Topical timolol in dermatology: infantile haemangiomas and beyond.

Timolol, a nonselective ß-adrenergic receptor blocker, is well-tolerated and is becoming increasingly popular in dermatology, especially in the management of infantile haemangioma (IH). Its effects are mainly due to vasoconstriction, inhibition of angiogenesis and keratinocyte migration promotion for re-epithelialization and wound healing. We review the evidence behind the use of timolol in several dermatological conditions including IH, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma, chronic wound healing, postsurgical wounds, acne vulgaris, rosacea, eczema and red scrotum syndrome.

Systemic photoprotection in 2021.

Systemic photoprotection aims to negate the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage. Systemic supplements may be used as a monotherapy or in combination with topical sunscreens. Using the keywords 'carotenoids', 'flavonoids', 'systemic photoprotection', 'polyphenols' and 'polypodium leucotomos extract', we searched the databases MEDLINE and EMBASE to find relevant English-language articles. Few trials have supported the use of any of these supplements as monotherapy, impeding the recommendation of these systemic supplements as an alternative to sunscreen for photoprotection. Nicotinamide has exhibited clinically relevant benefits in reducing nonmelanoma skin cancers in trials and could be recommended as an adjunctive therapy for the most vulnerable indviduals. Further research is required, which needs to be of higher statistical power, using more clinically meaningful outcome measures with comparison to the current gold standard of care (topical photoprotection) to support the use of alternative therapies in clinical practice.

Vitiligo: an update on systemic treatments.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition characterized by depigmented macules and patches, and has a huge psychosocial impact on patients. Treatment of vitiligo aims to prevent the spread of disease and facilitate repigmentation of affected lesions. The mainstay of treatment for unstable vitiligo has been topical agents (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors) and phototherapy. However, systemic treatments are increasingly being shown to have a significant impact on the course of the disease as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. Of note, oral mini-pulsed corticosteroid therapy, methotrexate, minocycline, ciclosporin, Janus kinase inhibitors and certain supplements have been used in the systemic treatment of vitiligo. We review the underlying evidence supporting the use of each of these systemic treatments.

Hydroquinone: myths and reality.

Hydroquinone has pharmacological uses in disorders of pigmentation because of its ability to competitively inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase. Our contemporary review presents the strongest evidence supporting the use of hydroquinone with the most effective and tolerable formulations combining hydroquinone, retinoid and corticosteroid (modified Kligman formula or 'triple combination cream'). The risk of exogenous ochronosis is low if prescribed concentrations of ≤ 5 for a limited period with regular monitoring. Dermatologists should reassure patients that with controlled use, hydroquinone can be well-tolerated and safe for a range of hyperpigmentary conditions.

Development of a core outcome domain set for clinical research on capillary malformations (the COSCAM project).

BACKGROUND: Due to a large variety in treatment outcomes reported in therapeutic trials and lacking patient-relevant outcomes, it is hard to adequately compare and improve current therapies for patients with capillary malformations (CMs). The Core Outcome Set for Capillary Malformations (COSCAM) project aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) for use in future CM trials, in which we will first develop a core outcome (sub)domain set (CDS). Here, we describe the methods for the development of a CDS and present the results of the first development stage. METHODS: The COSCAM project is carried out according to the recommendations of the Cochrane Skin Core OUtcomes Set INitiative (CS-COUSIN) and the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative. During the first stage, we identified all potentially relevant outcome subdomains based on a systematic review, two focus group sessions and input from patient representatives of Dutch patient organizations and the COSCAM-founding group. In stage two, we will present the subdomains in a three-round e-Delphi study and online consensus meeting, in which CM patients, parents/caregivers and CM experts worldwide rate the importance of the proposed subdomains, hereby finalizing the core outcome (sub)domains of the CDS. RESULTS: A total of 67 potential outcome subdomains were included; sixteen were previously used in the literature, 20 were proposed by Dutch patients and their parents/caregivers (n = 13) in focus group sessions and 38 were suggested by the experts of the COSCAM-founding group. Seven were excluded because of overlap. CONCLUSION: The final CDS may serve as a minimum standard in future CM trials, thereby facilitating adequate comparison of treatment outcomes. After this CDS development, we will select appropriate outcome measurement instruments to measure the core outcome subdomains.

The emerging importance of tranexamic acid in dermatology.

