P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor in the rats' knee joint.

We have previously shown that endogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), via P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, plays an essential role in carrageenan-induced articular hyperalgesia model in rats' knee joint. In the present study, we used the rat knee joint incapacitation test, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and myeloperoxidase enzyme activity assay, to test the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors by their agonist induces articular hyperalgesia mediated by the inflammatory mediators bradykinin, prostaglandin, sympathomimetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and by neutrophil migration. We also tested the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors contributes to the articular hyperalgesia induced by the inflammatory mediators belonging to carrageenan inflammatory cascade. The non-selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors agonist αß-meATP induced a dose-dependent articular hyperalgesia, which was significantly reduced by the selective antagonists for P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors (A-317491), bradykinin B1- (DALBK) or B2-receptors (bradyzide), ß1-(atenolol) or ß2-adrenoceptors (ICI-118,551), by the pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or with the nonspecific selectin inhibitor (Fucoidan). αß-meATP induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, and CINC-1, as well as the neutrophil migration. Moreover, the co-administration of A-317491 significantly reduced the articular hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and dopamine. These findings suggest that peripheral P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor of rats' knee joint through the release of inflammatory mediators. Further, they also indicate that the activation of these purinergic receptors by endogenous ATP mediates the bradykinin-, PGE2-, and dopamine-induced articular hyperalgesia.