Gender gap in articles published in European Radiology and CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology: evolution between 2002 and 2016.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gender differences in the authorship of articles published in two major European radiology journals, European Radiology (EurRad) and CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology (CVIR). METHODS: A retrospective bibliometric analysis was performed of 2632 papers published in EurRad and CVIR sampled over a period of 14 years (2002-2016). The authors' gender was determined. The analysis was focused on first and last authors. In addition, the characteristics of the articles (type, origin, radiological subspecialty, and country) were noted. RESULTS: Overall, 23% of first authors and 10% of the last authors were women. The proportion of women significantly increased over time in EurRad from 22% in 2002 to 35% in 2016 for first authors (p > 0.001), and from 13% in 2002 to 18% in 2016 for last authors (p = 0.05). There was no significant increase in the proportion of female authors in CVIR over time. Female authors were more frequently identified in breast imaging (48%), pediatrics, and gynecological imaging (29%). There were more female authors in articles from Spain (34%), the Netherlands (28%), France, Italy, and South Korea (26%). Forty-one percent and 21% of women were first authors with a woman or man as last author, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in female authorship in original diagnostic but not interventional imaging research articles between 2002 and 2016, with a strong influence of the radiological subspecialty. Women were significantly more frequently first authors when the last author was a woman. KEY POINTS: • There was a significant increase in female authorship in original diagnostic but not interventional imaging research articles between 2002 and 2016. • There is a strong influence of the radiological subspecialty on the percentage of female authors. • Women are significantly more frequently first authors when the last author is a woman.

Untapped Resources: Attaining Equitable Representation for Women in IR.

PURPOSE: To investigate the current state of gender diversity among invited coordinators at the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Annual Scientific Meeting and to compare the academic productivity of female interventional radiologists to that of invited male coordinators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Faculty rosters for the SIR Annual Scientific Meetings from 2015 to 2017 were stratified by gender to quantify female representation among those asked to lead and coordinate podium sessions. To quantify academic productivity and merit, H-index, publications, and authorship by females over a 6-year period (2012-2017) were statistically compared to that of recurring male faculty. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2017, women held 7.1% (9/126), 4.3%, (8/188), and 13.7% (27/197) of the available coordinator positions for podium sessions, with no representation at the plenary sessions, and subject matter expertise was concentrated in economics and education. Academic productivity of the top quartile of published female interventional radiologists was statistically similar to that of the invited male faculty (H-index P = .722; total publications P = .689; and authorship P = .662). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that senior men dominate the SIR Annual Scientific Meeting, with few women leading or coordinating the podium sessions, despite their established academic track record.

Bridging the Gender Gap in the Society of IR: A Benchmark Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the evolving representation of women in the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the available gender demographic data of various SIR subgroups between 2008 and 2017 was performed. The gender makeup of the following groups was analyzed: SIR membership, SIR Executive Council members and officers, Annual Meeting invited speakers, committee chairs, Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) first and senior authors, JVIR editorial board, IR Quarterly (IRQ) authors, and active interventional radiology (IR) residents and fellows. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2017, the percentage of female representation in SIR members doubled (from 6% to 13.1%). In the same period, female representation also significantly increased in Executive Council members (0% to 20%) and officers (0% to 50%), SIR Annual Meeting presenters (5.1% to 15.4%), and JVIR first authors (10% to 14.5%) and senior authors (7.1% to 11.9%). From 2012 to 2017, there were increases in female representation among SIR committee chairs (21% to 28%) and IRQ authors (4.5% to 27%). However, the percentage of female IR residents and fellows did not significantly change between 2008 and 2017 (11% vs 16.2%; P = .51). CONCLUSIONS: Women interventional radiologists are underrepresented within SIR, representing only 9.2% of active IR physicians. There has been a steady increase in female representation within most areas of SIR evaluated in this study. Although these trends are reassuring, efforts toward increasing recruitment and retention of women in IR need to improve in light of the infancy of IR as a residency program.

