The Microtus voles: Resolving the phylogeny of one of the most speciose mammalian genera using genomics.

ABSTRACT

Sequential rapid radiations pose some of the greatest difficulties in phylogenetics, especially when analysing only a small number of genetic markers. Given that most of the speciation events occur in quick succession at various points in time, this creates particular challenges in determining phylogenetic relationships, i.e. branching order and divergence times. With the development of high throughput sequencing, thousands of markers can now readily be used to tackle these issues. Microtus is a speciose genus currently composed of 65 species that evolved over the last 2 million years. Although it is a well-studied group, there is still phylogenetic uncertainty at various divergence levels. Building upon previous studies that generally used small numbers of mitochondrial and/or nuclear loci, in this genomic-scale study we used both mitochondrial and nuclear data to study the rapid radiation within Microtus, using partial mitogenomes and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) on seven species representing five Microtus subgenera and the main biogeographic ranges where this group occurs. Both types of genome (mitochondrial and nuclear) generated similar tree topologies, with a basal split of the Nearctic (M. ochrogaster) and Holarctic (M. oeconomus) species, and then a subdivision of the five Palearctic species into two subgroups. These data support the occurrence of two European radiations, one North American radiation, and a later expansion of M. oeconomus from Asia to both Europe and North America. We further resolved the positioning of M. cabrerae as sister group of M. agrestis and refute the claim that M. cabrerae should be elevated to its own genus (Iberomys). Finally, the data support ongoing speciation events, especially within M. agrestis, with high levels of genetic divergence between the three Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) previously identified. Similar high levels of divergence were also found among ESUs within M. oeconomus and M. arvalis.