State of the Art: the Not-So-Great Wall of America.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper aims to review the literature regarding the impact of Donald Trump's candidacy and presidency on the health of immigrants in America. RECENT FINDINGS: The increase in detentions of alleged undocumented immigrants under the Trump presidency, especially his administration's attempts to detain children apart from their families, have placed thousands into conditions that can have long-lasting physical and mental health effects. Similarly, the Trump administration's efforts to increase deportations and restrict legal immigration has lead to immigrants' seeking fewer health-care resources for fear of jeopardizing their or their loved ones' chances of remaining in this country. The rhetoric used and policies pursued by Donald Trump have had a measurable adverse impact on the health of documented and undocumented immigrants in America.

Female genital alteration: a compromise solution.

Despite 30 years of advocacy, the prevalence of non-therapeutic female genital alteration (FGA) in minors is stable in many countries. Educational efforts have minimally changed the prevalence of this procedure in regions where it has been widely practiced. In order to better protect female children from the serious and long-term harms of some types of non-therapeutic FGA, we must adopt a more nuanced position that acknowledges a wide spectrum of procedures that alter female genitalia. We offer a revised categorisation for non-therapeutic FGA that groups procedures by effect and not by process. Acceptance of de minimis procedures that generally do not carry long-term medical risks is culturally sensitive, does not discriminate on the basis of gender, and does not violate human rights. More morbid procedures should not be performed. However, accepting de minimis non-therapeutic f FGA procedures enhances the effort of compassionate practitioners searching for a compromise position that respects cultural differences but protects the health of their patients.

Human dignity, humiliation, and torture.

Modern human rights instruments ground human rights in the concept of human dignity, without providing an underlying theory of human dignity. This paper examines the central importance of human dignity, understood as not humiliating people, in traditional Jewish ethics. It employs this conception of human dignity to examine and criticize U.S. use of humiliation tactics and torture in the interrogation of terrorism suspects.

History, principles, and practice of health and human rights.

Individuals and populations suffer violations of their rights that affect health and wellbeing. Health professionals have a part to play in reduction and prevention of these violations and ensuring that health-related policies and practices promote rights. This needs efforts in terms of advocacy, application of legal standards, and public-health programming. We discuss the changing views of human rights in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and propose further development of the right to health by increased practice, evidence, and action.

An analysis of patient rights violations in psychiatric hospitals in Japan after the enactment of the Mental Health Act of 1987.

The Mental Health Act in Japan was enacted in 1987. This study aims to determine whether the act has been effective in protecting patient rights by delineating the content and trends of patient rights violations at psychiatric hospitals through an analysis of newspaper reports. An analysis of 924 newspaper articles found 39 hospitals involved in patient rights violations. The results show that violations of patient rights have continued to occur after the implementation of the act. The reasons: for-profit policy of hospitals, a defective oversight system, and a lack of knowledge about the act by medical staff.

How Ending Impunity for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Overwhelmed the UN Women, Peace, and Security Agenda: A Discursive Genealogy.

The recent unprecedented focus on ending impunity for conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is positive in many respects. However, it has narrowed the scope of Security Council Resolution 1325 and the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda it established in 2000. Through a critical discursive genealogy of the interrelation of two UN agendas-protection of civilians in armed conflict and women, peace, and security-the author traces how CRSV emerged as the defining issue of the latter while the transformative imperative of making women's participation central to every UN endeavor for peace and security has failed to gain traction.

Frames in contestation: gendering domestic violence policies in five central and eastern European countries.

The article looks at the translation of international norms on domestic violence to the national level in five Central and Eastern European countries. It argues that translation brings a concept of domestic violence, which stretches gender equality ideas underpinning international norms so as to be easier to endorse by mainstream policy actors, and results in policies framed in degendered individual rights terms. The potential for keeping gender equality in focus is then guaranteed by gendering policy processes through empowerment of gender equality actors at all stages. Absence of ownership of the policy by gender equality actors risks co-optation by frames contesting gender equality.

Violência contra a mulher e a violação dos direitos humanos / Violence against women and human rights violation

A violência contra a mulher tem sido descrita como provavelmente a mais vergonhosa violação dos direitos humanos. É essencial resolver esse problema para a realização do terceiro dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) sobre a igualdade de gênero e o respeito à vida, à integridade física, ao ir e vir e demais direitos fundamentais das mulheres.v O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar e analisar as diferenças microrregionais das taxas de mortalidade por agressões a mulheres de 15 a 29 anos, grande parte com conotação de gênero, e produzir um mapa com as taxas de mortalidade por microrregião do Brasil. Foram estimadas as taxas médias anuais de mortalidade específica por agressão/100.000 mulheres de 15 a 29 anos nas 558 microrregiões do Brasil para um período de cinco anos de exposição, de 2002 a 2006, divididas em quatro categorias de análise: menos de 3 óbitos/100.000, de 3 a 6/100.000, de 6 a 9/100.000 e mais de 9/100.000. De 2002 a 2006 foram registrados 8.665 óbitos de mulheres de 15 a 29 anos em consequência de agressões. Das 558 microrregiões, 69 tiveram uma taxa maior do que 9/100.000, o que corresponde a 12,4% das microrregiões e demonstra uma grande desigualdade de riscos entre as microrregiões.

Violence against women has been described as perhaps the most shameful human rights violation. It is essential to solve this problem for the realization of the third Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on gender equality and respect for life, and other fundamental rights of women. The objective of this work is to estimate and analyze the micro-regional differences in mortality rates for aggression on women aged 15 to 29 years, mostly with gender connotation, and produce a map with mortality rates for Brazilian micro regions. We have estimated the average annual rates of specific mortality by aggression/100.000 women 15 to 29 years in 558 Brazilian Micro Regions for a five years period of exposure, from 2002 to 2006, divided into four categories for analysis: less than 3 deaths/100 000, 3 to 6/100.000, 6 to 9/100.000 and more than 9/100.000. From 2002 to 2006 there were 8665 deaths in women 15 to 29 years as a result of aggression. Of the 558 micro regions, 69 had a rate greater than 9.0/100,000, accounting for 12.4% of the micro regions, showing large regional differences.