Neurointerventional Radiology for the Aspiring Radiology Resident: Current State of the Field and Future Directions.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to document recent trends in stroke intervention at a tertiary-care facility with a comprehensive stroke center and to analyze current procedure volumes and the employment of specialty providers in neurointerventional radiology (NIR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional trends in the volume of mechanical thrombectomy were analyzed on the basis of the number of patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy from 2013 to 2017. To evaluate the current status of mechanical thrombectomy volumes in the United States, the number of patients in the Medicare fee-for-service database who underwent mechanical thrombectomy in 2016 was assessed. The specialty backgrounds of the various providers who performed mechanical thrombectomy were analyzed. Procedure volumes for intracranial stenting, embolization, and vertebral augmentation procedures were assessed. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2017, the total numbers of mechanical thrombectomy procedures for acute ischemic stroke were 19 in 2013 and 111 in 2017. The total volume of mechanical thrombectomy procedures in the Medicare fee-for-service population in 2016 was 7479. For intracranial endovascular procedures, 20,850 were performed in the U.S. Medicare population in 2015 and 22,511 in 2016. Radiologists performed 45% of procedures in 2016; neurosurgeons, 41%; and neurologists, 11%. When the total numbers of percutaneous brain and spine procedures were combined, radiologists performed 41%; neurosurgeons, 23%; and neurologists, 3%. In 2016, there were a total of 220 active NIR staff at the NIR programs with rotating residents or fellows. In these programs, 49% of staff members were neuroradiologists, 41% were neurosurgeons, and 10% were neurologists. Of the 72 NIR departments with confirmed rotating fellows or residents, 14 had only neuroradiologists on staff, six had only neurosurgeons, and one had only neurologists. CONCLUSION: Increasing radiology resident interest and participation in NIR should ensure a steady influx of radiologists into the field, continuing the strong tradition of radiology participation, leadership, and innovation in NIR.

A survey of vascular specialists' practice patterns of inferior vena cava filter placement and retrieval.

OBJECTIVES: The placement of inferior vena cava filters (IVCF) continues to rise. Vascular specialists adopt different practices based on local expertise. This study was performed to assess the attitudes of vascular specialists towards the placement and retrieval of IVCF. METHODS: An online survey of 28 questions related to practice patterns regarding IVCF was administered to 1429 vascular specialists. Vascular specialists were categorized as low volume if they place less than three IVCF per month and high volume if they place at least three IVCF per month. The responses of high volume and low volume were compared using two-sample t-tests and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 259 vascular specialists completed the survey (18% response rate). There were 191 vascular surgeons (74%) and 68 interventional radiologists (26%). The majority of responders were in academic practice (67%) and worked in tertiary care centers (73%). The retrievable IVCF of choice was Celect (27%) followed by Denali (20%). Forty-two percent used a temporary IVCF and left it in situ instead of using a permanent IVCF. Eighty-two percent preferred placing the tip of the IVCF at or just below the lowest renal vein. Thirty-one percent obtained a venous duplex of the lower extremities prior to retrieval while 24% did not do any imaging. There were 132 (51%) low volume vascular specialists and 127 (49%) high volume vascular specialists. Compared to low volume vascular specialists, significantly more high volume vascular specialists reported procedural times of less than 30 min for IVCF retrieval (57% vs. 42%, P = 0.026). There was a trend for high volume to have fewer unsuccessful attempts at IVCF retrieval but that did not reach statistical significance ( P = .061). High volume were more likely to have attempted multiple times to retrieve an IVCF (66% vs. 33%, P < .001), and to have used bronchoscopy forceps (32% vs. 14%, P = .001) or a laser sheath (14% vs. 2%, P < .001) for IVCF retrieval. In general, vascular specialists were not comfortable using bronchoscopy forceps (65%) or a laser sheath (82%) for IVCF retrieval. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores significant variability in vascular specialists practice patterns regarding IVCF. More studies and societal guidelines are needed to define best practices.

2016 New Horizons Lecture: Beyond Imaging-Radiology of Tomorrow.

This article is based on the New Horizons lecture delivered at the 2016 Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting. It addresses looming changes for radiology, many of which stem from the disruptive effects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is an emerging era of unprecedented rapid innovation marked by the integration of diverse disciplines and technologies, including data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence-technologies that narrow the gap between man and machine. Technologic advances and the convergence of life sciences, physical sciences, and bioengineering are creating extraordinary opportunities in diagnostic radiology, image-guided therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, and radiology informatics, including radiologic image analysis. This article uses the example of oncology to make the case that, if members in the field of radiology continue to be innovative and continuously reinvent themselves, radiology can play an ever-increasing role in both precision medicine and value-driven health care. © RSNA, 2018.

Clinical IR in Canada: The Evolution of a Revolution.

