A return to responsibility: A critique of the single actor strategic model of CSR.

Any functional utility gained through corporate social responsibility (CSR) depends on "responsibility" as the governing principle between "corporate" and "social" interests. We argue that Porter and Kramer's highly popularised notion of "shared value" has been pivotal to the erosion of responsibility as a moderating concept in CSR. Under this approach, "strategic" CSR becomes an instrument to leverage corporate advantage, rather than fulfil social responsibilities and address business-related harms. In mining, this approach has supported shallow, derivative ideas including the wellknown CSR artefact: "social license to operate" (SLTO). We argue that CSR, and the related concept corporate social irresponsibility (CSI), suffer from the single actor problem, where the corporation too easily becomes the exclusive focus of analysis. We advocate for a reinvigorated debate about mining and social responsibility in which the corporation is but one actor in the (ir)responsibility landscape.