Position-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays with Large-Area and Sub-Millimeter Resolution.

ABSTRACT

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are solid-state single-photon-sensitive detectors that show excellent performance in a wide range of applications. In FBK (Trento, Italy), we developed a position-sensitive SiPM technology, called "linearly graded" (LG-SiPM), which is based on an avalanche-current weighted-partitioning approach. It shows position reconstruction resolution below 250 µm on an 8 × 8 mm2 device area with four readout channels and minimal distortions. A recent development in terms of LG-SIPM is a larger chip version (10 × 10 mm2) based on FBK NUV-HD technology (near-ultraviolet sensitive), with a peak photon detection efficiency at 420 nm. Such a large-area detector with position sensitivity is very interesting in applications like MR-compatible PET, high-energy physics experiments, and readout of time-projection chambers, gamma and beta cameras, or scintillating fibers, with a reduced number of channels. These SiPMs were characterized in terms of noise, photon detection efficiency, and position resolution. We also developed tiles of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 LG-SiPMs, reaching very large sensitive areas of 20 × 20 mm2 and 30 × 30 mm2. We implemented a "smart-channel" configuration, which allowed us to have just six output channels for the 2 × 2 elements and eight channels for the 3 × 3 element tiles, preserving a position resolution below 0.5 mm. These kinds of detectors provide a great advantage in compact and low-power applications by maintaining position sensitivity over large areas with a small number of channels.