Running to save sight: The effects of exercise on retinal health and function.

The benefits of exercise to human health have long been recognised. However, only in the past decade have researchers started to discover the molecular benefits that exercise confers, especially to the central nervous system (CNS). These discoveries include the magnitude of molecular messages that are communicated from skeletal muscle to the CNS. Despite these advances in understanding, very limited studies have been conducted to decipher the molecular benefits of exercise in retinal health and disease. Here, we review the latest work on the effects of exercise on the retina and discuss its effects on the wider CNS, with a focus on demonstrating the potential applicability and comparative molecular mechanisms that may be occurring in the retina. This review covers the key molecular pathways where exercise exerts its effects: oxidative stress and mitochondrial health; inflammation; protein aggregation; neuronal health; and tissue crosstalk via extracellular vesicles. Further research on the benefits of exercise to the retina and its molecular messages within extracellular vesicles is highly topical in this field.