Evaluating the Occurrence of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Environmental Waters by Agglomeration with Alkylated Ferroferric Oxide Followed by Micropore Membrane Filtration Collection and Py-GC/MS Analysis.

Although nanoplastics (NPs) are recognized as emerging anthropogenic particulate pollutants, the occurrence of NPs in the environment is rarely reported, partly due to the lack of sensitive methods for the concentration and detection of NPs. Herein, we present an efficient method for enriching NPs of different compositions and various sizes. Alkylated ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) particles were prepared as adsorbents for highly efficient capture of NPs in environmental waters, and the formed large Fe3O4-NP agglomerates were separated by membrane filtration. Detection limits of 0.02-0.03 µg/L were obtained for polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) NPs by detection with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). When analyzing real water samples from different sources, it is remarkable that PS NPs were detected in 11 out of 15 samples with concentrations ranging from <0.07 to 0.73 µg/L, while PMMA were not detected. The wide detection of PS NPs in our study confirms the previous speculation that NPs may be ubiquitous in the environmental waters. The accurate quantification of PS NPs in environmental waters make it possible to monitor the pollution status of NPs in aquatic systems and evaluate their potential risks.

Identification and Quantification of Nanoplastics in Surface Water and Groundwater by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Nanoplastics (NPs) are currently considered an environmental pollutant of concern, but the actual extent of NP pollution in environmental water bodies remains unclear and there is not enough quantitative data to conduct proper risk assessments. In this study, a pretreatment method combining ultrafiltration (UF, 100 kDa) with hydrogen peroxide digestion and subsequent detection with pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was developed and used to identify and quantify six selected NPs in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW), including poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The results show that the proposed method could detect NPs in environmental water samples. Nearly all selected NPs could be detected in the surface water at all locations, while PVC, PMMA, PS, and PET NPs were frequently below the detection limit in the groundwater. PP (32.9-69.9%) and PE (21.3-44.3%) NPs were the dominant components in both surface water and groundwater, although there were significant differences in the pollution levels attributed to the filtration efficiency of riverbank, with total mass concentrations of 0.283-0.793 µg/L (SW) and 0.021-0.203 µg/L (GW). Overall, this study quantified the NPs in complex aquatic environments for the first time, filling in gaps in our knowledge about NP pollution levels and providing a useful methodology and important reference data for future research.

Cloud-Point Extraction Combined with Thermal Degradation for Nanoplastic Analysis Using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The contamination of micro- and nanoplastics in marine systems and freshwater is a global issue. Determination of micro- and nanoplastics in the aqueous environment is of high priority to fully assess the risk that plastic particles will pose. Although microplastics have been detected in a variety of aquatic ecosystems, the analysis of nanoplastics remains an unsolved challenge. Herein, for the first time, a Triton X-45 (TX-45)-based cloud-point extraction (CPE) was proposed to preconcentrate trace nanoplastics in environmental waters. Under the optimum extraction conditions, an enrichment factor of 500 was obtained for two types of nanoplastics with different compositions, polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), without disturbing their original morphology and sizes. Additionally, following thermal treatment at 190 °C for 3 h, the CPE-obtained extract could be submitted to pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis for mass quantification of nanoplastics. Taking 66.2 nm PS nanoplastics and 86.2 nm PMMA nanoplastics as examples, the proposed method showed excellent reproducibility, and high sensitivity with respective detection limits of 11.5 and 2.5 fM. Feasibility of the proposed approach was verified by application of the optimized procedure to four real water samples. Recoveries of 84.6-96.6% at a spiked level of 88.6 fM for PS nanoplastics and 76.5-96.6% at a spiked level of 50.4 fM for PMMA nanoplastics were obtained. Consequently, this work provides an efficient approach for nanoplastic analysis in environmental waters.

Microwave-assisted surface modification for the separation of polycarbonate from polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinyl chloride waste plastics by flotation.

