and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonizing Remote Oceania. To assess the female contribution of these two human expansions to modern populations and to investigate the potential impact of other migrations, we obtained 1,331 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 34 populations spanning both Near and Remote Oceania. Our results quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenizing effect of this expansion on almost all studied populations. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years, and offer insight into historical interpopulation dynamics. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin; simulations to investigate whether this might reflect a pre-Austronesian versus Austronesian settlement of the island failed to provide unequivocal support for either scenario.

Children abandoned and taken back: children, women, and families in dire straits in Lyon in the nineteenth century.

Abandoning a child was no rare deed in European towns in the nineteenth century, mostly among single women in underprivileged environments. On the other hand, taking this same child back was more unusual. By analyzing the registers of the Lyon hospitals, it is possible to determine the percentage of children taken back by their mothers, how this was actually achieved, and to examine the family status of the mothers at the time of both events. Both of these acts -- abandoning a child and then taking it back -- can be put back in their context in these women's lives, for instance, by looking into the length of time separating the two procedures. To finish with, it appears that the 'Hospices civils de Lyon' encouraged mothers to take the children back and generally had a conciliatory attitude toward them, supposedly in the children's interest.

[From traditional practices to medical supervision in maternity]. / De las prácticas tradicionales a la supervisión médica en el ejercicio de la maternidad. Asturias 1900-1931.

The first few decades of the 20th century represent a period of transition in attitudes to maternity and childcare. Attempts are made for mothers to interiorize new approaches established by the medical collective, still giving considerable weight to traditional childcare practices, using initiatives of different types for this purpose. Women take on these discourses but are able to readapt them in accordance with their situation and particular needs.

Abandoned in Brussels, delivered in Paris: long-distance transports of unwanted children in the eighteenth century.

The study uses examinations and other documents produced in the course of a large-scale investigation undertaken by the central authorities of the Austrian Netherlands in the 1760s on the transportation of about thirty children from Brussels to the Parisian foundling house by a Brussels shoemaker and his wife. It combines the rich archival evidence with sparse indications in the literature to demonstrate that long-distance transports of abandoned children were a common but historiographically neglected by-product of the ambiguities of foundling policies in eighteenth-century Europe and provides insight into the functioning of the associated networks and the motives of parents, doctors, midwives, transporters, and local officials involved.

History Matters: Racialized Motherhoods and Neoliberalism.

Neoliberal political reasoning is remaking the state's democratic character and its governing rules to reflect those of the market. The most prominent legislative example, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, dictates work requirements, time limits, and monitoring and sanctioning of clients. Through such policies, the primary aims of government assistance changed from aiding needy citizens to transforming individuals into paid workers, regardless of continued poverty or care obligations. Although scholarship of related policy and governance tools has grown, less study has centered on understanding the historic events and ways in which race-based, gendered, and poverty narratives facilitated adoption of such austere policies. This article compares circumstances of African American and White mothers in the United States from the Revolutionary War to the postwelfare era. It describes what neoliberalism is, discusses the role of ideological discourses in policy and governance, presents the history and historical racialized portrayals of White and African American motherhood during this period, and analyzes the differential impact of ideological discourses using a lens of intersectionality. The conclusion discusses how discriminatory discourses subvert a democratic ethos for all and suggests ways for social workers to contest the impacts of neoliberalism.

Prosecuting attempted suicides in London: 1891-1913.

A study of 30 cases of attempted suicide tried at the Old Bailey criminal court in London (England) from 1891 to 1913 indicated that having made prior attempts was the only predictor of the severity of the sentence. 22 individuals were tried for murdering or attempting to murder their child and also attempting suicide. None of the murderers but half of the attempted murderers were found not guilty, or guilty then released. Mothers used drowning more than did fathers and were more likely to be found not guilty.

[The role of women as mothers as shown by the Arkteia-rites in Brauron and the gynaecological texts of the Corpus Hippocraticum]. / Die Rolle der Frau als Mutter aus der Sicht der Arkteia-Riten in Brauron und der gynäkologischen Schriften des Corpus Hippocraticum.