Tranexamic acid (TA) is an antifibrinolytic agent, increasingly recognized as being of utility for a wide variety of skin diseases. We review the evidence supporting the use of TA for a range of dermatological indications, including (among others) melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, urticaria, angio-oedema and haemostasis, in addition to practical considerations of its use by dermatologists.

Spironolactone in dermatology: uses in acne and beyond.

Spironolactone is a synthetic aldosterone receptor antagonist, with a role off-label in various dermatological conditions. Its antiandrogenic properties make it suitable for diseases in which excess androgen production results in unwanted and psychologically distressing manifestations in susceptible females. Treatment with spironolactone aims to attenuate androgen-mediated conditions including acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, female pattern hair loss and hirsutism. We discuss the emerging utility of spironolactone in dermatology, its potential adverse effects and considerations for monitoring.

Surgical plume in dermatology: an insidious and often overlooked hazard.

Dermatologists performing surgical procedures face occupational and health hazards when exposed to surgical plume released during electrosurgical and ablative laser procedures. These hazardous fumes have toxic, infectious and carcinogenic effects. Understanding this risk is of particular importance during the COVID-19 pandemic as the understanding of the transmissibility and infectious nature of the virus is still evolving rapidly. In this article, we present the hazards from laser and surgical plumes, and discuss possible preventative measures aimed at reducing these risks.

Intravenous immunoglobulins in dermatology. Part 1: biological mechanisms and methods of administration.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a solution of human IgG, salt, sugars and solvents, which is used to treat a multitude of diseases. Although IVIg has been known to treat many diseases safely and successfully, there are relatively few supporting randomized controlled trials. In this article, we review the biological mechanisms of IVIg in dermatological disorders and the practicalities of its use, including its mechanism of action, dosing, availability, costs and adverse effects.

Intravenous immunoglobulins in dermatology. Part 2: clinical indications and outcomes.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a solution of human IgG, salt, sugars and solvents used to treat a multitude of diseases. Although IVIg has been known to treat many diseases safely and successfully, there are relatively few supporting randomized controlled trials. In part two of this review, we assess the clinical indications of IVIg in dermatological disorders and the outcomes of its use.

The role of fillers in the management of acne scars.

Acne scars are present in 95% of patients with acne, and can cause profound psychosocial morbidity. Fillers are commonly used for facial soft tissue augmentation, and there is increasing interest in their use for the treatment of acne scars, particularly for the atrophic subtype. We review the evidence for the use of temporary, semi-permanent and permanent fillers for acne scars. The use of permanent methylmethacrylate fillers for acne scarring is supported by a randomized controlled trial, and is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. There is initial evidence supporting the use of poly-L-lactic acid and hyaluronic acid fillers, but evidence is still lacking about the use of polyacrylamide and polyalkylimide fillers.

Use of nicotinamide in dermatology.

Nicotinamide (niacinamide) is the water-soluble, amide form of vitamin B3. We review the evidence underlying the use of nicotinamide for various dermatological indications, including nonmelanoma cancer prophylaxis, blistering disorders, acne vulgaris and cosmetic indications, and speculate upon its future role in dermatological practice.

Dermal fillers: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of complications.

Dermal fillers are increasingly used for soft tissue augmentation of the face and hands. The widespread use of dermal fillers for rejuvenation has led to a rise in reports of associated complications. Although the majority of complications are mild and transient, serious and long-lasting complications have been observed. This article discusses the key complications including pigmentary changes, hypersensitivity reactions, infections, nodule formation, granulomatous reactions, vascular occlusion and migration of filler material. A thorough literature review was performed in addition to the combined extensive authors' (GP and FA) experience. Complications from fillers are increasingly being recognized and highlighted in the literature partly reflecting the growth in the market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the filler complications with mechanisms of prevention and treatment per complication. A thorough understanding of the preventative and management strategies for the associated dermal filler complications will help the physician to prepare the patient well, and deal with complications that may arise effectively.

Treatment of keloid scars using light-, laser- and energy-based devices: a contemporary review of the literature.

Keloid scars are common and have a predilection for young, ethnic skin often with a family history. Keloids can be painful and pruritic and cause significant emotional distress when particularly visible or prominent. In this article, we review the evidence underlying the use of laser- and energy-based devices for treatment of keloid scars, either as monotherapy or in conjunction with other therapies such as corticosteroids, surgery and silicone gel in the treatment of keloid scars.