PURPOSE: To investigate the current status and evolution of both the interventional radiologist's role as a clinician and the practice of interventional radiology (IR) over the past decade in Canada. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2015, an online survey was e-mailed to 210 interventional radiologists, including all Canadian active members of the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association (CIRA) and nonmembers who attended CIRA's annual meeting. Comparisons were made between interventional radiologists in academic versus community practice. The results of the 2015 survey were compared with CIRA's national surveys from 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: A total of 102 interventional radiologists responded (response rate 49%). Significantly more academic versus community interventional radiologists performed chemoembolization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, aortic interventions, and arteriovenous malformation embolization (P < .05). Ninety percent of respondents were involved in longitudinal patient care, which had increased by 42% compared with 2005; 46% of interventional radiologists had overnight admitting privileges, compared with 39% in 2010 and 29% in 2005. Eighty-six percent of interventional radiologists accepted direct referrals from family physicians, and 83% directly referred patients to other consultants. Sixty-three percent participated in multidisciplinary tumor board. The main challenges facing interventional radiologists included a lack of infrastructure, inadequate remuneration for IR procedures, and inadequate funding for IR equipment. Significantly more community versus academic interventional radiologists perceived work volume as an important issue facing the specialty in 2015 (60% vs 34%; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Over the past decade, many Canadian interventional radiologists have embraced the interventional radiologist-clinician role. However, a lack of infrastructure and funding continue to impede more widespread adoption of clinical IR practice.

An Evaluation of Trends in Patient and Public Awareness of IR.

PURPOSE: To evaluate patient and public awareness of interventional radiology (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center study prospectively administered voluntary paper surveys to 80 patients in an academic hospital radiology waiting room. Separate, Internet-based surveys were administered to the general public. Additionally, Internet metadata were used to evaluate relative search engine activity and IR-related news coverage compared with similar procedural specialties. RESULTS: 65% of radiology department outpatients had no prior knowledge of IR. Of the general population surveyed, 72% could not identify an interventional radiologist as a physician. Relative annual IR-related Google search volumes peaked in 2004 and were at their nadir in 2011. After normalizing for number of practicing physicians, IR was the subject of substantially fewer Google searches than similar specialties (15.9% of urology volumes, 27.9% of cardiology volumes, and 39.0% of vascular surgery volumes). Between 2006 and 2016, IR had a similar rate of annual increase in the volume of Internet news results as similar medical specialties, although the volumes reached by IR in 2016 were obtained by more established fields, such as cardiology, in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide metrics of current and historical awareness trends in IR, which demonstrate low patient and public awareness. The findings of this study may help guide future efforts to promote patient and public awareness of IR.

Characterizing the Impact of Women in Academic IR: A 12-Year Analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the representation of female interventional radiology (IR) investigators and elucidate possible gender-specific disparities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 4,884 original, peer-reviewed articles from 2006-2017 in the Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology and CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology. Data abstraction and statistical analysis were performed for first and senior author gender, citations, and grants. RESULTS: We found that 84% of first authors and 91.4% of senior authors were male (P < .01). No significant difference was observed versus expected in terms of author gender collaboration combinations (P = 1.00). Each year reflected a 0.3%-0.4% increase in articles published by women (first author: B-value: 0.3, P = .05; senior author: B-value: 0.4, P = .01). No difference was observed in citations or grants received between genders. Female authors received increasing citations and grants each year (citations: first author: B-value: 0.24, P = .05; senior author: B-value: 0.16, P = .15; grants: B-value: 0.88, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Women are equally as productive as men as determined by metrics such as number of publications, citations, and grants and are proportionally represented in the literature. No data indicating collaborative or citation/grant discrimination were observed, suggesting that the academic IR community is inclusive of its female constituents and equally respects their research contributions. Based on the statistically significant increases in female authorship observed in this 12-year study, this article reports encouraging trends for the future of women in interventional radiology.

Challenges and Opportunities for Continued Success and Growth of Pediatric Interventional Radiology: A Communiqué From the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric interventional radiology (PIR) is a dynamic and growing subspecialty. We will detail our need to evolve like the emerging therapies and innovative imaging options that we provide to children. CONCLUSION: New interventional radiology training pathways, maintaining competency with small volumes of complex procedures, limited availability of pediatric-specific equipment, questions about the safety of sedation in the developing brain, and the dearth of PIR opportunities outside of North America provide challenges and opportunities for the vibrant community of PIR practitioners.

Therapeutic Intervention in Musculoskeletal Radiology: Current Practice and Future Directions.