This paper deals with the gender role of women in classical Greece: motherhood. On their way to motherhood, women were dependent on the assistance of the goddess Artemis. The focus of interest in the present paper is the Arkteia rites in the sanctuary of Artemis in Brauron. Hereby it will be shown how, during the rites, young girls on the threshold of their adulthood were urged to take up their specific gender tasks. Additionally, relevant arguments on the topic will be cited from the gynaecological texts of the Corpus Hippocraticum. Consequently, it will become evident that the socially determined gender role of women was enforced both by religion and medicine.

Mobilising Mothers: The 1917 National Baby Week.

This article focuses on Britain's 1917 National Baby Week and specifically how it played out in London. Pageantry and celebration were an important part of the event, and possibly a welcome distraction from the trials and horrors of war, and they were embraced by women of all social classes. But there was much more to it, as women who led the event seized the opportunity for political purposes, in what appeared to be an unthreatening environment of celebrating motherhood. Their goal was to promote the material wellbeing of, and state support for, women and children, and in this they were remarkably successful. Baby Week was also seized upon as an opportunity to showcase other welfare systems as a model for Britain, focusing in particular on New Zealand, with its free and comprehensive health service for infants. Rather than reflecting the eugenic and pronatalist concerns of the establishment, the event should be seen as a moment of politicisation of women arguing for cross-class social reform targeted at mothers.

Sara Ruddick's theory of maternal thinking applied to traditional Irish mothering.

This paper uses Sara Ruddick's theory of maternal thinking to explain patterns of Irish mothering that developed in Ireland following the Great Famine of 1845-1852. Ruddick's central thesis, that maternal thinking develops strategies for preserving the life of the child, fostering the child's growth, and shaping an acceptable child, is applied to the intersecting influences of famine memory, religion, education, and emigration in post-famine Ireland. The strict, moralistic, and highly inhibiting features of Irish culture that dominated the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are traceable to patterns of mothering that developed after the famine. While Irish mothers are often blamed for instilling values that stressed sexual repression and guilt, other cultural factors influenced maternal thinking. Mothers did foster highly repressive moral values that encouraged permanent celibacy and delayed marriage. This paper examines the larger cultural features that derived from political oppression and the famine as they imprinted these values.

['Being a mother is a science': women, physicians, and the construction of scientific maternity in the 1920's]. / 'Ser mãe é uma ciência': mulheres, médicos e a construção da maternidade científica na década de 1920.

The article analyzes the construction of the notion of scientific maternity in Brazil in the 1920s as part of the broad republican reform project meant to build nationhood. With the active participation of women, multiple social agents were involved in configuring the maternalist discourse and in reshaping relations between women and doctors into a partnership negotiated around a mutual interest in valuing maternity. Special attention is paid to the essential role played by women's magazines in this process.

"How to have healthy children". Responses to the falling birth rate in Norway, c. 1900-1940.

This paper focuses on initiatives to improve infant health, as they developed in Norway especially during the interwar period. Falling birth rates were felt as a menace to the survival of the nation and specific initiatives were taken to oppose it. But crises engendered by the reduction in fertility strengthened opportunities for introducing policies to help the fewer children born survive and grow up to become healthy citizens. Legislation supporting mothers started in 1892 increased in the interwar years including economic features. Healthy mother and baby stations and hygienic clinics, aimed at controlling births were developed by voluntary organisations inspired from France and England respectively. A sterilization law (1934) paralleled some German policies.

Little Hans and Freud's self-analysis: a biographical view of clinical theory in the making.

For nearly a century, Freud's "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" has been read mainly--if often critically--with Freud's conscious aim in mind: providing evidence for the central importance of oedipal conflict. Material recently released by the Freud Archives casts new light on Freud's treatment of Hans's mother, Olga Graf (nee Hönig)--which began at the height of his self-analysis in 1897--and of Hans himself. Read in the enriched context of new information from Eissler's interviews with Max Graf and Herbert Graf, two texts--Freud's 1897 letters to Fliess and the 1909 case history--illuminate possible personal motives for Freud's insistence on the primacy of oedipal conflict.

War neurosis, adjustment problems in veterans, and an ill nation: The disciplinary project of American psychiatry during and after World War II.

