Gone with the wind - Wind speed affects prey accessibility for a High Arctic zooplanktivorous seabird, the little auk Alle alle.

ABSTRACT

Foraging ecology of chick rearing seabirds is affected mainly by the food availability on feeding grounds, but it can be also modulated by environmental conditions during the foraging trip, in that wind force. Considering predicted strengthening of surface winds over the Arctic Ocean, this factor may have a growing impact on the foraging performance of Arctic seabirds. Here, we studied how wind speed could affect prey accessibility for the High Arctic zooplanktivorous seabird, the little auk Alle alle breeding in Svalbard in 2015-2019. First, we estimated availability of its preferred prey, a cold water copepod Calanus glacialis, based on wider-scale mesozooplankton biomass model and environmental conditions. Then we estimated prey accessibility by including wind speed, the factor affecting the flapping flight performance of little auks commuting from/to the colony. Finally, we compared reproductive performance of the little auks (chick diet, growth rate and survival and duration of foraging flights of adults) between the studied years differing in wind and food availability conditions. We found that wind speed could affect significantly food accessibility for a zooplanktivorous seabird. Despite high spatial and temporal variability in prey availability and accessibility in shelf waters of SW Spitsbergen, interannual differences in duration of foraging flights and chick growth rate, little auks were able to sustain high breeding success confirming their capacity to buffer suboptimal foraging conditions. Our multidisciplinary work, combining multi-year remote sensing of oceanographic conditions, zooplankton availability and accessibility modelling, little auks diet composition and chick growth and survival emphasizes the importance of including wind conditions in the studies of foraging ecology of seabirds.