Over the last several decades, the volume and range of therapeutic musculoskeletal (MSK) interventions that radiologists can offer their patients has dramatically increased. With new materials and improving imaging modalities, as well as significant investment in research, the field of MSK interventional radiologic intervention will likely continue to expand. In this article, we summarize the range of interventions currently available to the MSK radiologist. We also seek to explore new and emerging techniques that may become commonplace in the near future while considering the challenges that may lie ahead in the field of MSK radiology.

Pediatric Interventional Radiology: Blurring the Lines Between Specialties.

Medical imaging has transformed the ease and speed of patient care with provision of detailed evaluation of anatomic structures and disease processes. Interventional radiology uses imaging guided techniques to further diagnose or treat diseases with minimally invasive methods. These techniques are particularly helpful in treating pediatric patients.

[Role of interventional radiology in the transplantation of abdominal solid organs]. / Az intervenciós radiológia szerepe a hasi szervek átültetésében.

The transplantation of the abdominal organs has a major role in the treatment of several diseases. All subspecialities affected with the transplantation showed a rapid development in the last decades. The cooperation of the specialists of different segments of medicine provides the success of organ transplantation. Teamwork is necessary throughout the whole process starting from securing the technical background and proper human workforce, followed by the lifelong management of organs and recipients as well. One of the key players of organ transplantation is radiology and interventional radiology - the role of the latter one is discussed in this review, including the minimally invasive treatment of pre- and post-transplantation situations and diseases. Besides vascular and non-vascular interventions, the options of interventional oncology will be mentioned based on international literature and Hungarian experience. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(46): 1940-1947.

Outside the operating room: How a robotics program changed resource utilization on the inpatient Ward.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes in the composition of the gynecologic oncology inpatient ward following the implementation of a robotic surgery program and its impact on inpatient resource utilization and costs. METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical charts of patients admitted onto the gynecologic oncology ward the year prior to and five years after the implementation of robotics. The following variables were collected: patient characteristics, hospitalization details (reason for admission and length of hospital stay), and resource utilization (number of hospitalization days, consultations, and imaging). RESULTS: Following the introduction of robotic surgery, there were more admissions for elective surgery yet these accounted for only 21% of the inpatient ward in terms of number of hospital days, compared to 36% prior to the robotic program. This coincided with a sharp increase in the overall number of patients operated on by a minimally invasive approach (15% to 76%, p<0.0001). The cost per surgical admission on the inpatient ward decreased by 59% ($9827 vs. $4058) in the robotics era. The robotics program contributed to a ward with higher proportion of patients with complex comorbidities (Charlson≥5: RR 1.06), Stage IV disease (RR 1.30), and recurrent disease (RR 1.99). CONCLUSION: Introduction of robotic surgery allowed for more patients to be treated surgically while simultaneously decreasing inpatient resource use. With more patients with non-surgical oncological issues and greater medical complexity, the gynecologic oncology ward functions more like a medical rather than surgical ward after the introduction of robotics, which has implications for hospital-wide resource planning.

Radiology research in mainland China in the past 10 years: a survey of original articles published in Radiology and European Radiology.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the features and trends of Radiology research in Mainland China through bibliometric analysis of the original articles published in Radiology and European Radiology (ER) between 2006 and 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the original articles published in Radiology and ER between 2006 and 2015. The following information was abstracted: imaging subspecialty, imaging technique(s) used, research type, sample size, study design, statistical analysis, study results, funding declarations, international collaborations, number of authors, department and province of the first author. All variables were examined longitudinally over time. RESULTS: Radiology research in Mainland China saw a substantial increase in original research articles published, especially in the last 5 years (P < 0.001). Within Mainland China's Radiology research, neuroradiology, vascular/interventional Radiology, and abdominal Radiology were the most productive fields; MR imaging was the most used modality, and a distinct geographic provenience was observed for articles published in Radiology and ER. CONCLUSION: Radiology research in Mainland China has seen substantial growth in the past 5 years with neuroradiology, vascular/interventional Radiology, and abdominal Radiology as the most productive fields. MR imaging is the most used modality. Article provenience shows a distinct geographical pattern. KEY POINTS: • Radiology research in Mainland China saw a substantial increase. • Neuroradiology, vascular/interventional Radiology, and abdominal Radiology are the most productive fields. • MRI is the most used modality in Mainland China's Radiology research. • Guangdong, Shanghai, and Beijing are the most productive provinces.