After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result of their successful participation in the war. When the incidence of mental breakdown in the American armed forces rose to unprecedented heights, new and effective psychotherapeutic methods were developed to treat the traumatic effects of the extraordinary stresses of warfare. At the same time, social scientists concluded that breakdown incidence was inversely related to morale, which led to the development of preventive measures aimed at specific groups. Both initiatives stimulated a number of psychiatrists to plan projects of social engineering after the war. They first focused on aiding the reintegration of returning veterans. Later, they addressed the poor mental health of the American population as a whole, which they considered to be the consequence of faulty child-rearing methods.

Todo cuidado do mundo: mulheres e o desafio da microcefalia congênita / Every care in the world: women and the challenge of congenital microcephaly / Todos los cuidados del mundo: mujeres y el desafío de la microcefalia congénita

O documentário Todo cuidado do mundo aborda histórias de mulheres, mães de filhos portadores da microcefalia congênita, malformação oriunda da contaminação de gestantes pelo Zika vírus. A expansão do Zika vírus e suas consequências para as gestantes são abordadas nesse documentário, que focaliza o impacto social gerado pelo vírus especialmente na vida das mães que possuem filhos portadores da microcefalia. Para além da realidade maternal, o vídeo apresenta a opinião de profissionais de saúde e problematiza a questão em torno da microcefalia congênita e seu impacto no direito à saúde. As discussões sobre as necessidades que têm as mães de filhos portadores da microcefalia e os apoios de que elas precisam, contribuem para sensibilizar o público sobre os desafios enfrentados por elas.

The documentary Todo cuidado do mundo (Every care in the world) addresses daily events in the life of women, mothers of children with congenital microcephaly, malformation resulting from contamination of pregnant women by Zika virus. The expansion of the Zika virus and its consequences for pregnant women are addressed in the documentary, which focuses on the social impact generated by that virus especially on the life of mothers who have children with microcephaly. In addition to the maternal reality, the video presents the opinion of health professionals and discusses the issue surrounding congenital microcephaly and its impact on the right to health. Discussions about the support that mothers of children with microcephaly require and their daily needs contribute to sensitize the public to the challenges faced by them.

El documental Todo cuidado do mundo (Todos los cuidados del mundo) aborda historias de mujeres, madres de niños con microcefalia congénita, malformación resultante de la contaminación, por el virus Zika, de mujeres embarazadas. La expansión del virus Zika y sus consecuencias para las mujeres embarazadas son abordadas en el documental, que enfoca el impacto social generado por el virus especialmente en la vida de las madres que tienen hijos con microcefalia. Además de la realidad materna, el vídeo presenta la opinión de los profesionales de la salud y discute el tema de la microcefalia congénita y su impacto en el derecho a la salud. Las discusiones sobre los apoyos que precisan las madres de niños con microcefalia y suyas necesidades diarias contribuyen para sensibilizar al público acerca de los desafíos que ellas enfrentan.

What Do Childbearing Women in Your Clinical Practice Look Like?

With cultural diversity increasing, what do the childbearing women in your practice look like? Beliefs about the central role of motherhood and the use of fertility rites in the life of a woman vary. Although individual differences exist because of the uniqueness of each woman, there are wonderfully rich cultural traditions and practices that influence what a woman believes and enacts. What constitutes a satisfying birth experience varies from woman to woman. Perinatal nurses can find many satisfying clinical experiences by being creative, flexible, and resilient in their approach to providing care.

[Female responsibilities: midwives, nurses and mothers in the works of some antique and Renaissance physicians]. / Responsabilités féminines: sages-femmes, nourrices et mères chez quelques médecins de l'antiquité et de la Renaissance.

In his De morborum causis Galen presents the very moment of childbirth, in order to emphasise that the midwife's act of reception is instrumental in preventing malformations of the infant's "humid" limbs; nurses are also responsible for future malformations. The role of the midwife as the physician's assistant with female patients is stressed by Hippocrates and Soranos. The French Renaissance physicians Simon de Vallambert, Jacques and Charles Guillemeau refer to Galen in order to criticise the incompetence of midwives and nurses, as opposed to biological mothers, who have to breast-feed their babies because nurses lack moral integrity. Galen's commentator François Valleriole explains that nurses swaddle girls differently from boys because they aim at artificial (immoral) beauty. Leonhart Fuchs underlines that improper swaddling causes girls to lose their femininity. Thus, medical commentary changes into moralising remarks in order to maintain the moral and social status quo concerning women.