Performance of single serum progesterone in the evaluation of symptomatic first-trimester pregnant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Pain and bleeding complicate 30% of pregnancies, raising concerns for viability. The objective is to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of a single serum progesterone level in assessing pregnancy viability among symptomatic patients. METHODS: We conducted a predefined literature search in MEDLINE, Embase (OVID), CINAHL and Cochrane databases for studies that enrolled patients in first trimester with miscarriage symptoms, measured progesterone and reported pregnancy viability, from inception to July 2020. We extracted data for 2 × 2 tables, progesterone threshold levels and viability. We obtained summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR), and predictive values at given prevalence rates. RESULTS: We identified 54 publications. There was a total of 15,878 patients enrolled, of whom 7864 patients (49.5%) were confirmed to have a viable pregnancy and 8014 patients (50.5%) were confirmed to have a non-viable pregnancy. The cut-off value of progesterone ranged from 3.2 to 25 ng/mL (20.034-79.5 nmol/L). We evaluated the performance of the following progesterone cut-off categories: < 6.3, 6.3-12.6, 12.7-19.9, and 20-25 ng/mL. To detect non-viable pregnancy, progesterone with cut-off < 6.3 ng/mL had sensitivity 73.1%, specificity 99.2% and DOR 322.0 (PPV 0.91, 0.97 and 0.99 at prevalences 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, respectively, indicating higher likelihood of non-viable pregnancy), and cut-off category 20-25 ng/mL had sensitivity 91.3%, specificity 75% and DOR 31.4 (NPV 0.99, 0.96 and 0.89 at the prevalences above indicating higher likelihood of viable pregnancy). CONCLUSION: A single progesterone level provides a clinically useful prognostic information on pregnancy viability. More than nine out of ten patients with a level < 6.3 ng/mL (< 20.034 nmol/L) will be diagnosed with a non-viable pregnancy, and more than 90% of patients with a level ≥ 20-25 ng/mL (63.6-79.5 nmol/L) will have a viable pregnancy confirmed.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIVES: La douleur et les saignements compliquent 30% des grossesses, ce qui soulève des inquiétudes quant à la viabilité. L'objectif est d'évaluer les caractéristiques diagnostiques d'un seul taux sérique de progestérone dans l'évaluation de la viabilité de la grossesse chez les patientes symptomatiques. MéTHODES: Nous avons effectué une recherche littérature prédéfinie dans les bases de données MEDLINE, Embase (OVID), CINAHL et Cochrane pour des études qui ont recruté des patientes au cours du premier trimestre présentant des symptômes de fausse couche, mesuré la progestérone et signalé la viabilité de la grossesse, du début à juillet 2020. Nous avons extrait les données pour les tableaux 2 × 2, les niveaux de seuil de progestérone et la viabilité. Nous avons obtenu des estimations sommaires de la sensibilité, de la spécificité, du rapport de cotes diagnostiques (DOR) et des valeurs prédictives à des taux de prévalence donnés. RéSULTATS: On a identifié 54 publications. Il y avait un total de 15 878 patientes recrutées, dont 7864 patientes (49.5%) ont été confirmées comme ayant une grossesse viable et 8014 patientes (50,5%) ont été confirmées comme ayant une grossesse non viable. La valeur seuil de la progestérone variait de 3.2 ­ 25 ng/mL (20.034 ­ 79.5 nmol/L). Nous avons évalué les performances des catégories de seuil de progestérone suivantes: < 6.3, 6.3­12.6, 12.7­19.9 et 20­25 ng/mL. Pour détecter une grossesse non viable, la progestérone avec seuil < 6.3 ng/mL avait une sensibilité de 73.1%, une spécificité de 99.2% et une DOR 322.0 (PPV 0.91, 0.97 et 0.99 à des prévalences de 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 respectivement indiquant une probabilité plus élevée de grossesse non viable), et la catégorie de coupure 20­25 ng/mL avait une sensibilité de 91,3%, une spécificité de 75% et une DOR 31,4 (NPV 0.99, 0.96 et 0.89 aux prévalences ci-dessus indiquant une probabilité plus élevée de grossesse viable). CONCLUSION: Un seul niveau de progestérone fournit une information pronostique cliniquement utile sur la viabilité de la grossesse. Plus de neuf patientes sur dix avec un niveau < 6.3 ng/mL (< 20.034 nmol/L) sera diagnostiqué de grossesse non viable, et plus de 90% des patientes ayant un niveau ≥ 20­25 ng/mL (63.6­79.5 nmol/L) auront une grossesse viable confirmée.

