In Healthy Pathways of Dietary Changes, a Very Rapid Reduction of Red Meat Is Possible, but Specific Diet Changes Are Required for Full Reduction-A Graph-Based Analysis.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although reducing meat consumption is becoming increasingly popular in Western countries, such a transition to a sustainable diet may pose some nutritional risks. OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyze the pathways for reaching a low-meat healthy diet and the changes in other food categories needed to rapidly decrease total red meat consumption. METHODS: We used a recently developed method based on graph theory to represent all possible pathways of stepwise changes that avoid nutritional deficiencies toward a target healthy diet. Initial and target diets were defined as the daily consumption of 33 food groups. For each sex, 3 initial diets were taken from the French representative survey third individual and national study on food consumption survey as the mean observed diet and low (first quintile) and high (fifth quintile) meat consumption. Target diets were identified using multicriteria optimization to minimize the long-term health risk (HR) of chronic diseases while ensuring nutritional adequacy. The Dijkstra algorithm was used to identify the optimal pathways between the initial and target diets, with the aim of reducing meat consumption as quickly as possible and thus minimizing long-term HRs. RESULTS: Unprocessed red meat was easily minimized in the first steps of the pathways regardless of sex and initial level of meat consumption. However, processed meat could only be decreased later and required prior changes such as increases in fruit, vegetables, and oily fish. During total red meat minimization in females, securing adequate intakes of bioavailable iron had the most substantial impact on the other dietary changes needed. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate reduction of red meat consumption is possible on the pathway to a healthy diet that avoids any nutrient deficiency. However, early increases in fruit, vegetables, and fish are required before minimizing total red meat early in the diet.