Microwave-assisted potassium permanganate modification (MPPM) was used for the flotation separation of polycarbonate (PC) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) waste plastics. The separation process was optimized by investigating the potassium permanganate concentration, treatment time, flotation time and frother concentration. MPPM selectively reduced the flotation recovery of PC. The optimum conditions were determined to be: potassium permanganate concentration, 2 mM/L; treatment time, 1 min; frother concentration, 17.57 g/L; and flotation time, 1 min. PC was efficiently separated from PVC and PMMA under the optimum conditions. The purity of the separated PC was 97.71%. The purity and recovery of PVC and PMMA were both >95%. The modification mechanism was investigated using the water contact angles, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. This work provides technical insights into the industrial recycling of waste plastics.

Airborne Exposure of Methyl Methacrylate During Simulated Total Hip Arthroplasty and Fabrication of Antibiotic Beads.

As the use of cement remains prevalent in orthopedic surgery, so do concerns over the safety of its active ingredient, methyl methacrylate (MMA). The Occupational Health and Safety Agency (OSHA) limits the airborne exposure to 100 parts per million (ppm) averaged over an 8 hour period. We measured MMA exposure to operating room personnel during simulated total hip arthroplasty (THA), antibiotic bead fabrication and simulated spill of MMA. Cumulative and peak exposures during simulated THA and antibiotic bead fabrication did not exceed OSHA limits of 100ppm. Vacuum mixing and greater distance from the vapor source reduced measured MMA exposure. Spilled MMA led to prolonged and elevated MMA levels. MMA levels returned to a negligible level in all scenarios by 20 minutes after mixing.

Methyl methacrylate levels in orthopedic surgery: comparison of two conventional vacuum mixing systems.

Poly-methyl methacrylate bone cements contain methyl methacrylate (MMA), which is known for its sensitizing and toxic properties. Therefore, in most European countries and in the USA, guidelines or regulations exist for occupational exposures. The use of vacuum mixing systems can significantly reduce airborne MMA concentrations during bone setting. Our goal was to test two commonly used vacuum mixing systems (Palamix(®) and Optivac(®)) using Palacos(®) R bone cement for their effectiveness at preventing MMA vapor release in a series of standardized trials in a laboratory as well as in an operating theatre. MMA was quantified every second over a period of 3 min using a photoionization detector (MiniRAE(®) 3000) device positioned in the breathing area of the user. Significant differences in MMA mean vapor concentrations over 180 s were observed in the two experimental spaces, with the highest mean concentrations (7.61 and 7.98 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) observed in a laboratory with nine air changes per hour and the lowest average concentrations (1.06 and 1.12 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) in an operating theatre with laminar flow ventilation and 22 air changes per hour. No significant differences in overall MMA concentrations were found between the two vacuum mixing systems in either location. Though, differences were found between both systems during single mixing phases. Thus, typical handling of MMA in orthopedic procedures must be seen as not harmful as concentrations do not reach the short-term exposure limit of 100 ppm. Additionally, laminar airflow seems to have an influence on lowering MMA concentrations in operation theatres.

Inhalation study of polymethyl methacrylate following radiologist exposure during percutaneous vertebroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the atmospheric concentrations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) vapors during percutaneous vertebroplasty for the interventional radiologist and the other operating room staff. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During percutaneous vertebroplasty, a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) mixture (about 20 mL) was prepared with a mixing system in a normally ventilated room. Atmospheric concentrations of MMA vapors were measured by a gas absorbent badge for individual exposure (GABIE) passive sampler attached to the surgical gowns of the interventional radiologist and the other operating room staff over a period of 460 min. Active sampling was performed over 15 min with an individual pump placed near the breathing zone of the radiologist. MMA vapor concentrations were then measured using gas chromatography and activated charcoal tubes. RESULTS: Mean MMA vapor concentrations measured by the GABIEs over the period of 460 min were 0.51 parts per million (ppm) for the radiologist and 0.22 ppm for the other operating room staff. The emission peaks measured by using charcoal tubes over 15 min were 3.7 ppm. CONCLUSION: MMA vapor concentrations during percutaneous vertebroplasty were well below the recommended maximum exposure of 100 ppm over the course of an 8-h workday.

