Association of Renal Arteriosclerosis With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Lupus Nephritis.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Lupus nephritis (LN) predicts a 9-fold higher atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, highlighting the urgent need to target ASCVD prevention. Studies in IgA nephropathy reported that severe renal arteriosclerosis (r-ASCL) in diagnostic biopsies strongly predicted ASCVD risk. We recently found that 50% of LN pathology reports overlooked r-ASCL reporting, which could explain prior negative LN ASCVD risk studies. The present study was undertaken to examine associations between a composite of reported and overread r-ASCL and ASCVD events in LN. METHODS: Data were abstracted from all LN patients who underwent diagnostic biopsy between 1994 and 2017, including demographic information, ASCVD risk factors, and pathology reports at the time of LN diagnosis. We manually validated all incident ASCVD events. We overread 25% of the biopsies to grade r-ASCL using the Banff criteria. We supplemented the overread r-ASCL grade, when available, to determine the composite of reported and overread r-ASCL grade. RESULTS: Among 189 incident LN patients, 78% were female, 73% White, and the median age was 25 years. Overall, 31% had any reported r-ASCL, and 7% had moderate-to-severe r-ASCL. After incorporating systematically re-examined r-ASCL grade, the prevalence of any and moderate-to-severe r-ASCL increased to 39% and 12%, respectively. We found 22 incident ASCVD events over 11 years of follow-up. Using a composite of reported and overread r-ASCL grade, we found that severe r-ASCL in diagnostic LN biopsies was associated with 9-fold higher odds of ASCVD. CONCLUSION: Severe r-ASCL can predict ASCVD in LN; therefore, larger studies are required to systematically report r-ASCL and examine ASCVD associations.