Rational design and eco-friendly one-pot multicomponent synthesis of novel ethylidenehydrazineylthiazol-4(5H)-ones as potential apoptotic inducers targeting wild and mutant EGFR-TK in triple negative breast cancer.

A novel series of ethylidenehydrazineylthiazol-4(5H)-ones were synthesized using various eco-friendly one-pot multicomponent synthetic techniques. The anticancer activity of compounds (4a-m) was tested against 11 cancer cell lines. While the IC50 of all compounds was evaluated against the most sensitive cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and FaDu). Our SAR study pinpointed that compound 4a, having a phenyl substituent, exhibited a significant growth inhibition % against all cancer cell lines. The frontier anticancer candidates against the MDA-MB-468 were also examined against the wild EGFR (EGFR-WT) and mutant EGFR (EGFR-T790M) receptors. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited a higher inhibitory potential against EGFR-T790M than the wild type of EGFR. Remarkably, compound 4k exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against both EGFR-WT and EGFR-T790M with IC50 values (0.051 and 0.021 µM), respectively. The pro-apoptotic protein markers (p53, BAX, caspase 3, caspase 6, caspase 8, and caspase 9) and the anti-apoptotic key marker (BCL-2) were also measured to propose a mechanism of action for the compound 4k as an apoptotic inducer for MDA-MB-468. Investigation of the cell cycle arrest potential of compound 4k was also conducted on MDA-MB-468 cancer cells. We also evaluated the inhibitory activities of compounds (4a-m) against both EGFR-WT and EGFR-T790M using two different molecular docking processes.

Multi-target rational design and synthesis of novel diphenyl-tethered pyrazolopyrimidines targeting EGFR and topoisomerase II with potential DNA intercalation and apoptosis induction.

Herein, we envisioned the design and synthesis of novel pyrazolopyrimidines (confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra) as multitarget-directed drug candidates acting as EGFR/TOPO II inhibitors, DNA intercalators, and apoptosis inducers. The target diphenyl-tethered pyrazolopyrimidines were synthesized starting from the reaction of phenyl hydrazine and ethoxymethylenemalononitrile to give aminopyrazole-carbonitrile 2. The latter hydrolysis with NaOH and subsequent reaction with 4-chlorobenzaldhyde afforded the corresponding pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol 4. Chlorination of 4 with POCl3 and sequential reaction with different amines afforded the target compounds in good yields (up to 73 %). The growth inhibition % of the new derivatives (6a-m) was investigated against different cancer and normal cells and the IC50 values of the most promising candidates were estimated for HNO97, MDA-MB-468, FaDu, and HeLa cancer cells. The frontier derivatives (6a, 6i, 6k, 6l, and 6m) were pursued for their EGFR inhibitory activity. Compound 6l decreased EGFR protein concentration by a 6.10-fold change, compared to imatinib as a reference standard. On the other side, compounds (6a, 6i, 6k, 6l, and 6m) underwent topoisomerase II (TOPO II) inhibitory assay. In particular, compounds 6a and 6l exhibited IC50s of 17.89 and 19.39 µM, respectively, surpassing etoposide with IC50 of 20.82 µM. Besides, the DNA fragmentation images described the great potential of both candidates 6a and 6l in inducing DNA degradation at lower concentrations compared to etoposide and doxorubicin. Moreover, compound 6l, with the most promising EGFR/TOPO II inhibition and DNA intercalation, was selected for further investigation for its apoptosis induction ability by measuring caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, Bax, p53, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL-2 proteins. Additionally, molecular docking was used to explain the SAR results based on the differences in the molecular features of the investigated congeners and the target receptors' topology.

Rationale design of novel substituted 1,3,5-triazine candidates as dual IDH1(R132H)/ IDH2(R140Q) inhibitors with high selectivity against acute myeloid leukemia: In vitro and in vivo preclinical investigations.

