Electroencephalography can provide advance warning of technical errors during laparoscopic surgery.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative adverse events lead to patient injury and death, and are increasing. Early warning systems (EWSs) have been used to detect patient deterioration and save lives. However, few studies have used EWSs to monitor surgical performance and caution about imminent technical errors. Previous (non-surgical) research has investigated neural activity to predict future motor errors using electroencephalography (EEG). The present proof-of-concept cohort study investigates whether EEG could predict technical errors in surgery. METHODS: In a large academic hospital, three surgical fellows performed 12 elective laparoscopic general surgeries. Audiovisual data of the operating room and the surgeon's neural activity were recorded. Technical errors and epochs of good surgical performance were coded into events. Neural activity was observed 40 s prior and 10 s after errors and good events to determine how far in advance errors were detected. A hierarchical regression model was used to account for possible clustering within surgeons. This prospective, proof-of-concept, cohort study was conducted from July to November 2021, with a pilot period from February to March 2020 used to optimize the technique of data capture and included participants who were blinded from study hypotheses. RESULTS: Forty-five technical errors, mainly due to too little force or distance (n = 39), and 27 good surgical events were coded during grasping and dissection. Neural activity representing error monitoring (p = .008) and motor uncertainty (p = .034) was detected 17 s prior to errors, but not prior to good surgical performance. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that distinct neural signatures are predictive of technical error in laparoscopic surgery. If replicated with low false-alarm rates, an EEG-based EWS of technical errors could be used to improve individualized surgical training by flagging imminent unsafe actions-before errors occur and cause patient harm.