ACC, aerobic colony count; AE, adverse event; AMR, antimicrobial resistance; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BSI, bloodstream infection; CFU, colony forming unit; CHG, chlorhexidine gluconate; CI, confidence interval; EM, emollient; ESBL, extended-spectrum B-lactamase; HAI, healthcare-associated infection; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IPC, infection prevention and control; KMC, kangaroo mother care; LMIC, low-to-middle income countries; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation; SOC, standard of care; UIPC, Unit for Infection Prevention and Control; UTI, urinary tract infection; VLBW, very low birth weight; bacterial colonization; chlorhexidine gluconate; d, day; emollient; hospital-acquired infection; infection prevention; nCPAP, nasal cannula positive airways pressure; neonatal unit; spp, species