In this study, novel substituted 1,3,5-triazine candidates (4a-d, 5a-j, and 6a-d) were designed as second-generation small molecules to act as dual IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors according to the pharmacophoric features of both vorasidenib and enasidenib. Compounds 6a and 6b for leukemia cell lines showed from low to sub-micromolar GI50. Moreover, compounds 4c, 5f, and 6b described the frontier antitumor activity against THP1 and Kasumi Leukemia cancer cells with IC50 values of (10 and 12), (10.5 and 7), and (6.2 and 5.9) µg/mL, which were superior to those of cisplatin (25 and 28) µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, compounds 4c, 6b, and 6d represented the best dual IDH1(R132H)/IDH2(R140Q) inhibitory potentials with IC50 values of (0.72 and 1.22), (0.12 and 0.93), and (0.50 and 1.28) µg/mL, respectively, compared to vorasidenib (0.02 and 0.08) µg/mL and enasidenib (0.33 and 1.80) µg/mL. Furthermore, the most active candidate (6b) has very promising inhibitory potentials towards HIF-1α, VEGF, and SDH, besides, a marked increase of ROS was observed as well. Besides, compound 6b induced the upregulation of P53, BAX, Caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 proteins by 3.70, 1.99, 2.06, 1.73, 1.75, and 1.85-fold changes, respectively, and the downregulation for the BCL-2 protein by 0.55-fold change compared to the control. Besides, the in vivo behavior of compound 6b as an antitumor agent was evaluated in female mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma tumors. Notably, compound 6b administration resulted in a prominent decrease in the weight and volume of the tumors, accompanied by improvements in biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters.

Rational design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of novel naphthamide derivatives possessing potent, reversible, and competitive inhibitory mode of action over human monoamine oxidase.

Herein, a novel series of naphthamide derivatives has been rationally developed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes. Compared to the reported naphthalene-based hit IV, the new naphthamide hybrids 2a, 2c, 2g and 2h exhibited promising MAO inhibitory activities; with an IC50 value of 0.294 µM, compound 2c most potently inhibited MAO-A, while compound 2g exhibited most potent MAO-B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.519 µM. Compounds 2c and 2g showed selectivity index (SI) values of 6.02 for MAO-A and 2.94 for MAO-B, respectively. On the other hand, most compounds showed weak inhibitory activity against ChEs except 2a and 2h over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The most potent compounds 2c and 2g were found to be competitive and reversible MAO inhibitors based on kinetic and reversibility studies. Plausible interpretations of the observed biological effects were provided through molecular docking simulations. The drug-likeness predicted by SwissADME and Osiris property explorer showed that the most potent compounds (2a, 2c, 2g, and 2h) obey Lipinski's rule of five. Accordingly, in the context of neurological disorders, hybrids 2c and 2g may contribute to the identification of safe and potent therapeutic approaches in the near future.

Investigating the Promising Anticancer Activity of Cetuximab and Fenbendazole Combination as Dual CBS and VEGFR-2 Inhibitors and Endowed with Apoptotic Potential.

In this work, the cytotoxicity of monoclonal antibody (Cetuximab, Ce) and Fenbendazole (Fen), as well as their combination therapy were tested with the MTT assay. On the other side, Ce, Fen, and a combination between them were subjected to a colchicine-tubulin binding test, which was conducted and compared to Colchicine as a reference standard. Besides, Ce, Fen, and the combination of them were tested against the VEGFR-2 target receptor, compared to Sorafenib as the standard medication. Moreover, the qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate the levels of apoptotic genes (p53 and Bax) and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) as well. Also, the effect of Ce, Fen, and the combination of them on the level of ROS was studied. Furthermore, the cell cycle analysis and Annexin V apoptosis assay were carried out for Ce, Fen, and a combination of them. In addition, the molecular docking studies were used to describe the molecular levels of interactions for both (Fen and colchicine) or (Fen and sorafenib) within the binding pockets of the colchicine binding site (CBS) and vascular endothelial growth factor-2 receptor (VEGFR-2), respectively.

LC-HRMS Profiling and Cytotoxic Potential of Actinomycetes Associated with the Red Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum: In vitro and In silico Studies.