Osmium tetroxide labeling of (poly)methyl methacrylate corrosion casts for enhancement of micro-CT microvascular imaging.

In order to enhance micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) imaging of corrosion casts of fine vasculature, metals can be added to the casting resin before perfusion. However, perfused metals lead to vasoconstriction or vessel damage resulting in nonphysiologic vascular casts. A novel method for coating methyl methacrylate vascular casts with osmium tetroxide has been developed in order to increase micro-CT contrast without affecting the vascular structure. This technique was verified using corrosion casts of the lung vasculature of New Zealand white rabbits. Osmium tetroxide coating of methyl methacrylate vascular corrosion casts resulted in an increase in overall sample contrast that translated into an increase in the resolution of the vasculature. This method can therefore lead to increased resolution in the characterization of fine vascular structures.

Qualitative Screening of Amphetamine- and Ketamine-Type Abuse Drugs in Urine Employing Dual Mode Extraction Column by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).

This manuscript reported a fast and rapid qualitative screening method for abuse drugs in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The scope of the abuse drugs under investigation included methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, ketamine (KET), deschloroketamine (DCK), 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2 F-DCK) and deschloro-N-ethylketamine (2-oxo-PCE). The method employed a dual mode extraction (DME) column as a novel clean-up method for the urine matrix. To an aliquot of 0.2 mL urine, internal standards (ISTDs) and 0.4 mL of acidified methanol were added. After vortex and centrifugation, the supernatant was passed through a DME column before LC-MS-MS analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a C18 column by gradient elution. The limits of detection (LODs) for MA, AMP, MDMA, MDA and PMMA were 3 ng/mL, whereas those for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were 10 ng/mL and those for KET, DCK, 2 F-DCK and 2-oxo-PCE were 1 ng/mL. The matrix effects ranged from -12% to 7% (%CV from 4% to 19%). This method is fit for the intended purpose for forensic toxicology, as well as for forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts.

Tracing microplastics from raw water to drinking water treatment plants in Busan, South Korea.

The increasing amount of plastic waste has raised concerns about microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. MPs can be fragmented into nanoplastics that can pass through water treatment processes and into tap water; potentially threatening human health because of their high adsorption capacity for hazardous organic materials and their intrinsic toxicity. This case study investigates the identification, fate, and removal efficiency of MPs in Korean drinking water treatment plants. Two sites on the Nakdong River, two lake reservoirs (raw water sources), and four corresponding drinking water treatment plants were targeted to trace the amounts, types, and sizes of MPs throughout the treatment process. Monthly quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted by chemical image mapping using micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. MPs larger than 20 µm were detected, and their sizes and types were quantified using siMPle software. Overall, the number of MPs in the river sites (January to April and October to November) exceeded those in the reservoirs, but only slight differences in the number of MPs between rivers and lake reservoirs were detected from June to October. The annual average number of MPs in River A, B and Lack C and D was not distinctively different (2.65, 2.48, 2.46 and 1.87 particles/L, respectively). The majority of MPs found in raw waters were polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) (> 60%) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (20%), in addition to polyamide (<10%) in the river and polystyrene (<10%) in the lake reservoirs. Approximately 70-80% of the MPs were removed by pre-ozonation/sedimentation; 81-88% of PE/PP was removed by this process. PET/PMMA was removed by filtration. Correlation of MPs with water quality parameters showed that the Mn concentration was moderately correlated with the MP abundance in rivers and lake reservoirs, excluding the lake with the lowest Mn concentration, while the total organic carbon was negatively correlated with the MP abundance in both rivers (A and B) and lake reservoir C.

Histopathologic identification of dermal filler agents.

As reflected in the literature, the use of dermal filler agents has increased substantially over the last decade. Consequently, these agents are more frequently encountered on histopathologic examination. A variety of dermal fillers can be readily identified histopathologically, and the accurate identification of these agents is a critical task for dermatopathologists. Furthermore, a basic understanding of the histological features of fillers has relevance to dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons. The identification of filler substances may have important diagnostic, medico-legal and medical management considerations. This concise review aims to provide a pragmatic approach to distinguishing the agents most frequently encountered in routine practice and in the literature.