Specialty-Specific Values Affecting the Management of Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids.

PURPOSE: To better understand why interventional radiologists and gynecologists differ in their approaches to symptomatic uterine fibroids. METHODS: Conversational interviews were conducted with 26 interventional radiologists and gynecologists about their professional roles, clinical reasoning, and practice variation within and outside their specialty. Interview transcripts were systematically analyzed using NVivo 10 software (QSR International, Burlington, Massachusetts) according to grounded theory and content analysis to identify key themes and compare themes across specialties and practice environments. Data were supplemented with retrospective analysis of 7,659 patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids treated at a large academic center over 11 years. RESULTS: Interventional radiologists' shares of symptomatic uterine fibroid treatment and endovascular stent treatments have remained constant (P > .05) for 11 y at a large medical center, whereas minimally invasive gynecologic fibroid treatments and the percentage of interventional radiology (IR) procedures reimbursed by Medicaid/Medicare have increased significantly (r > .90, P < .001 and r = .93, P < .001). Interventional radiologists and gynecologists shared a commitment to do "the right thing" for patients, but each group possessed distinct professional values affecting how they viewed medical evidence, outcomes, and their colleagues. When differences were apparent and concerning, physicians tended to suspect ulterior motives not in patients' best interests. CONCLUSIONS: Interventional radiologists and gynecologists demonstrated wide-ranging perspectives regarding their role in caring for patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids. To promote genuine collaboration and adoption of shared goals, stakeholders should seek and promote a deeper understanding of specialty-specific values and culture.

Trends in Procedures at Major Trauma Centres in New South Wales, Australia: An Analysis of State-Wide Trauma Data.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the trend in major trauma surgical procedures and interventional radiology in major trauma patients in Australia over the past 6 years. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of adult major trauma (Injury Severity Score greater than 15) patients using the New South Wales Statewide Trauma Registry between 2009 and 2014. Major trauma surgical procedures were classified into abdominal, neurosurgery, cardiothoracic and interventional radiology. The proportion of patients undergoing such procedures per year was the outcome of interest. RESULTS: There were around ten thousand cases analysed. The proportion of cases undergoing interventional radiology procedures increased from 1% in 2009 to around 6% in 2014. Other major trauma surgical procedures remained stable. Only around 100 laparotomies were performed in 2014. The predictors of having an IR procedure performed were increasing from 2009 (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.4, 1.6 p < 0.001), hypotension (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.1, 2.1 n = 0.01), severe abdominal injury (OR 4.2 95% CI 3.2, 5.3 p < 0.001) and lower limb (including pelvic) injury (OR 3.8 95% CI 3.0, 4.7 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There has been a rapid increase in the use of interventional radiology over the past few years which will need to be addressed in future trauma service planning and models of care.

Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities in the United States IR Academic Physician Workforce.

PURPOSE: To assess the United States interventional radiology (IR) academic physician workforce diversity and comparative specialties. METHODS: Public registries were used to assess demographic differences among 2012 IR faculty and fellows, diagnostic radiology (DR) faculty and residents, DR subspecialty fellows (pediatric, abdominal, neuroradiology, and musculoskeletal), vascular surgery and interventional cardiology trainees, and 2010 US medical school graduates and US Census using binomial tests with .001 significance level (Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons). Significant trends in IR physician representation were evaluated from 1992 to 2012. RESULTS: Women (15.4%), blacks (2.0%), and Hispanics (6.2%) were significantly underrepresented as IR fellows compared with the US population. Women were underrepresented as IR (7.3%) versus DR (27.8%) faculty and IR fellows (15.4%) versus medical school graduates (48.3%), DR residents (27.8%), pediatric radiology fellows (49.4%), and vascular surgery trainees (27.7%) (all P < .001). IR ranked last in female representation among radiologic subspecialty fellows. Blacks (1.8%, 2.1%, respectively, for IR faculty and fellows); Hispanics (1.8%, 6.2%); and combined American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (1.8%, 0) showed no significant differences in representation as IR fellows compared with IR faculty, DR residents, other DR fellows, or interventional cardiology or vascular surgery trainees. Over 20 years, there was no significant increase in female or black representation as IR fellows or faculty. CONCLUSIONS: Women, blacks, and Hispanics are underrepresented in the IR academic physician workforce relative to the US population. Given prevalent health care disparities and an increasingly diverse society, research and training efforts should address IR physician workforce diversity.