In the current study, the actinomycetes associated with the red sea-derived soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum were investigated in terms of biological and chemical diversity. Four different media, M1, ISP2, Marine Agar (MA), and Actinomycete isolation agar (AIA) were used for the isolation of three strains of actinomycetes that were identified as Streptomyces sp. UR 25, Micromonospora sp. UR32 and Saccharomonospora sp. UR 19. LC-HRMS analysis was used to investigate the chemical diversity of the isolated actinobacteria. The LC-HRMS data were statistically processed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 viz to differentiate the extract groups and determine the optimal growth culturing conditions. Multivariate data statistical analysis revealed that the Micromonospora sp. extract cultured on (MA) medium is the most distinctive extract in terms of chemical composition. While, the Streptomyces sp. UR 25 extracts are differ significantly from Micromonospora sp. UR32 and Saccharomonospora sp. UR 19. Biological investigation using in vitro cytotoxic assay for actinobacteria extracts revealed the prominent potentiality of the Streptomyces sp. UR 25 cultured on oligotrophic medium against human hepatoma (HepG2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon adenocarcinoma (CACO2) cell lines (IC50 =3.3, 4.2 and 6.8 µg/mL, respectively). SwissTarget Prediction speculated that among the identified compounds, 16-deethyl, indanomycin (8) could have reasonable affinity on HDM2 active site. In this respect, molecular docking study was performed for compound (8) to reveal a substantial affinity on HDM2 active site. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out at 200 ns for the most active compound (8) compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor DIZ giving deeper information regarding their thermodynamic and dynamic properties as well.

Pharmacophore-based, rationale design, and efficient synthesis of novel tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene candidates as potential dual Topo I/II inhibitors and DNA intercalators.

A series of tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives was designed and synthesized as dual topoisomerase (Topo) I/II inhibitors implicating potential DNA intercalation. Ethyl-2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-4-carboxylate (1) was prepared by modification of the Gewald reaction procedure using a Fe2O3 nanocatalyst and then it was used as a building block for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene candidates (2-14). Interestingly, compound 14 showed the best cytotoxic potential against hepatocellular, colorectal, and breast cancer cell lines (IC50 = 7.79, 8.10, and 3.53 µM), respectively, surpassing doxorubicin at breast cancer (IC50 = 4.17 µM). Meanwhile, the Topo I and II inhibition assay displayed that compound 3 could exhibit the best inhibitory potential among the investigated candidates (IC50 = 25.26 and 10.01 nM), respectively, in comparison to camptothecin (IC50 = 28.34 nM) and doxorubicin (IC50 = 11.01 nM), as reference standards. In addition, the DNA intercalation assay showed that compound 14 could display the best binding affinity with an IC50 value of 77.82 µM in comparison to doxorubicin (IC50 = 58.03 µM). Furthermore, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses described that compound 3 prompts the G1 phase arrest in michigan cancer foundation-7 cancer cells and increases the apoptosis ratio by 29.31% with respect to untreated cells (2.25%). Additionally, the conducted molecular docking assured the promising binding of the investigated members toward Topo I and II with potential DNA intercalation. Accordingly, the synthesized compounds could be treated as promising anticancer candidates for future optimization.

Design and synthesis of novel tetrabromophthalimide derivatives as potential tubulin inhibitors endowed with apoptotic induction for cancer treatment.

Although various approaches exist for treating cancer, chemotherapy continues to hold a prominent role in the management of this disease. Besides, microtubules serve as a vital component of the cellular skeleton, playing a pivotal role in the process of cell division making it an attractive target for cancer treatment. Hence, the scope of this work was adapted to design and synthesize new anti-tubulin tetrabromophthalimide hybrids (3-17) with colchicine binding site (CBS) inhibitory potential. The conducted in vitro studies showed that compound 16 displayed the lowest IC50 values (11.46 µM) at the FaDu cancer cell lines, whereas compound 17 exhibited the lowest IC50 value (13.62 µM) at the PC3 cancer cell line. However, compound 7b exhibited the lowest IC50 value (11.45 µM) at the MDA-MB-468 cancer cell line. Moreover, compound 17 was observed to be the superior antitumor candidate against all three tested cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468, PC3, and FaDu) with IC50 values of 17.22, 13.15, and 13.62 µM, respectively. In addition, compound 17 showed a well-established upregulation of apoptotic markers (Caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, Bax, and P53). Moreover, compound 17 induced downregulation of the antiapoptotic markers (MMP2, MMP9, and BCL-2). Furthermore, the colchicine binding site inhibition assay showed that compounds 15a and 17 exhibited particularly significant inhibitory potentials, with IC50 values of 23.07 and 4.25 µM, respectively, compared to colchicine, which had an IC50 value of 3.89 µM. Additionally, cell cycle analysis was conducted, showing that compound 17 could prompt cell cycle arrest at both the G0-G1 and G2-M phases. On the other hand, a molecular docking approach was applied to investigate the binding interactions of the examined candidates compared to colchicine towards CBS of the ß-tubulin subunit. Thus, the synthesized tetrabromophthalimide hybrids can be regarded as outstanding anticancer candidates with significant apoptotic activity.