Probabilistic characteristics of random damage events and their quantification in acrylic bone cement.

The failure of brittle and quasi-brittle polymers can be attributed to a multitude of random microscopic damage modes, such as fibril breakage, crazing, and microfracture. As the load increases, new damage modes appear, and existing ones can transition into others. In the example polymer used in this study--a commercially available acrylic bone cement--these modes, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces, include nucleation of voids, cracking, and local detachment of the beads from the matrix. Here, we made acoustic measurements of the randomly generated microscopic events (RGME) that occurred in the material under pure tension and under three-point bending, and characterized the severity of the damage by the entropy (s) of the probability distribution of the observed acoustic signal amplitudes. We correlated s with the applied stress (σ) by establishing an empirical s-σ relationship, which quantifies the activities of RGME under Mode I stress. It reveals the state of random damage modes: when ds/dσ > 0, the number of damage modes present increases with increasing stress, whereas it decreases when ds/dσ < 0. When ds/dσ ≈ 0, no new random damage modes occur. In the s-σ curve, there exists a transition zone, with the stress at the "knee point" in this zone (center of the zone) corresponding to ~30 and ~35% of the cement's tensile and bending strengths, respectively. This finding explains the effects of RGME on material fatigue performance and may be used to approximate fatigue limit.

Improved detection of biofilm-formative bacteria by vortexing and sonication: a pilot study.

Bacteria such as staphylococci commonly encountered in orthopaedic infections form biofilms and adhere to bone implants and cements. Various methods to disrupt the biofilm and enhance bacterial detection have been reported. We will describe the effectiveness of vortexing and sonication to improve the detection of biofilm-formative bacteria from polymethylmethacrylate by conventional quantitative bacterial culture and real-time quantitative PCR. We used a single biofilm-formative Staphylococcus aureus strain and 20 polymethylmethacrylate coupons as an in vitro biofilm model; four coupons were used for each of two control groups or three experimental sonication times (1, 5, and 30 minutes). Vortexing the cement without sonication increased the yield of adherent bacteria to a considerable extent. The combination of vortexing and sonication further enhanced the yield regardless of the duration of sonication. Quantitative conventional cultures correlated with quantitative PCR assay. The combination of vortexing and sonication to disrupt the bacterial biofilm followed by quantitative PCR and/or culture seems to be a sensitive method for detecting bacteria adherent to bone cement.

JectOS® versus PMMA vancomycin-loaded cement: The biomechanical and antimicrobial properties.

PURPOSE: Bone cement is commonly used as a void filler for bone defects. Antibiotics can be added to bone cement to increase local drug delivery in eradicating infection. After antibiotic elution, nonbiodegradable material becomes an undesirable agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of addition of vancomycin on the compressive strength of injectable synthetic bone substitute, JectOS®. JectOS, a partially biodegradable cement that over time dissolves and is replaced by bone, could be potentially used as a biodegradable antibiotic carrier. METHODS: Vancomycin at various concentrations was added to JectOS and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Then, the cement was molded into standardized dimensions for in vitro testing. Cylindrical vancomycin-JectOS samples were subjected to compressive strength. The results obtained were compared to PMMA-vancomycin compressive strength data attained from historical controls. The zone of inhibition was carried out using vancomycin-JectOS and vancomycin-PMMA disk on methicillin-resistant strain culture agar. RESULTS: With the addition of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% vancomycin, the average compressive strengths reduced to 8.01 ± 0.95 MPa (24.6%), 7.52 ± 0.71 MPa (29.2%), and 7.23 ± 1.34 MPa (31.9%). Addition of vancomycin significantly weakened biomechanical properties of JectOS, but there was no significant difference in the compressive strength at increasing concentrations. The average diameters of zone of inhibition for JectOS-vancomycin were 24.7 ± 1.44 (2.5%) mm, 25.9 ± 0.85 mm (5%), and 26.8 ± 1.81 mm (10%), which outperformed PMMA. CONCLUSION: JectOS has poor mechanical performance but superior elution property. JectOS-vancomycin cement is suitable as a void filler delivering high local concentration of vancomycin. We recommended using it for contained bone defects that do not require mechanical strength.

