The integrative role of the M1 in motor sequence learning.

The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial in motor learning. Whether the M1 encodes the motor engram for sequential finger tapping formed by an emphasis on speed is still inconclusive. The active states of engrams are hard to discriminate from the motor execution per se. As preparatory activity reflects the upcoming movement parameters, we hypothesized that the retrieval of motor engrams generated by different learning modes is reflected as a learning-related increase in the preparatory activity of the M1. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the preparatory activity during the learning of sequential finger-tapping with the non-dominant left hand using a 7T functional MRI. Participants alternated between performing a tapping sequence as quickly as possible (maximum mode) or at a constant speed of 2 Hz paced by a sequence-specifying visual cue (constant mode). We found a training-related increase in preparatory activity in the network covering the bilateral anterior intraparietal sulcus and inferior parietal lobule extending to the right M1 during the maximum mode and the right M1 during the constant mode. These findings indicate that the M1, as the last effector of the motor output, integrates the motor engram distributed through the networks despite training mode differences.