Exploring chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives for triple-negative breast cancer targeting EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF pathways: Design, synthesis, and preclinical insights.

Chromone-based compounds have established cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic effects on various cancer cell types via modulating different molecular targets. Herein, 17 novel chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against 15 human cancer cell lines. Among the tested cell lines, MDA-MB-231, the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, was found to be the most sensitive, where the N-(2-furylmethylene) (15) and the α-methylated N-benzyl (17) derivatives demonstrated the highest growth inhibition with GI50 values of 14.8 and 17.1 µM, respectively. In vitro mechanistic studies confirmed the significant roles of compounds 15 and 17 in the induction of apoptosis and suppression of EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF protein levels in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Moreover, compound 15 exerted cell cycle arrest at both the G0-G1 and G2-M phases. The in vivo efficacy of compound 15 as an antitumor agent was further investigated in female mice bearing Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma. Notably, administration of compound 15 resulted in a marked decrease in both tumor weight and volume, accompanied by improvements in biochemical, hematological, histological, and immunohistochemical parameters that verified the repression of both angiogenesis and inflammation as additional Anticancer mechanisms. Moreover, the binding interactions of compounds 15 and 17 within the binding sites of all three target receptors (EGFR, FGFR3, and VEGF) were clearly illustrated using molecular docking.

Recent advances in COVID-19-induced liver injury: causes, diagnosis, and management.

Since the start of the pandemic, considerable advancements have been made in our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the associated COVID-19 on the hepatic system. There is a broad range of clinical symptoms for COVID-19. It affects multiple systems and has a dominant lung illness depending on complications. The progression of COVID-19 in people with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CLD) has also been studied in large multinational groups. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a higher risk of hepatic decompensation and death in patients with cirrhosis. In this review, the source, composition, mechanisms, transmission characteristics, clinical characteristics, therapy, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 were clarified and discussed, as well as the evolution and variations of the virus. This review briefly discusses the causes and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with CLD. As part of COVID-19, In addition, we assess the potential of liver biochemistry as a diagnostic tool examine the data on direct viral infection of liver cells, and investigate potential pathways driving SARS-CoV-2-related liver damage. Finally, we explore how the pandemic has had a significant impact on patient behaviors and hepatology services, which may increase the prevalence and severity of liver disease in the future. The topics encompassed in this review encompass the intricate relationships between SARS-CoV-2, liver health, and broader health management strategies, providing valuable insights for both current clinical practice and future research directions.

LC/MS-Based Metabolomics Reveals Chemical Variations of Two Broccoli Varieties in Relation to Their Anticholinesterase Activity: In vitro and In silico Studies.

Broccoli is commonly consumed as food and as medicine. However, comprehensive metabolic profiling of two broccoli varieties, Romanesco broccoli (RB) and purple broccoli (PB), in relation to their anticholinergic activity has not been fully disclosed. A total of 110 compounds were tentatively identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics. Distinctively different metabolomic profiles of the two varieties were revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, by volcano diagram analysis, it was found that PB had a significantly higher content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates, indicating the different beneficial health potentials of PB that demonstrated higher antioxidant and anticholinergic activities. Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed 18 metabolites, mainly phenolic and sulfur compounds, as the main bioactive. The binding affinity of these biomarkers to the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes was further validated using molecular docking studies. Results emphasize the broccoli significance as a functional food and nutraceutical source and highlight its beneficial effects against Alzheimer's disease.