First account of plastic pollution impacting freshwater fishes in the Amazon: Ingestion of plastic debris by piranhas and other serrasalmids with diverse feeding habits.

Reported here is the first evidence of plastic ingestion by freshwater fishes in the Amazon. Plastic bags, bottles, fishing gear, and other products are entering Amazonian water bodies and degrade into meso- and micro-plastic particles that may be ingested, either directly or indirectly via food chains, by fishes. Examination of stomach contents from 172 specimens of 16 serrasalmid species from lower Xingu River Basin revealed consumption of plastic particles by fishes in each of three trophic guilds (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores). Overall, about one quarter of specimens and 80% of species analyzed had ingested plastic particles ranging from 1 to 15 mm in length. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated 12 polymer types, including 27% identified as polyethylene, 13% polyvinyl chloride, 13% polyamide, 13% polypropylene, 7% poly(methyl methacrylate), 7% rayon, 7% polyethylene terephtalate, and 13% a blend of polyamide and polyethylene terephtalate. Dimensions of ingested plastic particles varied among trophic guilds, even though the frequency and mass of ingested particles were not significantly different among fishes with different feeding habits.

Release of different amphotericin B formulations from PMMA bone cements and their activity against Candida biofilm.

Amphotericin B is used for local delivery from polymethylmethacrylate to treat fungal prosthetic joint infections. The optimal amphotericin B formulation and the influence of different poragens in the bone cements are unknown. To investigate the necessary amount of amphotericin B in the bone cement to prevent Candida biofilm several amphotericin B formulations were studied: non-liposomal and liposomal with or without poragen gentamicin. For the non-liposomal formulation, standard bile salt, the sodium deoxycholate, was used and additionally N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate was applied. The activity of the released amphotericin B was tested against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei biofilms with application of the isothermal calorimeter and standard microbiological methods. Compressive strength was measured before and after antifungal elution from the cements. There is less aggregated N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate amphotericin B released but its antifungal activity is equivalent with the deoxycholate amphotericin B. The minimum quantity of antifungal preventing the Candida biofilm formation is 12.5 mg in gram of polymer powder for both non-liposomal formulations. The addition of gentamicin reduced the release of sodium deoxycholate amphotericin B. Gentamicin can be added to N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate amphotericin B in order to boost the antifungal release. When using liposomal amphotericin B more drug is released. All amphotericin B formulations were active against Candida biofilms. Although compressive strength slightly decreased, the obtained values were above the level of strength recommended for the implant fixation. The finding of this work might be beneficial for the treatment of the prosthetic joint infections caused by Candida spp.

Hyphenation of aqueous liquid chromatography to pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the comprehensive characterization of water-soluble polymers.

A recently developed hyphenated system for "organic" size-exclusion chromatography-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SEC-Py-GC-MS) is adapted to allow the use of aqueous LC eluents as applied in the characterization of water-soluble polymers. The system uses syringe-based transfer of multiple LC-fractions to the GC instrument with solvent elimination and subsequent pyrolysis in a programmed temperature vaporization injector. The problems of the large-volume injections of aqueous, salt containing eluents into the Py-GC-MS are solved by using a 'sintered-bed liner' for elimination of the water at a high temperature, a volatile salt and the installation of a back-flush option. After optimization, the system was applied for the determination of the combined molecular weight-chemical composition of a polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymer. This analysis was done with the system in the aqueous SEC-Py-GC-MS mode. Also demonstrated is the automated at-line characterization of a random polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate copolymer, now with the system in the gradient reversed-phase LC-Py-GC-MS mode. The methods proposed in the present work are very useful for the detailed characterization of water-soluble copolymers.

A comparison of commercially available polymethylmethacrylate-based soft tissue fillers.

