Deciphering the molecular and clinical characteristics of TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP in cancer immunity: A comprehensive pan-cancer study.

ABSTRACT

Background: Hematopoietic cell signal transducer (HCST) and tyrosine kinase-binding protein (TYROBP) are triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which are pivotal in the immune response to disease. Despite growing evidence underscoring the significance of TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP in certain forms of tumorigenesis, a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of these proteins is lacking. Methods: Multiple databases were synthesized to investigate the relationship between TREM2, HCST, TYROBP, and various cancer types. These include prognosis, methylation, regulation by long non-coding RNAs and transcription factors, immune signatures, pathway activity, microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutational burden (TMB), single-cell transcriptome profiling, and drug sensitivity. Results: TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP displayed extensive somatic changes across numerous tumors, and their mRNA expression and methylation levels influenced patient outcomes across multiple cancer types. long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) -messenger RNA (mRNA) and TF-mRNA regulatory networks involving TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP were identified, with lncRNA MEG3 and the transcription factor SIP1 emerging as potential key regulators. Further immune analyses indicated that TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP play critical roles in immune-related pathways and macrophage differentiation, and may be significantly associated with TGF-ß and SMAD9. Furthermore, the expression of TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP correlated with the immunotherapy markers TMB and MSI, and influenced sensitivity to immune-targeted drugs, thereby indicating their potential as predictors of immunotherapy outcomes. Conclusion: This study offers valuable insights into the roles of TREM2, HCST, and TYROBP in tumor immunotherapy, suggesting their potential as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for various cancers.