Investigating the effect of polymerase inhibitors on cellular proliferation: Computational studies, cytotoxicity, CDK1 inhibitory potential, and LC-MS/MS cancer cell entrapment assays.

Directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are a breakthrough in the treatment of HCV. There are controversial reports on their tendency to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCV patients. Numerous reports have concluded that the HCC is attributed to patient-related factors while others are inclined to attribute this as a DAA side-effect. This study aims to investigate the effect of polymerase inhibitor DAAs, especially daclatasivir (DLT) on cellular proliferation as compared to ribavirin (RBV). The interaction of DAAs with variable cell-cycle proteins was studied in silico. The binding affinities to multiple cellular targets were investigated and the molecular dynamics were assessed. The in vitro effect of the selected candidate DLT on cancer cell proliferation was determined and the CDK1 inhibitory potential in was evaluated. Finally, the cellular entrapment of the selected candidates was assessed by an in-house developed and validated LC-MS/MS method. The results indicated that polymerase inhibitor antiviral agents, especially DLT, may exert an anti-proliferative potential against variable cancer cell lines. The results showed that the effect may be achieved via potential interaction with the multiple cellular targets, including the CDK1, resulting in halting of the cellular proliferation. DLT exhibited a remarkable cell permeability in the liver cancer cell line which permits adequate interaction with the cellular targets. In conclusion, the results reveal that the polymerase inhibitor (DLT) may have an anti-proliferative potential against liver cancer cells. These results may pose DLT as a therapeutic choice for patients suffering from HCV and are liable to HCC development.

Repurposed organoselenium tethered amidic acids as apoptosis inducers in melanoma cancer via P53, BAX, caspases-3, 6, 8, 9, BCL-2, MMP2, and MMP9 modulations.

Organoselenium (OSe) agents hold promise for preventing cancer due to their potential ability to fight cancer development and protect cells from oxidative damage. Herein, OSe-based maleanilic and succinanilic acids were tested to estimate their antitumor activities against fifteen cancer cell lines. Besides, their potential safety and selectivity were further investigated against two normal cell lines, namely, human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and olfactory ensheathing cell line (OEC) using the growth inhibition percentage (GI%) assay. Moreover, the apoptotic potential of the superior anticancer candidates (8, 9, 10, and 11) was evaluated against P53, BAX, Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, BCL-2, MMP2, and MMP9 apoptotic markers. Additionally, to enhance our understanding and predict the inhibitory potential of the examined compounds as potential anticancer agents, a thorough structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was conducted. On the other hand, molecular docking and ADMET studies were performed for the examined candidates as well. Overall, our findings point to significant anticancer activities of the organoselenium tethered amidic acids, suggesting their promising cytotoxic potential as effective anticancer drugs.

Identification of Ureidocoumarin-Based Selective Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 (DDR1) Inhibitors via Drug Repurposing Approach, Biological Evaluation, and In Silico Studies.

Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) kinase has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy, and selective DDR1 inhibitors have shown promise as effective therapeutic candidates. Herein, we have identified the first coumarin-based selective DDR1 inhibitors via repurposing of a recent series of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Among these, ureidocoumarins 3a, 3i, and 3q showed the best DDR1 inhibitory activities. The m-trifluoromethoxy phenyl member 3q potently inhibited DDR1 with an IC50 of 191 nM, while it showed less inhibitory activity against DDR2 (IC50 = 5080 nM). 3q also exhibited favorable selectivity in a screening platform with 23 common off-target kinases, including BCR-ABL. In the cellular context, 3q showed moderate antiproliferative effects, while 3i, with the third rank in DDR1 inhibition, exerted the best anticancer activity with sub-micromolar GI50 values over certain DDR1-dependent cell lines. Molecular docking and MD simulations disclosed the putative binding mode of this coumarin chemotype and provided insights for further optimization of this scaffold. The present findings collectively supported the potential improvement of ureidocoumarins 3i and 3q for cancer treatment.

Design and synthesis of novel chloropyridazine hybrids as promising anticancer agents acting by apoptosis induction and PARP-1 inhibition through a molecular hybridization strategy.