BACKGROUND The rapid market expansion of filler treatment options requires physicians and health care providers to fully understand differences among comparable products. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare commercially available polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based soft tissue fillers to determine if there are meaningful variations in these products that could result in significantly different therapeutic profiles, especially with respect to safety. METHODS AND MATERIALS PMMA particles were evaluated for size and morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. PMMA microsphere soft tissue filler products from the United States, Europe, Brazil, and Canada were compared with respect to size, homogeneity/irregularity, surface smoothness/roughness, and the presence or absence of sediment and particulate debris. RESULTS Marked differences with respect to PMMA particle morphology and related particle characteristics from a variety of products were found. Of note, some products demonstrated potentially concerning significant variability in particle size and irregular morphology. CONCLUSION It is anticipated that the variability detected in these products, based on the literature, could result in different therapeutic profiles, especially with respect to safety. Physicians and health care providers should be aware that "comparable" products that at a glance appear similar may not be equal.

Polishability and wear resistance of splint material for oral appliances produced with conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing.

Occlusal splints to treat bruxism are commonly made from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in a manual workflow (powder-liquid technique). Today digitalization allows a machine-based manufacturing in subtractive (milling) and additive (printing) means using industrial-made PMMA or comparable resins. An in-vitro study should assess the surface finish and screen the wear resistance of conventional and industrial materials. Therefore, a total of 30 specimens made from conventionally PMMA (group C; powder-liquid, Palapress), polycarbonate ingots (group S; innoBlanc splint plus), and light-curing resin (group A; VarseoWax splint) were polished to examine the surface roughness (Ra) by profilometry and further analyzed by SEM. The specimens were loaded with a steatite ball moving 5000 times along 1cm with 5N of surface pressure under constant wetting (artificial saliva). The total height of profile (Pt) was calculated by further profilometry of the specimens. All specimen showed initially comparable Ra values ranging between 0.06 and 0.05µm (SD = 0.01) after polishing. SEM investigations revealed no visual cues for scratches or irregularities in any group. After abrasion test, the comparison of the wear depths, revealed mean Pt values of 111.4µm (SD = 18.5) in C, 85.7µm (SD = 21.5) in S, and 99.1µm (SD = 21.5) in A, whereas the mean of S was statistically different from C (p = 0.025). No signs of abrasion were found on the steatite balls. All materials showed comparable polished surfaces and a similar scale of wear. It remains questionable if the detected statistical differences are of clinical relevance, but indicates the need for tests of novel materials, especially in additive manufacturing.

Importance of the PMMA viscoelastic rheology on the reduction of the leakage risk during osteoporotic bone augmentation: A numerical leakage model through a porous media.

Osteoporotic fractures poses one of the most problematic health issues that affects millions of people by weakening their bones (Osteoporosis). Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement is usually used to augment the bone and stabilize the fractures. Despite the benefit of using PMMA, it might cause a leakage where the cement undesirably access the surrounding tissues or vessels and lead to a serious complications. Consequently, it is important to study the leakage phenomenon and associated geometric and operation interactions. Although the experimental leakage models have been reported in many studies, a representative numerical leakage model is not exist. Therefore, the objectives of the present paper are to: (a) to develop and validate a representative numerical leakage model; and (b) to investigate numerically and analytically the importance of the rheological parameters (viscosity and relaxation time) on the cement flow to reduce the risk of leakage. ANSYS Polyflow was utilized to implement a 2D numerical leakage model to study the interaction of complex rheological parameters of the cement with the operational and geometrical structure of the representative porous media. In this model, the cement (represented by the upper-convected Maxwell model) flows from the entrance (tip of an 8 gauge cannula) through a porous media with a leakage path (blood vessels) toward the output (Bottom side). The verified and validated numerical leakage model showed the importance of the elastic and viscous part of the cement to control the uniformity of the distributed cement and augmentation pressure, respectively. Moreover, increasing the flow rate can lead to reduce the risk of leakage since the elastic effect will increase. Geometrical parameters of the porous media has a minor effect on changing the elasticity and subsequently on the uniformity of the distributed cement. In conclusion, Cement rheological parameters are found to be the most influential parameters to reduce the risk of leakage by controlling the uniformity of the distributed cement and the augmentation pressure.