Recurrent appendicitis of vermiform appendix after a prior appendectomy: A case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is one of the leading causes of acute abdominal pain and surgical emergency. Stump appendicitis is a known complication of appendectomy whereby a retained appendiceal tip serves as a nidus for recurrent bouts of inflammation. Nevertheless, full-blown appendicitis of the vermiform appendix after a prior appendectomy remains a diagnostic conundrum. Case presentation: A 45-year-old woman presented with a six-month history of right iliac fossa pain. Pertinently, she had undergone a prior open appendectomy twelve years ago. Further investigative workup revealed full-blown appendicitis, which was not attributable to a retained appendiceal stump. A subsequent laparoscopic appendectomy was performed, and the resultant specimen was sent for further evaluation, confirming the diagnosis of recurrent appendicitis. Clinical discussion: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common life-threatening abdominal surgical emergencies worldwide, with 300000 appendectomies performed annually in the United States alone. Stump and chronic appendicitis are two separate and exceedingly rare clinical entities that may present simultaneously and develop serious complications unless promptly recognized and appropriately managed. The present paper prompts the clinicians to distinguish amongst the two at the initial surgery in order to thwart further exacerbations. Conclusion: While stump appendicitis is a rare but well-characterized complication of a prior appendectomy, full-blown appendicitis of vermiform appendix remains elusive. It is therefore imperative to distinguish between a duplicated and a recurrent appendix at the initial operative procedure to facilitate optimal patient management.

Meckel's diverticulum causing acute intestinal obstruction: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature.

Introduction: Meckel's diverticulum is a congenital anomaly that is often detected incidentally. When it presents symptomatically, it causes painless gastrointestinal bleeding. Nevertheless, in rare instances, it can cause acute intestinal obstruction, often obscuring the true clinical picture. Case presentation: A 31-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a 24-h history of unremitting nausea, biliary emesis, abdominal distension, and absolute constipation. After ruling out the most common etiologies of acute bowel obstruction, radiological imaging was obtained and was suggestive of meckel's diverticulum. Laparoscopic meckel's diverticulectomy was performed, with the subsequent histopathological analysis confirming ectopic gastric tissue. Discussion: Meckel's diverticulum occurs consequent to incomplete obliteration of the vitelline or omphalomesenteric duct, which connects the developing intestines to the yolk sac. It is found in roughly 2% of the population, of which only about 4% may become symptomatic due to any number of complications. Specifically, small bowel obstruction (SBO) and diverticulitis secondary to ectopic gastric or pancreatic tissue are the most common presentations of symptomatic MD. Conclusion: Although relatively rare in adults, MD should be considered in the list of differentials in patients with intussusception leading to SBO, especially on a background history unremarkable for the most common etiologies causing SBO including post-operative adhesions and hernias.

The impact of adoption of an electronic health record on emergency physician work: A time motion study.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of the transition from a primarily paper-based electronic health record (EHR) to a comprehensive EHR on emergency physician work tasks and efficiency in an academic emergency department (ED). METHODS: We conducted a time motion study of emergency physicians on shift in our ED. Fifteen emergency physicians were directly observed for two 4-hour sessions prior to EHR implementation, during go live, and then during post-implementation. Observers performed continuous observation and measured times for the following tasks: chart review, direct patient care, documentation, physical movement, communication, teaching, handover, and other. We compared time spent on tasks during the 3 phases of transition and analyzed mean times for the tasks per patient and per shift using 2-tailed t test for comparison. RESULTS: Physicians saw fewer patients per shift during go-live (0.51 patient/hour, P < 0.01), patient efficiency increased in post-implementation but did not recover to baseline (-0.31 patient/hour, P = 0.03). From pre-implementation to post-implementation, we observed a trend towards increased physician time spent charting (+54 seconds/patient, P = 0.05) and documenting (+36 seconds/patient, P = 0.36); time spent doing direct patient care trended towards decreasing (-0.43 seconds/patient, P = 0.23). A small percentage of shifts were spent receiving technical support and time spent on teaching activities remained relatively stable during EHR transition. CONCLUSION: A new EHR impacts emergency physician task allocation and several changes are sustained post-implementation. Physician efficiency decreased and did not recover to baseline. Understanding workflow changes during transition to EHR in the ED is necessary to develop strategies to maintain quality of care.