Guided by the molecular hybridization principle, a novel series of 4-chloropyridazinoxyphenyl conjugates (3a-h, 4a-e, and 5) was designed and synthesized as proposed apoptotic inducers and PARP-1 inhibitors. The growth inhibition % of the designed hybrids was investigated in eleven cancer cell lines, where the anticancer activities were found to be in the following order: 4-chloropyridazinoxyphenyl-aromatic ketones hybrids (3a-h) > 4-chloropyridazinoxyphenyl-benzyloxyphenylethan-1-one hybrids (4a-e) > 4-chloropyridazinoxyphenyl-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrid (5). Further, the most sensitive three cancer cell lines (HNO97, FaDu, and MDA-MB-468) were selected to measure the IC50 values of the new hybrids. Moreover, the frontier three members (3c, 3e, and 4b) were selected for the measurements of apoptotic protein markers (p53, BAX, caspase 3, caspase 6, BCL-2, and CK 18). Besides, the impact of compounds 3a-e and 4b on the activity of PARP-1 was investigated, where 3c, 3d, and 3e demonstrated comparable efficiencies to olaparib. Furthermore, γ-H2Ax, a well-established marker for double-strand DNA breaks, was examined and the occurrence of DNA damage was observed. In addition, a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and a remarkable 15 to 50-fold reduction in the number of colonies compared to the control group were recorded. Finally, the PARP-1 inhibitory potential of the novel hybrids was compared to the co-crystal of the target receptor (PDB ID: 6NTU) using molecular docking.

Novel benzochromenes: design, synthesis, cytotoxicity, molecular docking and mechanistic investigations.

Aim: A novel series of fused benzochromenes with expected cytotoxicity and HIF-1α inhibition was identified. Materials & methods: A bioisosterism-aided approach was applied to design new benzochromenes and assess their cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. The probable mechanistic effect and the in silico docking and pharmacokinetic profiles of the most effective derivatives were evaluated. Results: Compounds 3, 4, 5, 8 and 11 showed potent antiproliferative activity and excellent selectivity. Compound 8 showed significant HIF-1α inhibition with an IC50 value of 3.372 µM. It also enhanced apoptosis and arrested the HepG2 cell cycle at both the G0/G1 and S stages. Conclusion: Compound 8 was identified as a new potential anticancer candidate.

Throat spray formulated with virucidal pharmaceutical excipients as an effective early prophylactic or treatment strategy against pharyngitis post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Our study aimed to develop a virucidal throat spray using bioactive compounds and excipients, focusing on the preparation of Curcumin (CUR) in a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Two molecular docking studies against SARS-CoV-2 targets guided the selection of proper oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and natural bioactive that would maximize the antiviral activity of the throat spray. Two self-nanoemulsifying formulas that were diluted with different vehicles to prepare eight CUR-loaded SNESNS (self-nanoemulsifying self-nanosuspension) formulas. In vitro characterization studies and in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect revealed that the optimal formula, consisted of 20 % Anise oil, 70 % Tween 80, 10 % PEG 400, and 0.1 %w/w CUR, diluted with DEAE-Dx. Preclinical toxicity tests on male rats confirmed the safety of a mild throat spray dose (5 µg/mL CUR). In a rat model of acute pharyngitis induced by ammonia, post-treatment with the optimal formula of CUR loaded SNESNS for one week significantly reduced elevated proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL6, MCP1, and IL8). In conclusion, our CUR-loaded SNESNS formula, at 5 µg/mL concentration, shows promising effect as a prophylactic throat spray against SARS-CoV-2 and as a treatment for pharyngitis.

Organoselenium-based Azomethines as Apoptosis Inducers in Colorectal Carcinoma via P53, BAX, Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 Modulations.

BACKGROUND: Organoselenium (OSe) agents and Schiff bases have demonstrated immense potential in the pharmaceutical field due to their broad spectrum of medicinal activities. METHODS: We herein report the antitumor activities of bis diselenide-based Schiff bases (3a-3c) derived from bis(4-aminophenyl)diselenide 2 and organoselenide-based Schiff bases (5a-c) derived from p-(methylselanyl)phenyl amine (4). The antitumor activity was estimated against fifteen cancer cell lines. Also, the growth inhibition percentage (GI%) of the Schiff bases tethered OSe compounds was evaluated against two normal cell lines, namely, human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and olfactory ensheathing cell line (OEC), to estimate the potential safety and selectivity. Furthermore, the cytotoxic inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was assessed against the cancer cell lines with the most outstanding GI% using the SRB assay. RESULTS: Compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, and 5a showed the lowest IC50 values compared to those of doxorubicin (DOX) against HCT116, HEPG2, A549, MDA-MB-468, and FaDu cancer cell lines, respectively, especially against the HCT116 subtype, assuring their potential anticancer activity. On the other side, the apoptotic potentials of the most active compounds (3a, 3b, 3c, and 5a) were also evaluated for apoptosis-related genes (P53, BAX, caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL-2). Interestingly, compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, and 5a upregulated P53, BAX, and caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 by (2.66, 2.26, 2.44, and 2.57)-, (1.62, 1.52, 1.37, and 1.47)-, (1.87, 1.75, 2.02, and 1.75)-, (1.96, 1.74, 2.06, and 2.30)-, (4.25, 3.78, 3.53, and 3.96)-, and (2.04, 1.72, 1.90, and 1.63)-fold change, respectively. Furthermore, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL-2 were downregulated by (0.39, 0.51, 0.33, and 0.28)-, (0.29, 0.32, 0.37, and 0.41)-, and (0.42, 0.35, 0.29, and 0.38)-fold-change, upon treatment with compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, and 5a, respectively, assuring the apoptotic potentials. Finally, molecular docking also greatly recommends the potential activity of the examined candidates (especially 3a and 3c) against the GSTP1 receptor as a recommended mechanism for their antitumor activity. CONCLUSION: Our findings point to significant anticancer activities of Schiff bases tethered OSe agents, suggesting their promising potential for development as effective anticancer drugs.

Spirulina versus metformin for controlling some insulin signaling pathway genes in induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinologic and gynecologic disorder that affects women of reproductive age; besides, insulin resistance (IR) occurs in 50-70 % of PCOS cases. Metformin (Met) is commonly prescribed for IR management; however, it does not affect IR with some gastrointestinal symptoms. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a blue-green alga that may increase insulin sensitivity. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate SP as an alternative treatment to Met for improving glucose homeostasis by assessing the expression of 11 crucial genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway. After induction of the PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (60 mg/kg bwt) for 30 consecutive days, rats were allocated into six groups. Relative liver weight, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) serum levels, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and insulin were determined. Furthermore, the gene expression of Ins1, Irs1, Pik3ca, Prkcz, Foxo1, Srebf1, Ppargc1a, Pklr, Gk, G6pc, and Pepck in the rat's liver tissue was determined using qRT-PCR. Treatment of the PCOS control group with Met or SP revealed a decrease in all these parameters compared with the PCOS model. Additionally, we found a statistically significant difference in the expression of both the Gk and Prkcz genes. To summarize our study results, SP or Met supplementation to PCOS rats had almost the same effect on assessed relative liver weight, GOT, GPT, and insulin levels compared with PCOS control rats. If further studies confirm and detect more impact of SP on IR in PCOS, SP could be used instead of Met since the latter causes many side effects.

A new framework for novel analogues of pazopanib as potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, repurposing rational, synthesis, crystallographic, in vivo and in vitro biological assessments.

Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of novel aryl pyrimidine benzenesulfonamides APBSs 5a-n, 6a-c, 7a-b, and 8 as pazopanib analogues to explore new potent and selective inhibitors for the CA IX. All APBSs were examined in vitro for their promising inhibition activity against a small panel of hCAs (isoforms I, II, IX, and XII). The X-ray crystal structure of CA I in adduct with a representative APBS analogue was solved. APBS-5m, endowed with the best hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity, was evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a small panel of different cancer cell lines, SK-MEL-173, MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT-116, and HeLa, and it demonstrated one-digit IC50 values range from 2.93 µM (MDA-MB-231) to 5.86 µM (A549). Furthermore, compound APBS-5m was evaluated for its influence on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) production, apoptosis induction, and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The in vivo efficacy of APBS-5m as an antitumor agent was additionally investigated in an animal model of Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC). In order to offer perceptions into the conveyed hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity in silico, a molecular docking investigation was also carried out.